给水厂污泥吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的性能研究

采用给水厂污泥对浓度为100 mg/L的模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行了吸附性能的研究.结果表明,给水厂污泥可吸附处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,吸附量可达0.89 mg/g.动力学研究结果表明,给水厂污泥对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合二级吸附动力学模型,吸附速率常数(k2)为3.48×10-3g/(mg·min);热力学研究结果表明,吸附过...     

污泥活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

研究了污泥活性炭对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的吸附性能.利用西安某污水处理厂未消化脱水污泥,采用ZnCl2化学活化热解炭化法制备污泥活性炭,研究其处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的效果,考察其吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学行为.结果表明,最佳吸附条件为溶液pH在1左右、污泥活性炭投加量5 g/L、吸附时间10 min、Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度10 m...     

花生壳活性炭对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

为提高花生壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,采用ZnCl2对花生壳进行改性,制得花生壳活性炭。通过批次吸附实验,考察了花生壳活性炭投加量、pH值、吸附时间等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能影响,同时,对吸附动力学、等温吸附特征和热力学进行了系统研究。结果表明,当吸附剂投加量为0.2 g时,在Cr(VI)初始浓度为20 mg/L、pH值为2.0条件下,吸附反应180 min后,花生壳活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率可维持在94.13%以上。吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型;由吸附热力学方程计算得到吸附焓变(ΔH)>0,吸附自由能变(ΔG)<0,吸附熵变(ΔS)>0,表明花生壳活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程是吸热和自发的。     

赤铁矿的硫化改性及硫化产物对水中六价铬的还原固定化

以赤铁矿为原料、硫化钠为硫化试剂,对赤铁矿进行了硫化改性,考察了硫化赤铁矿(SH)对水中六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的还原固定化性能。Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合结果表明,该材料在pH=7时对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量为66.7 mg·g^-1,约为原始赤铁矿的39倍。SH对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除过程符合准二级动力学模型,表明该过程可能受化学吸附控制。进一步采用TEM、XRD等手段对SH进行了表征,并结合材料吸附前后的XPS图谱变化,对SH去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的机制进行了分析。结果表明,与未改性的赤铁矿相比,硫化改性赤铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)去除性能显著提高的原因可能源于赤铁矿表面形成的铁-硫化合物层。在SH还原固定化Cr(Ⅵ)的过程中,表面硫化层中的还原性物质FeS、吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)和S(-II)将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),从而实现对Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定化。     

氮掺杂TiO2对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

以四氯化钛、尿素为原料,采用简单的溶胶-凝胶法制得了氮掺杂TiO2,其比表面积(BET)为106.48 m2/g.系统研究了该吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.结果表明,对于初始浓度为100 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,吸附剂用量为5 g/L,在pH=5时,25℃下吸附180 min即能达到满意的吸附效果,其吸附效率可达97％以上.氮掺杂TiO2对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附平衡符合Langmuir方程,升高温度,平衡吸附量增大;在温度为55℃时,Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附量高达29.906 mg/g.吸附动力学可用拟二级速率方程很好地描述.氮掺杂后TiO2的吸附能力比纯TiO2明显增强.即对于Cr(Ⅵ),氮掺杂TiO2是一种优良吸附剂.此外,从氮掺杂TiO2吸附Cr(Ⅵ)前后的FTIR图可知,氮掺杂TiO2吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的过程中,N-H键参与了吸附过程.由于氮掺杂TiO2制备简单、原料廉价易得、吸附Cr(Ⅵ)效果良好,故可用于工业化生产.     

