全场彩虹技术测量喷雾浓度及粒径分布

喷雾颗粒的浓度、粒径等多参数的同时测量是研究喷雾的关键. 对应用全场彩虹技术测量双组分液滴的浓度及粒径分布进行了研究. 基于改进的Nussenzweig理论,对液滴折射率和粒径分布采用无分布函数算法进行最优化求解, 然后通过折射率与浓度的关系反推液滴浓度.用模拟全场彩虹信号对该算法进行了验证, 该算法可准确反演具有单峰分布、双峰分布粒径特征的液滴群的折射率与粒径分布. 并对体积分数从0%到100%的乙醇溶液喷雾进行了实验测量, 结果表明,所测得折射率与理论值符合,粒径分布稳定.该技术在喷雾浓度测量方面具有广阔的应用前景. 关键词： 全场彩虹技术 折射率 粒径 组分     

应用CCD对浓度场的全场瞬时测量

基于数字图像处理技术和光学粒子散射理论 ,应用CCD研究设计了具有非接触不干扰、全场测量、测量区域大和低成本等特征的湍流瞬时浓度场的光学测量系统 ,并进行了实际测量 .与文献对比分析结果表明 ,该方法是可行的和有效的 .     

彩虹法和成像法测量玻璃微珠折射率对比研究

基于几何光学原理,彩虹法使用激光作为光源,利用激光在玻璃微珠中进行一次或者多次内反射后出射形成最小偏向角,在最小偏向角附近形成彩虹条纹,通过测量彩虹条纹来反演计算玻璃微珠的折射率。然而,成像法则根据厚透镜的成像原理,对玻璃微珠所成的像经过显微物镜放大后使用CCD相机进行接收,获得玻璃微珠的焦距,进而测得对应玻璃微珠的折射率。较传统方法来说,彩虹法和成像法具有安全、简便和快捷的优点。对型号不同的玻璃微珠,分别使用彩虹法和成像法测量其折射率,并对它们的测量结果进行了对比分析,都获得相对于名义值的误差小于1%的结果。     

一种激光彩虹全息印刷品的颜色测量方法

由于激光彩虹全息印刷品表面光栅的特殊光学特性,其在白光下的成像会产生随机的彩虹干涉条纹,增加了全息印刷品颜色测量的难度。针对激光彩虹烟包印刷品的颜色测量问题,设计了一种全息印刷品的专用全息照明光源——穹顶光源,并以穹顶光源为照明基础构建了6通道线扫描电荷耦合器件(CCD)成像系统。在该环境下,采用基于主成分分析的光谱反射率重建方法对激光彩虹全息印刷品进行颜色测量。实验证明,提出的颜色测量方法,具有光谱重建精度高的特点,可以有效解决激光彩虹全息印刷品的颜色测量难题。     

微尺度三维变形测量的显微数字图像相关系统

基于体式显微镜和数字图像相关法,提出并实现了一种用于对微小尺度材料进行全场三维变形测量的显微数字图像相关系统。针对体式显微镜标定,提出一种高精度的基于B样条曲面重构的成像系统畸变模型,该模型通过采集自主设计的高精度平面标定板图像,来构建无畸变图像平面和标定板平面之间关系,并以此确定空间B样条曲面形式。利用一种高效的对称亚像素细分法来实现数字图像的高精度匹配,并介绍了所提系统进行三维测量和分析的过程。实验结果表明,标定结果的平均重投影误差为0.03pixel,位移测量精度优于0.2μm,应变测量误差的标准差不超过100με。同时,实验结果也证实了该系统可以准确、全面地实现对微小尺寸材料表面的全场三维变形测量。     

大口径激光钕玻璃均匀性拼接检测技术

提出了基于600mm口径干涉仪的一维子孔径拼接测量方法,通过像素错位误差模拟分析结果,设计并研制了一维大行程气浮型精密扫描拼接平台,实现了对角线接近1m的大口径激光玻璃的全口径光学均匀性拼接检测,并对该技术的拼接测量精度和重复性进行了验证。结果表明:拼接结果平滑,均匀性拼接测量与直接测量结果的相对误差优于2×10-7,全口径均匀性的重复性优于4×10-8,单口径均匀性测量结果与拼接后相同区域的均匀性结果最大差异为2×10-7。     

利用彩虹强度角谱分布对圆柱直径的测量

采用ＣＣＤ线阵的散射光强角分布测量系统,测量了水、酒精液柱、光纤的彩虹角分布。根据严格米氏理论,数值研究了大尺寸参数圆柱的彩虹现象,获得与实验相吻合的数值结果。讨论了几何光学和艾里理论局限性,将米氏理论和几何光学结合,对彩虹现象给予了更为合理的解释。利用第一级彩虹角反演折射率,以及将彩虹强度导数角分布进行快速傅里叶变换获得了角谱反演圆柱粒子的直径。并讨论了利用角谱反演粒子折射率和直径的精度。     

