氨基酸功能化晶态多孔聚合物的研究进展

以金属有机框架（metal-organic frameworks,MOFs）和共价有机框架（covalent organic frameworks,COFs）为代表的晶态多孔聚合物,具有高比表面积、多样的结构、开放的孔道、丰富的官能团、易功能化等特点,在气体储存和分离、催化、储能、光电器件等领域都有着广泛的应用前景.氨基酸是构成多肽和蛋白质的基本结构单元,不仅具有重要的生物学功能,还在药物生产、生物降解塑料、手性催化剂等工业应用中发挥重要作用.将氨基酸引入到MOFs和COFs体系中,可赋予其柔性化骨架、特殊的孔道环境、手性识别位点等特征,并且在一定程度上提高框架材料的生物相容性、可降解性,进一步丰富晶态多孔聚合物的功能和应用.本综述概括了利用氨基酸功能化MOF和COF材料的制备策略,主要包括以氨基酸及其衍生物作为构筑单元、骨架共价修饰氨基酸、以氨基酸作为调节剂;并重点介绍了这些材料在手性拆分、催化、吸附以及质子传导等领域的应用.最后,本综述分析了当前氨基酸功能化的晶态多孔聚合物面临的困难与挑战,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望.     

金属有机框架材料在毛细管电色谱中的应用

金属有机框架材料(MOFs)是一类由金属离子或金属簇与有机官能团通过配位键形成的新型有机-无机杂化晶态多孔材料, 具有比表面积大、热稳定性和化学稳定性高、结构及功能多样等特点, 是毛细管电色谱(CEC)领域研究较多且具有优异应用前景的一类新型纳米材料固定相.综述了近年来MOFs在CEC中的研究进展, 主要包括新型制柱技术的发展及其在分离领域的应用, 并对该领域今后的发展方向进行了展望.     

三维共价有机框架的后合成修饰

三维共价有机框架(3D COFs)是一种由有机构筑基元通过共价键连接而成的三维网状晶态有机多孔材料,具有高比表面积、复杂孔道结构和大量开放功能位点,在气体吸附与分离及催化等领域展现出了独特的应用前景.由功能基团构筑3D COFs可赋予其特征的性质及功能,然而普遍采用的直接构筑法可能存在合成困难、功能基团不兼容及结构解析...     

超分子有机框架:具有周期性孔结构的超分子聚合物

本文概述了水相周期性超分子有机框架(supramolecular organic frameworks,SOFs)的研究进展.首先介绍了水相超分子聚合物和多孔材料研究的背景,然后分别描述了二维单层、三维金刚石型和立方型SOF的构建、结构表征及功能.最后就SOF的未来应用前景做出了分析和展望.     

手性多孔材料在色谱分离分析中的应用

手性多孔有机骨架材料(Chiral porous organic frameworks,CPOFs)具有孔性质优异、比表面积高、稳定性好以及易功能化等诸多优点,已经在手性催化、识别和分离等领域中得到应用。手性多孔有机骨架材料主要有手性金属-有机骨架材料(Chiral metal-organic frameworks,CMOFs)和手性共价有机骨架材料(Chiral covalent organic frameworks,CCOFs)及其他材料,这类材料具有特殊的手性识别、吸附作用,在色谱分离分析领域中已成为研究热点之一。该文综述了手性多孔材料的合成及其在色谱分离和选择性吸附中的应用,展望了未来CPOFs材料可能的应用与发展方向。     

金属有机框架材料吸附性能应用的研究

金属有机框架材料(MOFs)是一种多孔聚合物材料,其相关研究近年来取得迅速发展。MOFs是以金属离子为中心,桥连的有机配体作为支撑经延伸形成的一类具有周期性网络结构的晶态多孔材料[1]。由于其较强的功能性、较高的比表面积、超高的孔隙率以及可调控的孔道结构[2],MOFs在储气、分离、催化、载药和光学等领域受到了极大的重视,并具有广泛的应用前景。本文从MOFs材料的结构设计出发,介绍近几年MOFs材料在能源气体(H2、CH4)的储存,H2S、CO2、有机气体分子的捕集以及医学领域(对于一些药物的吸附装载)的研究进展,并对MOFs材料在应用上存在的问题进行了阐述,对其未来的发展趋势作出展望。     

