新疆阿舍勒铜矿深孔钻探施工技术

分析了新疆阿舍勒矿区地层特点,从钻孔结构及钻具级配、钻探设备选择、钻进工艺技术、护壁堵漏技术及钻孔控斜技术等几方面总结了在阿舍勒矿区进行深孔钻探施工的技术经验,并针对矿区钻探施工中存在的地层复杂破碎、钻孔漏失、地层促斜严重等问题,提出了应对的技术措施。     

锡矿山复杂地层小口径取心深孔钻探施工方法

针对冷水江市锡矿山谭家冲矿区ZK2401钻孔复杂地层,把单个钻孔的钻探施工作为一个系统工程来实施,对可控制部分进行合理有效的控制,做到有备而动并提高钻孔的成孔率。从前期调查、钻孔结构设计及钻探设备选择、钻孔工程设计和实际施工情况4个方面总结钻探施工方法,确保在矿区复杂地层小口径深孔钻探施工的顺利进行,其经验可供同行参考。     

河北省古马铁矿深孔岩心钻探施工技术

河北省滦县古马铁矿矿区地层复杂,钻探存在坚硬打滑、漏失严重、构造发育(局部断层)的现象,在总结以往钻探施工经验的基础上,提出了千米以深钻孔复杂地层的钻探施工技术措施和钻探施工质量保证措施。从钻孔结构、冲洗液选取、钻探设备、钻具配置等方面入手,提出了解决坚硬"打滑"、破碎漏失及坍塌掉块地层的处理方法,优化了钻孔施工环境和广谱护壁剂、防塌堵漏剂以及聚丙烯酰胺冲洗液的配置,改善了复杂地层的深孔钻进环境,提高了钻探生产效率,保证了钻孔安全终孔。     

阿舍勒铜矿水敏地层防斜纠斜钻进工艺

新疆阿勒泰地区阿舍勒铜矿地层是以凝灰岩、角闪岩为主的典型蚀变性水敏地层,地层倾角较大,岩石各向异性明显,钻进过程中极易造成钻孔偏斜。该矿区坑道钻探施工中缩径、坍塌、掉块卡钻等钻探事故频发,制约了防斜、纠斜钻进工艺的选取,使该矿区钻探施工很难满足快速、经济的地质找矿要求。通过对已施工钻孔水敏地层防斜、纠斜工艺进行研究,提出了一套水敏地层防斜、纠斜等提高钻孔质量的工艺措施。     

云南东川播卡矿区复杂地层泥浆技术的应用

从复杂地层岩芯钻探施工的孔壁失稳、钻孔漏失等影响因素出发,提出了复杂地层岩芯钻探中孔壁稳定及漏失的防治措施,并应用于云南东川播卡矿区的复杂地层钻探施工,为该区域或类似地层条件下的岩芯钻探的泥浆技术提供借鉴作用。     

新疆阿舍勒铜矿ZK2102孔钻探施工技术

新疆哈巴河县阿舍勒矿区地层构造复杂破碎、蚀变强烈以及地层促斜严重,深部钻探施工难度较大。通过对钻探施工中的难点进行分析,总结了本地区钻探施工技术经验,针对钻探施工中存在的地层复杂破碎、钻孔漏失、地层促斜严重等问题,提出了应对的技术措施和钻探施工工艺。顺利完成了钻探任务,取得了可喜的钻探成果,为将来进行深孔施工积累了丰富经验。     

金川矿区复杂地层钻探孔壁失稳机理与对策研究

金川矿区目前资源开采逐渐向深部转移,采用的主要探矿方式为在采矿巷道中布设中深钻孔,由于矿区地质条件复杂,常出现钻孔垮孔、造浆、地层涌水、破碎等情况,影响了勘察效率。为了解矿区复杂地层影响钻孔孔壁稳定性的原因,对从矿区采取的岩样进行理化分析、微观分析和力学性质分析,结果表明金川矿区钻孔孔壁失稳主要是因为钻探过程中遇强水敏性、强破碎、强涌水和高地应力地层。通过对矿区钻孔孔壁进行稳定性评价,从冲洗液技术和工程技术等方面制定了钻探技术对策,为矿区钻探施工提供了技术支撑。     