磁性介孔锰铁复合氧化物对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

以复合金属草酸盐为前驱体制备了纳米晶构筑的介孔锰铁氧化物材料,采用透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和固体比表面测定仪等对产物进行了表征.并研究了其对水体Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,考察了pH及离子强度对吸附容量的影响、吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及碱液对Cr(Ⅵ)的洗脱率。结果表明,获得的锰铁氧化物为纳米晶构筑的介孔材料,比表面达277.4 m2/g,对Cr(Ⅵ)在酸性条件下有较强的吸附性能。在初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为100 mg/L,pH值在2时,10 min内能使溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达96.8%,最大Cr(Ⅵ)吸附容量Qm为40 mg/g。     

柚子皮水热炭对六价铬的吸附

采用水热炭化的方法制备柚子皮水热炭吸附剂,用红外光谱仪和氮吸附仪测定水热炭表面的官能团和孔结构,考察了吸附剂用量、溶液pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附时间对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:水热炭是典型的介孔材料且有较多的含氧官能团,有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。溶液pH值小于7时,吸附效果较好;当溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的初始浓度为50mg·L~(-1),pH=6,吸附剂用量为0.4 g·(50 mL)~(-1)、吸附时间为90 min时、水热炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率和吸附量分别为99.03%、6.19 mg·g~(-1)。柚子皮水热炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型,且35、45、55℃的等温吸附数据拟合结果表明等温吸附过程符合Freundlich模型。     

氮炭化核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性与机理

采用新疆核桃壳为原材料,将其在氮气氛围下炭化,制备氮炭化核桃壳吸附剂,利用静态吸附法研究了其对模拟废水中低浓度Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,并采用SEM和FTIR技术对该吸附剂进行表征。结果表明,Langmuir等温吸附方程可以更好地拟合氮炭化核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程,说明Cr(Ⅵ)在氮炭化核桃壳上的吸附属于单分子层吸附,25℃时,当pH为2.0、吸附剂用量为16 g·L~(-1)、吸附时间为180 min、转速为200 r·min~(-1)时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到99.1%,饱和吸附容量为8.751 mg·g~(-1)。吸附动力学分析结果表明,该动态吸附平衡遵循拟二级动力学方程。表征结果显示,氮炭化核桃壳表面较粗糙,孔隙轮廓更清晰,更有利于对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附,吸附过程中Cr(Ⅵ)主要与氮炭化核桃壳表面的O—H、CO、N—H、C—O—C等活性基团发生了作用。     

胺化改性米糠对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

以环氧氯丙烷活化米糠,与乙二胺反应引入氨基制备了胺化米糠吸附剂。系统研究胺化米糠对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。结果表明,胺化米糠对Cr(Ⅵ)有很强的吸附作用,3.5 h能达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准一级吸附方程。吸附容量随Cr(Ⅵ)浓度增加而增大,胺化米糠与Cr(Ⅵ)离子发生单层吸附,对Cr(Ⅵ)最大吸附容量为36.1 mg/g。溶液的pH和吸附温度对吸附特性有较大影响,最佳吸附pH为3,同时,升温有利于吸附的进行。热力学参数ΔH为正值和ΔG为负值表明胺化米糠吸附Cr(Ⅵ)是吸热的自发吸附。     

木质纤维素/蒙脱土纳米复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能研究

利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)方法,对木质纤维素/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结构进行表征,并研究了溶液pH、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附时间和吸附温度对木质纤维素/蒙脱土纳米复合材料吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.结果表明:(1)木质纤维素和蒙脱土复合后形成了插层一剥离型的纳米复合材料;(2)在溶液pH为2、Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为100mg/L、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为180 min的条件下,木质纤维素/蒙脱土纳米复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量达5.72mg/g;(3)木质纤维素/蒙脱土纳米复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合伪二级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温式.     

Simultaneous conversion of CHClF(2) and CH(3)Br to CH(2)CF(2)

Gas phase reaction of CHClF(2) with CH(3)Br in an alumina tube reactor at 773-1123 K as a function of various input ratios of CH(3)Br to CHClF(2) is presented. The major products detected include C(2)F(4), CH(2)CF(2), and CH(4). Minor products include CH(3)Cl, CHF(3), C(2)H(4), C(2)H(2), CH(2)CF-CF(3), and C(2)H(3)F. The reaction produces a high yield of CH(2)CF(2) (53% based on CHClF(2) feed) at 1123 K and an input molar ratio of CH(3)Br to CHClF(2) of 1.8, suggesting that the reaction potentially can be developed as a process to convert two ozone depleting substances (CHClF(2) and CH(3)Br) to a highly valuable chemical, CH(2)CF(2). The reaction of CHClF(2) with CH(3)Cl and CH(3)I was also investigated under similar reaction conditions, to assist in understanding the reaction chemistry involved in the reaction of CHClF(2) with CH(3)Br.     