基于共价有机框架材料的纳米体系在生物医学中的应用

共价有机框架(Covalent organic frameworks, COFs)材料是通过动态共价化学法合成的一种高度有序的多孔晶态有机聚合物。COFs材料具有密度低、比表面积大、孔隙度可调、合成路线简单多样、功能单元和结构可设计、表面及孔道易功能化、物理化学稳定性高等主要特征,在分子吸附与分离、储能、光电、传感、催化、色谱材料、水处理材料和生物医学等方面受到了广泛关注。本文重点综述近年来基于COFs材料的体系在生物检测和成像、药物输送、光学治疗和联合治疗等生物医学领域的研究进展,并总结了目前COFs材料在生物医学领域所面临的挑战和未来的发展机遇。     

基于有机硼酸的共价键有机框架研究进展

共价键有机框架(Covalent Organic Frameworks,COFs)是具有明确孔径分布的多孔晶体材料,在气体贮藏、催化、分离、光学器件和化学传感等方面均有应用前景。有机硼酸中硼原子最外层空的p轨道能与π键产生特殊的轨道作用,也可与路易斯碱发生配位作用。上述特点使其能够作为结构和功能导向的基元而用于构筑共价键有机框架。本文从合成、结构以及性质等方面对有机硼酸构筑的共价键有机框架进行了介绍。     

碳碳键链接的二维共价有机框架研究进展

二维共价有机框架(Two-dimensional Covalent-Organic Frameworks, 2D COFs)是指一类由π-共轭构筑单元通过共价键连接形成的具有二维拓扑结构的晶态多孔材料.由于其独特的周期性多孔结构、高比表面积、优异的稳定性等特点在离子传输、光电材料、催化等领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力.其中,碳碳键链接的共价有机框架因兼具优异的稳定性和良好的结晶性,被认为是最具有前景的二维聚合物材料之一.近年来,基于不同的设计原则和合成策略涌现出了许多具有不同结构和优异性能的碳碳键链接共价有机框架.在这篇综述中,按照构筑单元的拓扑结构对碳碳键链接共价有机框架进行分类,并归纳总结了迄今为止C=C和C—C键链接的二维共价有机框架在合成方法、结构创新、性能提升以及实际应用领域的研究进展.该综述旨在为相关领域的研究人员更好地设计和合成具有多种功能的多孔结晶材料提供参考,从而促进碳碳键链接共价有机框架材料在光电领域的进一步发展和应用.     

多孔氢键有机框架(HOFs):现状与挑战

氢键有机框架（HOFs）已经发展成为一类独特的晶态多孔材料,它一般是由有机或金属-有机构建单元通过分子间的氢键相互连接而形成的框架材料.由于氢键强度弱和柔性强,因此大部分HOFs的框架都比较容易坍塌.然而,通过合理地选择刚性且具有特定几何构型的构建单元、引入穿插或π-π作用和静电作用等其它分子间的作用力,稳定且多孔的HOFs也逐渐地被制备出来.与其它含有机组分的晶态多孔材料如金属-有机框架（MOFs）和共价有机框架（COFs）相比,HOFs具有自己的特点,例如：温和的合成条件、高度的结晶性、溶剂加工性、容易修复和再生等.HOFs的这些特点能够使其成为一类独特的功能多孔材料.本综述主要概述了稳定且多孔HOFs设计的一些基本原则,系统总结了构筑HOFs常用的超分子合成子以及脚手架,重点综述了近十年HOFs在气体吸附与分离、质子传导、异相催化、荧光和传感、生物应用、对映体拆分和芳香化合物的分离、环境污染物去除和有机结构测定等领域的重要进展.     

网状框架中的机械互锁结构

网状框架具有结晶而延伸的多孔结构，不仅能将多种构筑模块按预期的方式有序组织形成介观材料，也因其可调控的精确结构成为研究基础科学问题的良好平台.机械互锁结构是利用分子间的机械作用将多种分子结合起来以协同实现复杂功能的分子集合体.将网状框架与机械互锁结构结合不仅能实现机械互锁结构的高维度有序组装以协同实现更复杂的分子机器的功能，也有望对更有应用前景的固相中机械互锁结构间的相互作用和微观机理有更深入的认识.本综述介绍了网状框架与机械互锁结构结合的研究领域的重要进展，第一部分在分别简要介绍网状框架和机械互锁结构的基础上阐述了两个领域结合的意义和策略；第二部分主要介绍了机械互锁结构作为构筑模块参与网状框架构建的系统性和代表性工作，包括含轮烷和索烃的构筑模块；第三部分则是介绍由机械互锁作用为主要相互作用构筑的网状框架，包括弹性编织框架和机械互锁框架，最后对全文进行总结并对该领域的后续发展方向予以探讨.     