基于经验模态分解的彩虹法测量研究

基于彩虹Airy理论分析了一阶彩虹强度分布的折射率和直径的灵敏度，并利用经验模态分解法对彩虹信号进行分解与重构，提出了一种有效分离彩虹强度中Airy信号和高频Ripple分量的方法。根据液滴的一阶彩虹分布，设计了液滴折射率和直径同步测量的彩虹?经验模态反演算法，该算法有很强的抗噪声特征。实验中测量了水滴和不同浓度乙醇液滴的一阶彩虹分布，研究结果表明，彩虹?经验模态法对液滴的折射率和直径测量精度分别为10?4和1%。     

利用白光数字图像频域分析法测量工程高分子材料Ⅲ型裂纹尖端应力强度因子

白光数字图像频域分析法具有测试系统简单,非接触,全场测量等优点,通过频域相关算法分析可以得到三维位移场。推导了用白光数字图像频域分析法的双CCD系统测量三维位移场的公式,并将其应用于Ш型裂纹尖端应力强度因子的测量。     

偏振相机的透明元件应力测量北大核心CSCD

应力检测对光学元件的制造和使用意义重大。基于应力双折射原理,提出了一种利用偏振相机测量应力分布的方法。根据Stokes矩阵和Mueller矩阵推导出应力值及应力方向计算公式,并对影响系统测量精度的主要误差进行了理论分析。为验证方法的可行性,搭建了一台测量应力分布的装置。使用该装置测量一块633 nm的四分之一波片,测得其误差为0.86 nm。进一步测量,得出一块车灯透镜的全场应力相位延迟量与应力方向图,利用所测相位延迟量计算出透镜中心区域的应力双折射值为9.21 nm/mm、主应力差为2.45 MPa;利用符号规则调整了透镜的应力方向,结果符合应力连续性原则。该方法测量应力分布时无需旋动光学元件,可实现应力延迟量及应力方向的实时测量。     

彩虹自标定方法对混合喷雾比例的原位测量

传统彩虹测量技术标定复杂、精度可重复性差且难以适应密闭空间。一种基于多彩虹谱线自标定方法,可省去原有的标定系统装置,将标定过程内化于对彩虹信号的处理,以水为例的测量偏差仅为0.13%。将该技术应用于混合喷雾液滴组分浓度测量中,探究并优化了参与混合的两种液体组分的方案。实验采用60%乙醇-水混合喷雾,原位测量了混合喷雾场多点组分浓度,测量结果差别可以控制在0.5%以内,表明该方法技术在相关领域的应用潜力。     

Self-calibrated global rainbow refractometry:a dual-wavelength approach

Calibration of the relationship between the scattering angle and the CCD pixel is a key part of achieving accurate measurements of rainbow refractometry.A novel self-calibrated global rainbow refractometry system based on illumination by two lasers of different wavelengths is proposed.The angular calibration and refractive index measurement of two wavelengths can be completed simultaneously without extra measurement devices.The numerical and experimental results show the feasibility and high precision of the self-calibration method,which enables the rainbow refractometry to be implemented in a more powerful and convenient way.The self-calibrated rainbow system is successfully applied to measure the refractive indices of ethanol-water solutions with volume concentrations of 10% to 60%.     

Global Rainbow Thermometry for Mean Temperature and Size Measurement of Spray Droplets

Global rainbow thermometry is a new technique for measuring the average size and temperature of spray droplets. For data inversion a global rainbow pattern is employed, which is formed by constructive interference of laser light scattered by an ensemble of spherical droplets. The non‐spherical droplets and liquid ligaments provide a uniform background and hence do not influence the interference pattern from which average size and temperature are derived. This is a large improvement with respect to standard rainbow thermometry, investigated since 1988, which is strongly influenced by particle shape. Moreover, the technique is applicable to smaller droplets than the standard technique because the global pattern is not spoiled by a ripple structure. Data inversion schemes based on inflection points, minima and maxima are discussed with respect to spray dispersion and droplet flux. The temperature derivation from inflection points appears to be independent of spray dispersion. Preliminary measurements in a heated water spray are reported. The mean diameter obtained from the rainbow pattern is smaller than the arithmetic mean diameter measured by phase‐Doppler anemometry. The accuracy of the temperature measurement by global rainbow thermometry is shown to be a few degrees Celsius.     

In‐line Bragg magnifier based on V‐shaped germanium crystals

In this work an X‐ray imaging system based on a recently developed in‐line two‐dimensional Bragg magnifier composed of two monolithic V‐shaped crystals made of dislocation‐free germanium is presented. The channel‐cut crystals were used in one‐dimensional and in two‐dimensional (crossed) configurations in imaging applications and allowed measurement of phase‐contrast radiograms both in the edge‐enhanced and in the holographic regimes. The measurement of the phase gradient in two orthogonal directions is demonstrated. The effective pixel size attained was 0.17 µm in the one‐dimensional configuration and 0.5 µm in the two‐dimensional setting, offering a twofold improvement in spatial resolution over devices based on silicon. These results show the potential for applying Bragg magnifiers to imaging soft matter at high resolution with reduced dose owing to the higher efficiency of Ge compared with Si.     

