肥大细胞与炎症性皮肤病关系的研究进展

肥大细胞参与皮肤病尤其是炎症性皮肤病的病理生理过程。近年来．人们对肥大细胞与炎症性皮肤病的关系更加重视并进行了较为深入的研究。本文就近年来肥大细胞在异位性皮炎、接触性皮炎、荨麻疹、银屑病、“屏幕皮炎”、慢性郁积性皮炎中的作用及可能参与的病理生理机制作一综述。     

树突状细胞在炎症性皮肤病中的作用

树突状细胞为皮肤内最重要的抗原提呈细胞，参与免疫反应全过程，其在各类炎症性皮肤病的发病中可能有重要意义。该文对炎症性皮肤病中的树突状细胞亚群，及其表面IgE受体结构和树突状细胞对T细胞亚群的分化迁移作用作一综述。     

紫外线治疗皮肤病的新进展

紫外线是治疗皮肤病的重要手段，其中311nm-313nm的窄谱中波紫外线与340nm-400nm的长波紫外线对某些皮肤病有独特的疗效，可治疗特应性皮炎、白癜风、银屑病、硬皮病、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤及其他难治性皮肤病，疗效确切。     

MicroRNAs与慢性炎症性皮肤病

MicroRNAs是一类非编码的单链小分子RNA,对于多细胞器官的发育和存活来说是非常关键的。目前已经发现明确与银屑病和特应性皮炎发病相关的miRNAs有miR-203,miR-146a,miR-21,miR-125b。miR-203是第一个被发现的皮肤特异性miRNA,它在皮肤角质形成细胞中有表达,在银屑病皮损的角质形成细胞中表达最为明显。miR-146a在银屑病中具有特异的上调作用,它能够调控天然免疫反应和肿瘤坏死因子通路。miR-125b亦参与肿瘤坏死因子通路,但对银屑病和特应性皮炎的病情发展具有负向调控作用。     

Toll样受体和某些皮肤病的关系

Toll样受体作为病原相关分子模式识别受体广泛参与机体免疫反应，在天然免疫中尤为重要。随着对Toll样受体配体和信号转导途径的深入研究，它们和多种皮肤疾病的关系逐渐明了。Toll样受体在感染性皮肤病如单纯疱疹、麻风、念珠菌病、皮肤利什曼病及特应性皮炎、痤疮、银屑病的发病机制中起着一定的作用。     

金黄色葡萄球菌超抗原在特应性皮炎发病中的作用研究进展

特应性皮炎是一种慢性瘙痒性炎症性皮肤病，近年来研究发现金黄色葡萄球菌尤其是其产生的多种超抗原在特应性皮炎的发生发展中起到了重要的作用。金黄色葡萄球菌超抗原通过多种途径诱发或加重特应性皮炎，深入研究超抗原在特应性皮炎发病中的作用将更有效地治疗这种疾病。     

UVA1光疗法在部分皮肤病中的应用现状

长波紫外线1(UVA1,波长340～400nm)光疗法是1992年开始应用于皮肤科临床的一种较新的光疗法.与传统的长波紫外线补骨酯素(PUVA)以及中波紫外线(UVB)光疗法相比,UVA1不仅具备深穿透性,而且无补骨酯素相关不良反应和光毒反应.皮肤科学者已在多种以往应用传统PUVA和(或)UVB疗法的皮肤疾患中进行了UVA1疗效的大量临床研究,结果显示UVA1光疗法对特应性皮炎、硬斑病、蕈样肉芽肿等多种皮肤T细胞介导的疾病有效.其作用机制仍不明确,可能与其对^[1]人体皮肤的免疫调节效应,以及表皮和(或)真皮细胞群功能的改变有关.     

固有淋巴样细胞2亚类与炎症性皮肤病

近年来新发现的一群表达CD45、具有淋巴细胞表型特征,但缺乏适应性免疫特有抗原特异性表面受体的免疫细胞,该群细胞被命名为固有淋巴样细胞(innate lymphoid cells,ILCs)。根据刺激因子、转录因子表达及产生效应因子的不同,ILCs可分为3类亚型,现有研究表明ILCs是淋巴器官发生、代谢的关键,也是组织稳态维持、修复,以及机体抵抗病毒、蠕虫感染的基础。此外ILCs也在皮肤中表达,并参与了皮肤创伤、特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎等皮肤炎症。     

多基因遗传性皮肤病的遗传易感性研究进展

近年来，多基因遗传性皮肤病，包括银屑病、系统性红斑狼疮、特应性皮炎和白癜风等的遗传和基因研究已取得了很大进展，对这些常见的复杂疾病已经定位到了基因水平。尤其是对银屑病遗传易感性的研究更是取得了令人瞩目的成就。综述对这4种多基因遗传性皮肤病的遗传易感性研究的最新进展。     