青海大场地区冻土地层钻探施工经验浅谈——以大场矿区ZK9711钻孔施工为例

通过分析研究大场地区冻土地层特点、矿区低温对钻探生产影响的主要方式,阐述了大场永冻层地区钻孔ZK0001钻探施工工艺,为进一步开展相关地区永冻地层的钻探施工提供借鉴。     

分段护壁法在垮塌-漏失地层钻探施工中的应用

结合工程实例介绍水敏性垮塌+裂隙溶洞漏失综合型复杂地层的钻探施工难点。大胆设想并实施分段护壁法在复杂地层钻孔施工中的应用。通过贵州省紫目凼金矿太平洞矿区几个复杂地层钻孔应用分段护壁法护壁的成功案例,归纳、总结分段护壁法应用技术及要点,供同类地层钻探施工借鉴参考。     

溪滩滑石岩矿区复杂地层钻进综合治理

溪滩滑石岩矿区，自1983年9月份上钻以来，共施工完成钻孔8个，进尺2528.22米，开动台月数15.33个。矿区地层变化幅度大，矿层厚是影响钻探效率的直接原因，如何掌握矿区地层规律，加强复杂地层的综合治理，是提高钻探生产经济效益，加快找矿步伐的关键。本文结合施工钻孔采取的生产技术措施谈点认识。     

Modelling of high voltage pulse breakage of ores

A high voltage pulse (HVP) breakage model was developed as a general modelling structure to represent the three HVP breakage indices: body breakage probability (the D₁-model), body breakage product fineness (the D₂-model), and body breakage product pre-weakening degree (the D₃-model). Relations between the HVP breakage indices and HVP pre-concentration characterisation curves were established. The preliminary result indicated that the HVP breakage model has the potential to predict the recovery of valuable metals from the calibrated model parameters. A t_n-family of curves (t_n is defined as cumulative percentage of product passing 1/n of the initial size) was used to describe the HVP breakage product size distribution. The t_n-family of curves can be employed to estimate the product size distribution from the predicted t₁₀ values by the D₂-model.     

Refinement of methods of beneficiation of finely disperse minerals

Conclusions  The prospect of switch-over of the industry to processing lean materials raises the problem of beneficiation of finely disperse placers of noble metals, the profitability of realization of which lies in raising the efficiency of separation processes by reducing frictional forces in the course of implementation of the technological processes and by employing modern technologies for beneficiation. The engineering—technological solutions worked out are distinguished by ecological safety during implementation of the beneficiation processes. The proposed schemes of beneficiation and primary processing of finely disperse minerals may be used:

柠檬酸对蓝晶石浮选行为的影响研究

通过纯矿物浮选试验,研究了柠檬酸对蓝晶石浮选的调整作用。结果表明,在油酸钠浮选体系中,柠檬酸在不同的pH值条件下能不同程度的抑制蓝晶石的上浮,在十二胺浮选体系中,柠檬酸在不同的pH值条件下能不同程度的活化蓝晶石的上浮。利用量子化学计算前线轨道能量和分子动力学模拟研究水和柠檬酸在蓝晶石表面的吸附差异,模拟结果表明柠檬酸与蓝晶石的作用强于水与蓝晶石的作用,通过浮选溶液化学计算,分析了柠檬酸对蓝晶石的调整机理,柠檬酸组分可以与蓝晶石表面的铝离子络合,其中C_6H_7O_7~-和C_6H_6O_7~(2-)的作用效果比C_6H_6O_7~(3-)明显,同时增强了蓝晶石表面的负电性,抑制油酸钠在蓝晶石表面的吸附,而有利于十二胺在蓝晶石表面的吸附。     