Atmospheric chemistry of HFE-7000 (CF(3)CF (2)CF (2)OCH (3)) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butanol (CF (3)CF (2)CF (2)CH (2)OH): kinetic rate coefficients and temperature dependence of reactions with chlorine atoms

Background, aim, and scope  The adverse environmental impacts of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the Earth’s ozone layer have focused attention on the effort to replace these compounds by nonchlorinated substitutes with environmental acceptability. Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and fluorinated alcohols are currently being introduced in many applications for this purpose. Nevertheless, the presence of a great number of C–F bonds drives to atmospheric long-lived compounds with infrared absorption features. Thus, it is necessary to improve our knowledge about lifetimes and global warming potentials (GWP) for these compounds in order to get a complete evaluation of their environmental impact. Tropospheric degradation is expected to be initiated mainly by OH reactions in the gas phase. Nevertheless, Cl atoms reaction may also be important since rate constants are generally larger than those of OH. In the present work, we report the results obtained in the study of the reactions of Cl radicals with HFE-7000 (CF₃CF₂CF₂OCH₃) (1) and its isomer CF₃CF₂CF₂CH₂OH (2). Materials and methods  Kinetic rate coefficients with Cl atoms have been measured using the discharge flow tube–mass spectrometric technique at 1 Torr of total pressure. The reactions of these chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) substitutes have been studied under pseudo-first-order kinetic conditions in excess of the fluorinated compounds over Cl atoms. The temperature ranges were 266–333 and 298–353 K for reactions of HFE-7000 and CF₃CF₂CF₂CH₂OH, respectively. Results  The measured room temperature rate constants were k(Cl+CF₃CF₂CF₂OCH₃) = (1.24 ± 0.28) × 10⁻¹³ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹and k(Cl+CF₃CF₂CF₂CH₂OH) = (8.35 ± 1.63) × 10⁻¹³ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ (errors are 2σ + 10% to cover systematic errors). The Arrhenius expression for reaction 1 was k ₁(266–333 K) = (6.1 ± 3.8) × 10⁻¹³exp[−(445 ± 186)/T] cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ and k ₂(298–353 K) = (1.9 ± 0.7) × 10⁻¹²exp[−(244 ± 125)/T] cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ (errors are 2σ). The reactions are reported to proceed through the abstraction of an H atom to form HCl and the corresponding halo-alkyl radical. At 298 K and 1 Torr, yields on HCl of 0.95 ± 0.38 and 0.97 ± 0.16 (errors are 2σ) were obtained for CF₃CF₂CF₂OCH₃ and CF₃CF₂CF₂CH₂OH, respectively. Discussion  The obtained kinetic rate constants are related to the previous data in the literature, showing a good agreement taking into account the error limits. Comparing the obtained results at room temperature, k ₁ and k ₂, HFE-7000 is significantly less reactive than its isomer C₃F₇CH₂OH. A similar behavior has been reported for the reactions of other fluorinated alcohols and their isomeric fluorinated ethers with Cl atoms. Literature data, together with the results reported in this work, show that, for both fluorinated ethers and alcohols, the kinetic rate constant may be considered as not dependent on the number of –CF₂– in the perfluorinated chain. This result may be useful since it is possible to obtain the required physicochemical properties for a given application by changing the number of –CF₂– without changes in the atmospheric reactivity. Furthermore, lifetimes estimations for these CFCs substitutes are calculated and discussed. The average estimated Cl lifetimes are 256 and 38 years for HFE-7000 and C₃H₇CH₂OH, respectively. Conclusions  The studied CFCs’ substitutes are relatively short-lived and OH reaction constitutes their main reactive sink. The average contribution of Cl reactions to global lifetime is about 2% in both cases. Nevertheless, under local conditions as in the marine boundary layer, τ _Cl values as low as 2.5 and 0.4 years for HFE-7000 and C₃H₇CH₂OH, respectively, are expected, showing that the contribution of Cl to the atmospheric degradation of these CFCs substitutes under such conditions may constitute a relevant sink. In the case of CF₃CF₂CF₂OCH₃, significant activation energy has been measured, thus the use of kinetic rate coefficient only at room temperature would result in underestimations of lifetimes and GWPs. Recommendations and perspectives  The results obtained in this work may be helpful within the database used in the modeling studies of coastal areas. The knowledge of the atmospheric behavior and the structure–reactivity relationship discussed in this work may also contribute to the development of new environmentally acceptable chemicals. New volatile materials susceptible of emission to the troposphere should be subject to the study of their reactions with OH and Cl in the range of temperature of the troposphere. The knowledge of the temperature dependence of the kinetic rate constants, as it is now reported for the case of reactions 1 and 2, will allow more accurate lifetimes and related magnitudes like GWPs. Nevertheless, a better knowledge of the vertical Cl tropospheric distribution is still required.     