润肤剂在炎症性皮肤病中的临床应用

近年来,润肤剂为干燥性炎症性皮肤病的基础治疗正逐渐成为共识,国际上润肤剂是皮肤病领域中重要的治疗产品,引导患者坚持自我皮肤护理的理念,教会患者居家皮肤护理的方法是确保最佳治疗效果、降低疾病复发频率和复发程度的关键所在。本文就润肤剂在炎症性皮肤病中的临床应用做一综述。     

Increased expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) are major environmental pollutants, and their effects on the human body critically depend on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the AhR and its ligands in chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Expression of AhR‐related mRNA was increased in lesional skin from patients with AD and psoriasis compared to those of normal skin from healthy controls. The AhR and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator were colocalized in the nuclei of keratinocytes at the lower epidermis of psoriatic lesions, which suggested activation of the AhR pathway. After treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes with TCDD or PCBs, IL‐6 and IL‐8 production were increased. The results of this study suggest that AhR is highly expressed in the acute lesional skin of patients with AD and psoriasis, and the AhR pathway is activated especially in psoriasis.     

几种婴儿常见皮肤病的皮肤微生态研究进展

近年来报道婴儿期皮肤病可能与局部皮肤微生态失调关系较密切,本文综述了婴儿期特应性皮炎、新生儿痤疮、脂溢性皮炎、新生儿红斑和皮肤微生态关系。     

Chemotactic responsiveness of eosinophils isolated from patients with inflammatory skin diseases

We determined the chemotactic responsiveness of peripheral eosinophilic granulocytes (eosinophils) isolated from patients with inflammatory dermatoses and healthy volunteers. Ten patients with atopic dermatitis, five patients with drug reactions, ten patients with psoriasis, and fourteen healthy volunteers were studied. Well characterized chemotaxins, the complement split product C5a, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), platelet activating factor (PAF), and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), were used as chemoattractants. Eosinophils from healthy volunteers showed strong migratory responses towards C5a and PAF but responded poorly to LTB4 and FMLP. When patients were grouped by disease severity, eosinophil chemotactic responses to PAF were significantly enhanced in severely affected patients (p less than 0.05); this was not true with C5a, LTB4 or FMLP. This enhanced eosinophil chemotaxis to PAF was not related to a specific disease. No correlation between eosinophil chemotactic activity and peripheral blood eosinophil count was observed. The increased responsiveness of circulating eosinophils towards PAF may be related to altered receptor expression during cutaneous inflammation.     

FLG基因及相关疾病研究进展

丝聚蛋白(filaggrin,FLG)基因位于人类染色体1q21.3,其翻译表达产物与维持皮肤屏障和细胞分化功能密切相关。研究发现FLG基因的多态性与特应性皮炎、银屑病、寻常型鱼鳞病等多种疾病发病相关,本文对近年关于FLG基因及与其相关疾病的研究进行了综述。     

Targeting adenosine receptors to prevent inflammatory skin diseases

Adenosine mediates its effects through activation of a family of four G‐protein‐coupled receptors, named A₁, A_2A, A_2B and A₃. This nucleoside plays an important role in immunity and inflammation, and the A_2A adenosine receptor subtype has a key role in the inhibition of inflammatory processes besides promoting wound healing. In this issue of Experimental Dermatology, Arasa et al. show that the topical application of a selective A_2A agonist, CGS 21680, to mouse skin reduced epidermal hyperplasia as well as skin inflammation, similarly to topical corticoids, without side effects like skin atrophy. Rigorously following up this work is important for the development of novel treatment strategies for chronic hyperproliferative inflammatory dermatoses, such as targeting the A_2A adenosine receptor family.     

Neuropeptides: role in inflammatory skin diseases

The cutaneous nervous system recently has been demonstrated to interact with multiple target cells in the skin and to mediate actions important in inflammatory conditions. Neuropeptides released by cutaneous neurons such as substance P (SP), vasointenstinal peptide (VIP), calcitonine gene regulated peptide (CGRP), proopiomelancortin (POMC) peptides and others modulate the function of immunocompetent and inflammatory cells as well as epithelial and endothelial cells. They have been found to function as mediators of cell proliferation, cytokine and growth factor production as well as adhesion molecule and cell surface receptor expression. In addition many cells including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells have been shown to release several neuropeptides and they express their corresponding receptors. These findings indicate that neuropeptides participate in the complex network of mediators that regulate cutaneous inflammation, hyperproliferation and wound healing.     

神经酰胺在人皮肤中的主要功能

皮肤中神经酰胺主要位于表皮,是表皮中的主要脂质,具有保湿、信号转导、免疫调节等功能。其含量的变化可能导致皮肤屏障功能受损,甚至一些皮肤疾病的发生,如特应性皮炎、银屑病等。本文对皮肤中神经酰胺的主要作用进行综述。