卟啉框架材料在光催化领域的应用

卟啉分子对可见光具有较强吸收能力,被广泛应用于光催化和光敏化材料的设计开发。 基于卟啉单元设计构筑框架结构材料,可以借助框架结构的大比表面积和可调控孔结构,实现对卟啉单元光物理化学性质的修饰和调控,达到提高材料光催化量子产率和光催化选择性的目的。 本文综述了卟啉基金属有机框架材料(MOFs)、卟啉基共价有机框架材料(COFs)、以及卟啉基多孔共价有机聚合物(COPs)在光催化领域的研究进展,通过归纳需要解决的关键问题,对卟啉框架材料的未来发展进行了展望。     

An Amide‐Functionalized Dynamic Metal–Organic Framework Exhibiting Visual Colorimetric Anion Exchange and Selective Uptake of Benzene over Cyclohexane

A novel porous metal–organic framework (MOF) architecture is formed by a neutral amide‐functionalized ligand and copper(II). Upon desolvation, this compound undergoes a dynamic structural transformation from a one‐dimensional (1D) porous phase to a two‐dimensional (2D) non‐porous phase that shows selective uptake of benzene over cyclohexane. The as‐synthesized compound also acts as a visual colorimetric anion sensor for thiocyanate.     

Rational Design of MOF/COF Hybrid Materials for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution in the Presence of Sacrificial Electron Donors

Crystalline and porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) materials have attracted enormous attention in the field of photocatalytic H₂ evolution due to their long‐range order structures, large surface areas, outstanding visible light absorbance, and tunable band gaps. In this work, we successfully integrated two‐dimensional (2D) COF with stable MOF. By covalently anchoring NH₂‐UiO‐66 onto the surface of TpPa‐1‐COF, a new type of MOF/COF hybrid materials with high surface area, porous framework, and high crystallinity was synthesized. The resulting hierarchical porous hybrid materials show efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution under visible light irradiation. Especially, NH₂‐UiO‐66/TpPa‐1‐COF (4:6) exhibits the maximum photocatalytic H₂ evolution rate of 23.41 mmol g^?1 h^?1 (with the TOF of 402.36 h^?1), which is approximately 20 times higher than that of the parent TpPa‐1‐COF and the best performance photocatalyst for H₂ evolution among various MOF‐ and COF‐based photocatalysts.     

Continuous flow synthesis of porous materials

Porous materials play an important role in chemical catalysis,separation and other industrial applications.High-efficiency preparation of porous materials has become an active research area.Conventional synthesis of porous materials has been dominated by one-pot solution processing conditions carried out by bulk mixing under conventional electric heating via hydrothermal,solvothermal or ionothermal reactions where high temperatures and pressures are the standard.Continuous flow synthesis has many key advantages in terms of efficient mass and heat transfer,precise control of residence times,improved opportunities for automation and feedback control of synthesis,scaling-up reactions and improved safety parameters compared to above mentioned conventional batch scale synthetic methods.In this review,continuous flow synthesis of various crystalline porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),covalent-organic frameworks(COFs),porous organic cages and zeolites is discussed.Combination of microfluidic methods with other techniques are also shown including various heating ways and various methods of substrate adding.     

离子液体功能化金属/共价-有机框架材料在催化反应中应用

离子液体（ILs）功能化的金属有机框架（MOFs）和共价有机框架（COFs）材料兼具离子液体和MOFs/COFs的优点，是一种极具潜力的复合催化材料。MOFs和COFs材料固定的孔结构及较大的比表面积为负载高分散催化中心提供了天然的物理空间；多孔结构促使催化剂与反应物充分接触；丰富的孔道有利于运输催化反应底物和产物，进而实现催化反应的高效进行。特别是离子液体片段的引入，可以作为催化活性中心的配体（稳定剂）或分散剂，同时能够有效改善MOFs和COFs材料孔道和活性中心周围的微环境。此外，还可以充分利用离子液体片段在适当的反应条件下转化为氮杂环卡宾配体的特点，在MOFs和COFs材料中引入氮杂环卡宾有机金属配合物。因此，我们对近几年来离子液体功能化的MOFs或COFs催化体系在CO2环加成、CO2还原、C-C偶联、羰基化以及其它有机转化反应中的研究应用进行简要综述。并对复合材料在催化领域的发展进行总结和展望。     

Recent advances in metal‐organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks for sample preparation and chromatographic analysis

In the field of analytical chemistry, sample preparation and chromatographic separation are two core procedures. The means by which to improve the sensitivity, selectivity and detection limit of a method have become a topic of great interest. Recently, porous organic frameworks, such as metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been widely used in this research area because of their special features, and different methods have been developed. This review summarizes the applications of MOFs and COFs in sample preparation and chromatographic stationary phases. The MOF‐ or COF‐based solid‐phase extraction (SPE), solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography (GC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) methods are described. The excellent properties of MOFs and COFs have resulted in intense interest in exploring their performance and mechanisms for sample preparation and chromatographic separation.     

Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks (HOFs): A New Class of Porous Crystalline Proton‐Conducting Materials

Two porous hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) based on arene sulfonates and guanidinium ions are reported. As a result of the presence of ionic backbones appended with protonic source, the compounds exhibit ultra‐high proton conduction values (σ) 0.75× 10^?2 S cm^?1 and 1.8×10^?2 S cm^?1 under humidified conditions. Also, they have very low activation energy values and the highest proton conductivity at ambient conditions (low humidity and at moderate temperature) among porous crystalline materials, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). These values are not only comparable to the conventionally used proton exchange membranes, such as Nafion used in fuel cell technologies, but is also the highest value reported in organic‐based porous architectures. Notably, this report inaugurates the usage of crystalline hydrogen‐bonded porous organic frameworks as solid‐state proton conducting materials.     

Reticular Chemistry of Uranyl Phosphonates: Sterically Hindered Phosphonate Ligand Method is Significant for Constructing Zero-Dimensional Secondary Building Units

Designability is an attractive feature for metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and essential for reticular chemistry, and many ideas are significantly useful in the carboxylate system. Bi-, tri-, and tetra-topic phosphonate ligands are used to achieve framework structures. However, an efficient method for designing phosphonate MOFs is still on the way, especially for uranyl phosphonates, owing to the complicated coordination modes of the phosphonate group. Uranyl phosphonates prefer layer or pillar-layered structures as the topology extension for uranyl units occurs in the plane perpendicular to the linear uranium-oxo bonds and phosphonate ligands favor the formation of compact structures. Therefore, an approach that can construct three-dimensional (3D) uranyl phosphonate MOFs is desired. In this paper, a sterically hindered phosphonate ligand method (SHPL) is described and is successfully used to achieve 3D framework structures of uranyl phosphonates. Four MOF compounds ([AMIM]₂(UO₂)(TppmH₄) ⋅ H₂O ( UPF-101 ), [BMMIM]₂(UO₂)₃(TppmH₄)₂ ⋅ H₂O ( UPF-102 ), [Py14]₂(UO₂)₃(TppmH₄)₂ ⋅ 3 H₂O ( UPF-103 ), and [BMIM](UO₂)₃(TppmH₃)F₂ ⋅ 2 H₂O ( UPF-104 ); [AMIM]=1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium, [BMMIM]=1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, [Py14]=N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, and [BMIM]=1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) are obtained by ionothermal synthesis, with zero-dimensional nodes of uranyl phosphonates linked by steric tetra-topic ligands, namely tetrakis[4-(dihyroxyphosphoryl)phenyl]methane (TppmH₈), to give 3D framework structures. Characterization by PXRD, UV/Vis, IR, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry (TG) were also performed.     

Synthesis and Optimization of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Metal–organic frameworks/zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (MOFs/ZIFs) and their post-synthesis modified nanostructures, such as oxides, hydroxides, and carbons have generated significant interest for electrocatalytic reactions. In this work, a high and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance directly from bimetallic Zn_100−xCo_x-ZIF samples is reported, without carrying out high-temperature calcination and/or carbonization. ZIFs can be reproducibly and readily synthesized in large scale at ambient conditions. The bimetallic ZIFs show a systematic and gradually improved OER activity with increasing cobalt concentration. A further increase in OER activity is evidenced in ZIF-67 polyhedrons with controlled particle size of <200 nm among samples of different sizes between 50 nm and 2 μm. Building on this, a significantly enhanced, >50 %, OER activity is obtained with ZIF-67/carbon black, which shows a low overpotential of approximately 320 mV in 1.0 m KOH electrolyte. Such activity is comparable to or better than numerous MOF/ZIF-derived electrocatalysts. The optimized ZIF-67 sample also exhibits increased activity and durability over 24 h, which is attributed to an in situ developed active cobalt oxide/oxyhydroxide related nanophase.