花生晚斑病抗性与产量性状的相关研究

采用43份材料研究了花生晚斑病抗性与产量性状的关系,结果表明,单株产量与抗病性呈二次抛物线关系,抗病性对丰产性的制约程度接近20％;出仁率与抗病性近于呈负的直线关系;单株饱果数、百果重与抗病性之间表现曲线相关趋势,但相关系数远不显著。从研究结果预测,通过对抗病性、单株饱果数、百果重的选择,可选育出抗病高产品系;通过对早熟一丰产性的选择,可选育出耐病高产品系。     

花生晚斑病抗性AFLP标记

以抗感晚斑病组合“中花5号×ICGV 86699”的F2分离群体为材料，经田间抗性鉴定明确抗性亲本ICGV 86699的抗性受隐性单基因或主效基因控制；AFLP分析结合BSA法筛选到与晚斑病抗性连锁较紧密的AFLP标记3个，即E35/M51、E37/M48和E41/M47，它们与抗性间的图距分别为7.40cM、7.40cM和8.67cM；所获得的3个标记间连锁紧密，位于同一连锁群上。这3个标记在具有野生种亲缘的7个抗病花生品种或材料中均能检测到，而在栽培种以多粒型为代表的抗病材料中均未检测到，表明ICGV 86699的抗性基因与栽培种花生中的抗性基因不同。这是国内外有关花生晚斑病抗性分子标记的首例报道。     

花生晚斑病抗性育种研究进展

花生晚斑病是世界上危害最重、分布最广的花生真菌性病害之一。近三十年来在世界主要花生产区的危害逐渐加重,已成为制约花生品质、产量和经济效益的重要因素。本文综述了已育成抗晚斑病品种和品系、抗性遗传机制、抗病候选基因、数量性状基因座及分子标记和转基因抗性的研究现状,展望了未来花生晚斑病抗性育种的研究方向,为花生晚斑病抗性育种提供参考。     

大豆抗灰斑病新种质的创新和利用

大豆抗灰斑病新种质的创新和利用黑龙江省农科院合江农科所郭泰刘忠堂齐宁黑龙江省甘南县种子公司李静媛大豆灰斑病是一个世界性病害，在我国各地均有发生，尤以黑龙江省最为严重，使产量降低，品质变劣，降低商品价值，给大豆生产造成严重损失。一般在自然发病条件下，可...     

花生晚斑病抗性遗传分离分析

选用高抗晚斑病种质ICGV86699与高感花生品种中花5号作亲本构建重组近交系XA-RIL群体,采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析晚斑病抗性的遗传特性。结果表明,XA-RIL群体家系间晚斑病抗性差异极显著,抗性受2对加性-上位性主基因+加性-上位性多基因控制,主基因遗传率为60.10%~86.61%,微效多基因遗传率为6.65%~32.77%。相关分析表明,晚斑病抗性与晚熟、结果数少、小籽粒等性状连锁。鉴定出家系XA006为一个综合农艺性状优良的高产、高抗晚斑病材料。     

花生株型相关性状研究进展

株型对作物产量的形成具有重要作用,花生具有地上开花地下结果等区别于其他作物的特性,其株型构成及其对产量的调控更复杂。地上开花地下结果的特性决定了基部开花多且集中的品种具有较高的单株生产力。由于生态环境和栽培习惯等因素的差异,在不同国家和地区的生产中直立型、半匍匐型和匍匐型等不同类型品种都有一定的播种面积,株型不同加上生产条件差异导致各地区花生单产水平差异也很大。本文综述了花生株型相关研究进展,总结了花生株型与产量形成的关系,提出了花生理想株型的特征及理想株型育种的思路。     