Effect of N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) on Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II)

The complexation of Fe(II) with organic ligand results in the decrease of redox potential, and enhances the reduction ability of Fe(II). An important example is the use of Fe(II)-organic complexes to accelerate Cr(VI) reduction. Dissolved O(2) and light can potentially affect Cr(VI) reduction; however, these two factors have not been adequately evaluated. A batch technique was used to investigate the Cr(VI) reduction as influenced by the light and dissolved O(2) using N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) and Fe(II) solutions. The oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved O(2) was rapid in the presence of HEDTA at low pH; nonetheless, the oxidation proceeded slowly when HEDTA was absent. Although Cr(VI) could be reduced by free Fe(II) at low pH, the reaction was considerably slower than that of systems involving HEDTA. The enhancement of Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) in the presence of high concentrations of HEDTA was achieved as a result of two processes. First, HEDTA acted as a ligand for expediting electron transfer between Fe(II) and Cr(VI). Secondly, HEDTA served as a reductant for Cr(VI) under illumination.     

Effects of Mn(II) and Fe(II) on microbial removal of arsenic (III)

Goal, scope, and background  Arsenic contamination in groundwater creates severe health problems in the world. There are many physiochemical and biological methods available for remediation of arsenic from groundwater. Among them, microbial remediation could be taken as one of the least expensive methods, though it takes longer treatment time. The main objective of this research was to study the improvement on remediation by addition of some essential ion salts such as Mn and Fe. Materials and methods   Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli were taken as model microbes from Dhulikhel, 30 km east from Kathmandu, Nepal. Results and discussion  Microbes used in this study showed different abilities in their removal of As(III) with and without addition of Mn and Fe salts. The trend of remediation increased with time. S. aureus was found to be the best among the microbes used. It showed almost 100% removal after 48-h culture, both with and without Fe and Mn salts. Rate of removal of As increased with addition of Fe and Mn for all microbes. Removal efficiency was found to increase by about 32% on average after addition of salts in 24-h cultures of S. aureus.     

Abiotic reduction of antimony(V) by green rust (Fe(4)(II)Fe(2)(III)(OH)(12)SO(4).3H(2)O)

Green rust (Fe(4)(II)Fe(2)(III)(OH)(12)SO(4).3H(2)O) is an intermediate phase in the formation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides such as goethite, lepidocrocite, and magnetite. It is widely considered that green rust occurs in many soil and sediment systems. Green rust has been shown to reduce sorbed Se(VI), Cr(VI), and U(VI). In addition, it is also reported that green rust does not reduce As(V) to As(III). In this study, we have investigated for the first time the interaction between Sb(V) and green rust using XAFS and HPLC-ICP-MS. Most of the added Sb(V) was adsorbed on green rust, and Sb(III), a reduced form, was observed in both solid and liquid phases. Thus, it was shown that green rust has high affinity for Sb(V), and that Sb(V) was reduced to more toxic Sb(III) by green rust despite the high stability of the Sb(V) species even under reducing condition as reported in previous studies. Therefore, green rust can be one of the most important reducing agents for Sb(V), which can influence the Sb mobility in suboxic environments where green rust is formed.     