Detection of global and local parameter variations using nonlinear feedback auxiliary signals and system augmentation

Recently, system augmentation has been combined with nonlinear feedback auxiliary signals to provide sensitivity enhancement in both linear and nonlinear systems. Augmented systems are higher dimensional linear systems that follow trajectories of a nonlinear system one at a time. These augmented systems are subject to a specialized augmented forcing which enforces the augmented system to exactly reproduce the trajectory of the nonlinear system when projected onto the lower dimensional (physical) system. Augmented systems have additional benefits outside of handling nonlinear systems, which makes them more desirable than regular linear systems for sensitivity enhancing control. One of the key advantages of augmented systems is the complete control over the augmented degrees of freedom, and the additional sensor-type knowledge from the augmented variables. These sensing and actuation features are very useful when only few physical actuators and sensors can be placed. Such restrictions are common in most applications, and they severely limit the usefulness of traditional linear sensitivity enhancing feedback approaches. Another benefit of the augmentation is that the control exerted on the augmented degrees of freedom does not require any physical energy, rather it is just signal processing. In this work, these benefits are refined to improve the robustness of detection using sensitivity enhancement. Also, the benefits of system augmentation are explored by using few actuators and sensors. An optimization algorithm is employed not only to maximize the sensitivity of resonant frequencies to added mass at particular locations, but also to detect uniform changes in mass and stiffness. In addition to increased sensitivity for both global and local parameter changes, a study of increasing the sensitivity of local changes, while decreasing the sensitivity of global changes is conducted. Additionally, a methodology is presented to accurately extract augmented frequencies from displacement and forcing data corrupted by noise. Numerical simulations of cantilevered beams are used to validate the approach and discuss the effects of noise.     

Global rainbow thermometry for droplet-temperature measurement

Standard rainbow thermometry connects the scattering angle of the main rainbow maximum, generated by a single droplet, to the droplet's refractive index and thus to its temperature. Droplet nonsphericity influences the rainbow position and therefore degrades the quality of the droplet-temperature measurement. We propose global rainbow thermometry, which measures the average rainbow position that is created by multiple droplets and from which a mean temperature can be derived. The new technique aims at eliminating the nonsphericity effect. The principle of this method is presented, and a typical recorded image is discussed.     

一种新的三维轮廓测量方法

提出了一种实用,高效的光电式三维轮廓测量方法.该方法基于激光三角法的基本原理,采用低通滤波与变阈值重心法相结合来提取光刀中心,不但速度快,而且有效地消除了噪音的影响,实现了光刀中心的精确定位.最后又推导出物像之间的线性关系,解决了系统定标问题,实现了物体轮廓的高效、低成本测量.     

A straightness measurement system using a single-mode fiber-coupled laser module

In this paper, a quite simple and novel straightness measurement system is proposed. The laser beam from a single-mode fiber-coupled laser module is highly stable, and can be used as the reference line for straightness measurements of any mechanical system. A corner retro-reflector is used as the moving target in the system in order to sense the straightness error and to reflect laser beam from measurement head back to it. In this way, there is no cable connection in the moving target, which is necessary for straightness measurements in workshop. At the same time, relationship between voltage output from a quadrant photodiode detector and its displacement was analyzed, and the theoretical analysis shows a good consistence with practical measurement results, which gives a way to enlarge the measurement range of the system. Comparative results of straightness measurement with a dual frequency laser interferometer were given, and repeatability with one micrometer at the distance of 1 m was gotten by the system.     

On-line dimensional measurement of small components on the eyeglasses assembly line

Dimensional measurement of the subassemblies at the beginning of the assembly line is a very crucial process for the eyeglasses industry, since even small manufacturing errors of the components can lead to very visible defects on the final product. For this reason, all subcomponents of the eyeglass are verified before beginning the assembly process either with a 100% inspection or on a statistical basis. Inspection is usually performed by human operators, with high costs and a degree of repeatability which is not always satisfactory.This paper presents a novel on-line measuring system for dimensional verification of small metallic subassemblies for the eyeglasses industry. The machine vision system proposed, which was designed to be used at the beginning of the assembly line, could also be employed in the Statistical Process Control (SPC) by the manufacturer of the subassemblies.The automated system proposed is based on artificial vision, and exploits two CCD cameras and an anthropomorphic robot to inspect and manipulate the subcomponents of the eyeglass. Each component is recognized by the first camera in a quite large workspace, picked up by the robot and placed in the small vision field of the second camera which performs the measurement process. Finally, the part is palletized by the robot. The system can be easily taught by the operator by simply placing the template object in the vision field of the measurement camera (for dimensional data acquisition) and hence by instructing the robot via the Teaching Control Pendant within the vision field of the first camera (for pick-up transformation acquisition).The major problem we dealt with is that the shape and dimensions of the subassemblies can vary in a quite wide range, but different positioning of the same component can look very similar one to another. For this reason, a specific shape recognition procedure was developed. In the paper, the whole system is presented together with first experimental lab results.