A comparison of the predictability of batch flotation kinetic models

Batch flotation test data of a mixture of pyrite and calcite were used to compare regression parameters of four kinetic model structures. The work included the use of unoxidized or a mixture of partially oxidized pyrite (by microwave irradiation). The objective of floating oxidized pyrite was to have mineral particles with different floatability, closer to a real situation. The models considered include: single rate constant, distributed rate constants (i.e. rectangular and gamma distributions), and a recently introduced approach based on fractional calculus. Such models were selected due to their good tradeoff between simplicity and accuracy. The regressions were performed (1) taking all the data points and comparing the mean square error (MSE) and adjusted correlation factor $\left(R_{\mathit{Adj}}^2\right)$ as indicators of the goodness of fit; and (2) taking the first data points while neglecting the last ones (from 1 to 3) and observing the variability of the model parameters and the prediction of maximum recovery (R_∞). For the latter regression scheme, besides MSE and $R_{\mathit{Adj}}^2$, a predictive factor, E, was defined by subtracting the final measured recovery from the calculation obtained by the model. This allowed to measure the ability of each model to extrapolate the omitted points on the recovery vs. time curve.Results from this study showed that the single constant model had a satisfactory performance with the advantage of having the least parameters compared to the other structures. The gamma model was effective and robust. The rectangular model gave an acceptable goodness of fit but overestimated the maximum and final recovery. Finally, the fractional calculus approach gave the best goodness of fit, overall, but failed in predicting the maximum recovery, which occurred when the derivative order was greater than 1.     

Mathematical modeling of thermophilic bioleaching of chalcopyrite

Previous studies have shown that the different preferences of thermophiles to oxidize S⁰ or Fe²⁺ is reflected by different [Fe³⁺]/[Fe²⁺] levels in solution. In those studies it was concluded that [Fe³⁺]/[Fe²⁺] governs the thermophilic bioleaching of chalcopyrite rather than temperature or pH. Therefore, the proposed model is mainly based on the finding that thermophilic bioleaching of chalcopyrite is governed by [Fe³⁺]/[Fe²⁺] that result from the activity of thermophiles. A direct interaction between chalcopyrite and thermophiles is neglected because it has been reported that this is not a general behavior for all thermophiles. The case of constant temperature, initial pH 1.5–2.5, and chalcopyrite concentrates is considered. The main assumption is that chalcopyrite can be anodically oxidized or cathodically reduced depending on [Fe³⁺]/[Fe²⁺] in solution. When chalcopyrite is oxidized at high [Fe³⁺]/[Fe²⁺] levels, Cu²⁺ is formed directly at low rates: CuFeS₂ + 4Fe³⁺ → Cu²⁺ + 5Fe²⁺ + S⁰. Whereas, when chalcopyrite is reduced at low [Fe³⁺]/[Fe²⁺] levels, an intermediate (Cu₂S) is formed at higher rates: CuFeS₂ + Fe²⁺ + Cu²⁺ + 2H⁺ → Cu₂S + 2Fe³⁺ + H₂S. Because the oxidation of Cu₂S is relatively fast: Cu₂S + 4Fe³⁺ → 2Cu²⁺ + S⁰ + 4Fe²⁺, its accumulation is assumed to be negligible. To take into account the possibility of chalcopyrite being oxidized or reduced depending on [Fe³⁺]/[Fe²⁺] in solution, the principle of mixed potentials is used. The model is validated by comparing the calculated and measured values of copper extraction, total iron in solution, and pH.     

Influence of bromine modification on collecting property of lauric acid

Bromine atom with strong electronegativity was introduced to α-carbon position of lauric acid (LA) by solvent-free method (Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction) at ambient pressure in laboratory, and the synthesized product α-Bromolauric acid (CH₃(CH₂)₉CHBrCOOH, α-BLA) was used as a new type collector for the flotation of quartz mineral. The flotation properties of pure quartz using α-BLA as a collector were investigated by single mineral flotation tests. The adsorption mechanism of α-BLA collector on quartz surface was established by zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in conjunction with the results of quartz micro-flotation tests. Pure mineral flotation results showed that the collector α-BLA exhibited an excellent performance at alkaline conditions (pH ⩾ 11.50), activator CaCl₂ concentration 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L, and collector concentration 1.5 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L in a relatively lower temperature 15 °C, where about 99.8% of the quartz could be floated out. Compared with collector LA, the new synthesized collector α-BLA is more tolerant to lower pulp temperature and fluctuations of the reagents dosages. The study revealed that the α-BLA collector had adsorbed on the surface of pure quartz in the forms of chemical interaction, electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding adsorption based on the results of zeta potential measurements, FT-IR spectra, and XPS.     