东北大豆种质资源株型和产量性状的生态特征分析

为明确东北大豆产量相关性状(地上部生物量、产量、表观收获指数、主茎荚数)和株型相关性状(株高、主茎节数、分枝数目、倒伏程度)生态特性及各亚区改良方向,本研究采用1916-2012年间搜集或育成的东北地区代表性资源361份,于2012-2014年在东北4个生态亚区的9个代表性地点进行试验研究(Ⅰ亚区:北安、扎兰屯,Ⅱ亚区:克山、牡丹江、佳木斯、长春,Ⅲ亚区:大庆、白城,Ⅳ亚区:铁岭)。(1)将品种在所有环境下的平均值作为该品种的综合值,用以作为与生态区值比较的标准。结果表明:东北大豆群体及各熟期组在各生态区产量和株型性状的差异虽达到显著水平,但绝对差异并不大。第Ⅰ亚区主要包括黑龙江和内蒙古北部地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是植株高大主茎荚数偏低(仅为其它亚区值的一半左右);第Ⅱ亚区主要包括黑龙江中南部至吉林省长春地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是株型高大但倒伏问题突出;第Ⅲ亚区包括黑龙江西南至吉林省东北部缺水地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是植株矮小,主茎节数降低,但产量、主茎荚数和表观收获指数均较好;第Ⅳ亚区主要包括辽宁省大部地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是植株矮小,表观收获指数偏低、产量略低的特点。(2)通过将大豆按照产量高低分为3组(低产、中产、高产),讨论不同亚区不同产量类型大豆改良的方向及该亚区改良进展及理想的高产株型。结果表明:产量改良应通过改良地上部生物量来实现,不同亚区不同产量类型改良的方向略有不同。第Ⅰ亚区将中产型改良为高产型应重视主茎节数的增加,本地区高产品种应注意改良地上部生物量和主茎荚数,本群体在这两个性状优势有限;第Ⅱ亚区各产量类型改良均应注重主茎节数和株高的改良,中产型改良为高产型应重点关注主茎节数;第Ⅲ亚区改良与地上部生物量相关的株高、主茎、分枝性状均能改良各产量类型;第Ⅳ亚区应注意改良当地品种表观收获指数。根据各亚区内群体高产品种及当地适宜熟期组高产品种的株型特点,提出了不同亚区的高产株型,同时筛选出一批各生态亚区内高产品种供育种利用。     

北方产区花生品种黑斑病抗性鉴定

为筛选花生黑斑病抗源材料,以50个花生品种为材料,在山东省莱西市田间开展黑斑病抗性调查,并在温室条件下对其中7份材料进一步开展抗性鉴定。结果表明,不同花生品种在田间对黑斑病抗性存在差异,共获得4份中等抗病材料;在温室接种条件下,3份材料鉴定为中等抗病。综合田间自然发病和温室人工接种鉴定结果,获得冀农G94、豫花47号和晋花10号3份中抗黑斑病的材料。     

不同密植方式对夏直播花生叶片功能及产量的影响

以珍珠豆小果型花生远杂6号为材料,研究了夏直播花生在1.8×105～2.25×105穴/hm2密度及不同配置方式下叶片功能、光合特性及产量等指标的变化,探讨了合理密植对花生群体生殖生长及产量的影响.结果表明:与1.8×105穴/hm2密度相比,2.25×105穴/hm2种植会降低叶片净光合速率、抗氧化能力和群体间中下部...     

Combining ability analysis for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot resistance and grain yield in tropical advanced maize inbred lines

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) disease (causal agent Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, Payak & Renfro) of maize is increasing in importance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is still limited information on the combining ability for disease resistance of the germplasm that are adapted to African environments. Evaluating combining ability effects and their interactions with the environment would provide valuable information that can be used in the development of cultivars that are resistant to PLS. This study was therefore conducted to determine the combining ability, gene action and the relationship between grain yield and PLS disease severity among selected tropical advanced maize inbred lines. Forty five F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 10 inbred lines in a half diallel mating scheme. The 45 hybrids along with the ten inbred parents were evaluated in four environments, with two replications each between 2007 and 2009. General and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for PLS, grain yield and days to anthesis. GCA effects accounted for 66–90% and SCA effects for 10–34% of the variation in the hybrids for PLS resistance, grain yield and days to anthesis. This indicated predominance of additive over non-additive gene action for the three traits in these inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines to PLS were A1220-4, N3-2-3-3, CML312, MP18 and CML488. These lines had good combining ability for PLS resistance and contributed towards resistance in their crosses. In general, resistant hybrids involved a susceptible and a resistant parent, where at least one of the parents had a negative GCA effect. In addition, lines A1220-4 and CML312 contributed towards high yield and were late maturing. Inbred line CZL00009 conferred genes for early maturity. Linear regression analysis indicated that grain yield of maize was suppressed by about 250 kg ha⁻¹ per each increase in PLS disease severity score, underscoring the need to control the disease. Significant (P < 0.01), negative correlations (r = −0.29 to −0.43) between grain yield and PLS severity were also detected. This showed the potential of PLS to reduce yield when favourable conditions for disease development are present. By and large, highly significant additive gene action implied that progress would be made through selection. Although non-additive effects were small (±10%), observation of dominance effects which were associated with reduced disease levels in some hybrids may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids among these inbreds when one parent is resistant.     