Adsorption of arsenic(V) by iron-oxide-coated diatomite (IOCD)

Purposes and aims  

Economically efficient methods for removing arsenic from the drinking water supply are urgently needed in many parts of the world. Iron oxides are known to have a strong affinity for arsenic in water. However, they are commonly present in the forms of fine powder or floc, which limits their utility in water treatment. In this study, a novel granular adsorbent, iron-oxide-coated diatomite (IOCD), was developed and examined for its adsorption of arsenic from water.     

Adsorption of As(III) on chitosan-Fe-crosslinked complex (Ch-Fe)

It was reported the adsorption of As(III) on the surface of the chitosan-Fe-crosslinked complex. Theoretical correlation of the experimental equilibrium adsorption data for As(III)/Ch-Fe system is best explained by the non-linearized form Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model. At optimum conditions, pH 9.0, the maximum adsorption capacity, calculated using the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model was 13.4 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics of As(III) onto Ch-Fe are described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. The results of the Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that there is no redox process on the surface of the adsorbent.     

Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) Activity in Dab (Limanda limanda) as Biomarker for Marine Monitoring (6 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is a well-accepted marker for biological effects in fish and is, therefore, part of numerous monitoring programmes. EROD activity was measured in livers of dab (Limanda limanda) from the German Bight (North Sea) from 1995 to 2003. The aim of the present long-term study was (a) time trend monitoring of EROD activity of dab from the German Bight and (b) to elucidate the needs for a successful application of EROD activity as an early warning system. Methods. EROD activities were determined fluorimetrically in dab liver microsomes, using resorufin as an external standard. The limit of detection (LD) and the limit of quantification (LQ) were calculated. Results were referred to protein concentrations. Results and Discussion. EROD activities of 610 female dab caught in different seasons between January 1995 and August 2003 were analyzed individually. Activities varied from 〈 LD to 1768 pmol/(min mg protein) and showed an annual cycle as well as significant differences between the years. Highest EROD activities were observed in early summer and lowest activities during the winter period. In autumn 2002, significantly elevated EROD activities were detected, possibly related to effects of the River Elbe flood event. Two scenarios with different EROD baseline data are presented to discuss the prerequisites for the use of EROD as a monitoring tool. The comparison of these scenarios underlines the importance of appropriate season-specific baseline data. Conclusion. The use of EROD as an early warning tool for contaminant effects in dab in the German Bight has different prospects during the year, because, due to the high background variability, elevated EROD activities are less easy to detect in spring/summer than during the remaining times of the year. Recommendation and Outlook. The availability of site-specific data on the EROD baseline level, its random variation and its annual cycle is a necessary prerequisite for monitoring. If monitoring is to be carried out only for a limited time period of the year, a season with low background variability in EROD activity (autumn) should be chosen to avoid the need for a compensation of the temperature-triggered shift in sexual cycles and the resulting changes in EROD activity.     

Photolysis of 2-(2-furyl)benzimidazole (Fuberidazole)

The photooxidatior. of 2-(4-thiazolyl)-1H-benzimidazole (Thia=bendazole (1) in methanol in presence and absence of a photo=sensitizer (methylene blue), is investigated. Dimethyl oxalate, thiazole-4-(N-carbomethoxy)-carboxamide (6), methyl benzimida=zole-2-carboxylate (7), benzimidazole-2-carboxamide (8), and benzimidazole (9), were the main products of the photolysis. Some reaction mechanisms are discussed.