Enhanced leachability of gold and silver in cyanide media: Effect of alkaline pre-treatment of jarosite minerals

Composite samples of tailings containing gold (1.35 g/t) and significant amounts of silver (155 g/t) were subjected to batchwise cyanide leaching to assess the feasibility of extracting gold and silver. The tailings are waste solids arising from flotation and leaching operations whereby the flotation product (sphalerite concentrate) is calcined and then solubilised into dilute sulphuric acid solution and eventually sequestered from the electrolyte by electrowinning. Silver and gold are part of the zinc refinery residue, flotation tailings and to a limited extent the calcine leach tailings. Mineralogical results showed that composite tailings are refractory in nature (44% quartz, 17% silico aluminates and 12% jarosites).The concept of enhancing gold and silver recovery from the tailings focused on firstly decomposing the jarosite minerals by alkaline pre-treatment and then secondly leaching with cyanide solution. These two steps ensured that free gold and silver found in the zinc refinery residue and in the jarosite minerals could be leached simultaneously. The composite tailings were treated with Ca(OH)₂ solutions and then heated to 90 °C for 2 h to decompose the silver-bearing mineral (Ag,PbFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆). The alkaline pre-treated tailings were then subjected to cyanide leach tests at different NaCN dosages (2.5–10 kg/t) and particle size (96–200 μm). Without an alkaline pre-treatment stage, leach efficiencies achieved were 41% and 25% for gold and silver, respectively at 40 °C and 8 h mixing time. But, better leach efficiencies (55% for Au, 81% for Ag) were achieved after the feed was pre-treated with Ca(OH)₂. The leaching mechanism of gold was explained by the shrinking sphere model denoted by surface chemical reaction.     

Determination of specific heat capacity of sulphide materials at temperatures below 100 °C in presence of moisture

The specific heat capacity (C_p) of one copper and three nickel concentrates was determined using a self-heating apparatus and by drop calorimetry over the temperature range 50 to 80 °C in the presence of 6% moisture. The C_p values from both techniques were comparable and shown to be measuring the same property. The C_p values were similar for all four concentrates increasing from ca 0.4 to 1.4 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹ as temperature increased from 50 to 80 °C. Uses of C_p to identify self-heating risk and to modify the Rosenblum standard test are discussed.     

Preparation of layered nickel aluminium double hydroxide from waste solution of nickel

The separation of nickel has been carried out from a waste solution containing 3.18 g/L Ni with other impurities such as Fe, Zn, Cu and As. Iron was removed by precipitation and Cu and Zn were removed by solvent extraction using LIX 622N and NaTOPS-99, respectively. After removal of all these impurities nickel was extracted by 1.5 M NaTOPS-99 in two counter-current stages at A:O ratio of 3:1 and the loaded organic was stripped with 30 g/L H₂SO₄ at phase ratio of unity. The strip solution of nickel was treated with Al₂(NO)₃ · 9H₂O for co-precipitation by increasing the pH of solution with 1 M NaOH up to 10. The Ni–Al layered double hydroxide was confirmed through XRD characterization.     

中国矿产资源发展战略思考

结合中国矿产资源现状与需求,分析了中国矿产资源开发利用中存在的迫切问题,以矿业全球化的角度,提出中国矿产资源的发展战略,应基于国际、国内的“两种资源”与“两个市场”,对内大力发展“循环经济”;对外强势实施“走出去,稳阵脚,重实效”战略,指出发展战略的必要性,深化“走出去”战略的发展方向,并从国家与企业层面进行系统规划、合理建设,积极拓展“国家建立国际资源开发战略及保障体系”与“企业积极参与境外风险勘探、深化‘以工程换资源’模式、开展国际化人才队伍建设、提高跨国管理水平、加大矿业技术创新与应用”等多项“稳阵脚,重实效”保障措施。