东莨菪素包衣种子诱导大豆抗灰斑病研究

为研究东莨菪素（一类香豆素类植物保卫素）对大豆灰斑病的防治效果,本研究通过室内试验,盆栽试验和田间小区试验,调查了东莨菪素对大豆灰斑病的防效及促生作用。结果表明：东莨菪素对灰斑病菌有显著的抑制效果。在东莨菪素浓度为8.10 mg/L时对灰斑病的诱抗效果较好,且处理后的大豆叶片内东莨菪素含量显著上升,在田间试验中,对株高、鲜重、主根长等生理指标有促进作用,且抗病性显著增加。      

Pod yield performance and stability of peanut genotypes under differing soil water and regional conditions

Genetic gains of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) have increased harvest index and disease tolerance, resulting in improved yield potential and broad-range adaptability of peanut cultivars to United States (U.S.) peanut production regions. Although this strategy has been successful, future yield increases may require peanut cultivars specifically adapted to environmental and management systems of a particular production region. Irrigation is one major management factor that varies across U.S. production regions and influences yield stability. Therefore, peanut germplasm selection for developing specifically adapted cultivars depends on knowledge of genotypic (G) pod yield responses to irrigation (M) across contrasting environmental (E) conditions (G × E × M interaction). The objectives of this 2-year study were to characterize germplasm by: (i) examining genotypic pod yield response to irrigation at locations in Florida and Texas; and (ii) estimating the genotypic pod yield performance and stability using genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplots. At the Florida location, genotypes New Mexico Valencia C (NMVC), COC 041, and Chico responded positively to increasing water application, whereas FloRun? ‘107?, C76 16, and FlavorRunner 458 responded negatively. Genotypes C76 16, ICGS 76, Chico, and ICGV 86015 had pod yields greater than the population mean. The genotype ICGS 76 had both high pod yields and stability. Pod yields of Chico were greater at the southwest locations, whereas ICGV 86015 had greater pod yields at the southeast locations. These results demonstrate a range in adaptability of distinct peanut genotypes that can be used in breeding programs for developing improved cultivars.

Abbreviations: G × E: genotype-by-environment interaction; G × E × M: genotype-by-environment-by-management interaction; G × M: genotype-by-management interaction; NMVC: New Mexico Valencia C; TWRPET: total water received as a percentage of ET_o     

花生抗黄曲霉大果种质的创制与鉴定

培育和种植抗黄曲霉品种是防控花生黄曲霉毒素污染最为经济有效的途径,而黄曲霉抗性与高产的矛盾一直是花生抗黄曲霉育种的障碍.本研究以抗黄曲霉花生种质J11与高产品种中花16为亲本构建的重组自交系群体(Recombined inbreed lines,RILs)为材料,进行黄曲霉侵染和产毒抗性鉴定,探讨抗性与高产(大果)性状...     

花生品系对白绢病的抗性评价及产量损失研究

选取中国农业科学院油料作物研究所培育的10个花生新品系,通过自然发病和人工接种两种方法进行了白绢病抗性鉴定和产量损失研究。结果表明,在自然发病条件下,10个新品系由白绢病造成的枯萎率为11. 0%~50. 0%,其中7个品系白绢病枯萎率低于30. 0%;白绢病枯萎率与花生荚果产量呈显著负相关(r=-0. 73,P <0. 05)。在田间人工接种条件下,接种2周后,10个品系导致的植株枯萎率为66. 1%~94. 0%,收获前的白绢病枯萎率为66. 1%~97. 4%,均为感病品系;白绢病导致的植株枯萎率与花生荚果产量的相关系数为-0. 85(P <0.05)。产量损失试验表明,在人工接种条件下,所有品系产量损失均超过91. 7%,严重者几乎绝产。综合田间自然发病和人工接种鉴定,获得一份耐病品系16-A13440。