纳米晶Ni-CeO2复合镀层低温渗铬后的氧化行为

利用Ni与CeO2纳米颗粒共电沉积制备了纳米结构的NiCeO2复合镀层, Ni平均晶粒尺寸为(56±38)nm;对比研究了该复合镀层与粗晶Ni(平均晶粒尺寸约为30μm) 在700℃扩散渗铬5 h后的渗层结构.结果表明,纳米复合镀层上的渗层厚度和渗入Cr浓度都远高于粗晶Ni;800℃下20 h的恒温氧化实验结果表明,纳米复合镀层上渗铬层的抗氧化性能与粗晶Ni相比显著提高.     

38CrSi钢表面纳米结构层力学性能的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击技术在38CrSi合金钢表面制备了厚度约为25μm纳米晶层.利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜对表面结构进行分析.纳米结构层的最表面层的晶粒尺寸约为16nm,晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离的增加而增大.利用纳米压痕仪对表面纳米结构层的力学性能进行研究,结果表明,当表面晶粒尺寸降低到纳米量级时力学性能明显改善,最表面纳米结构层的硬度是基体的2倍左右,并服从Hall-Petch关系;表面纳米结构层的弹性恢复系数明显提高;利用该方法制备的纳米晶对弹性模量的影响较小;对表面纳米化样品进行低温退火处理可使纳米结构层的性能更加稳定.分析表明表面纳米结构层力学性能的改善主要是表面晶粒细化的结果.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢表面纳米化及其热稳定性研究

对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢进行表面超音速微粒轰击处理,使表面获得纳米晶粒,并且晶粒尺寸沿厚度方向逐渐增大呈梯度组织。将处理后的样品进行不同加热温度和保温时间的热处理,研究其组织结构和硬度的变化。结果表明:当加热温度低于500℃时,表层晶粒尺寸未发生明显变化,只是在表面纳米晶层及其相邻的亚微晶层上发生马氏体相变,对应的硬度沿深度分布也未见明显的改变;当加热温度高于500℃时,表层组织发生回复与再结晶,导致硬度明显下降。与加热温度相比,保温时间对组织和硬度的影响不大。     

Cu-30Ni合金机械冲击表面纳米化组织和性能(英文)

采用大应力塑性变形(机械冲击)技术对Cu-30Ni合金表面进行纳米化处理。利用原子力显微镜技术、纳米压痕试样、显微硬度测量、电化学分析和电子功函数等手段分别测试原始样品、大应力塑性变形纳米化处理样品的晶粒尺寸、力学性能、腐蚀性能。结果表明,与原始样品相比,大应力塑性变形纳米化处理样品的表面晶粒尺寸达到40nm;力学性能显著改善。电化学测试表明,表面纳米化提高了合金的耐腐蚀性能,耐腐蚀性能变化与电子功函数变化一致。机械冲击工艺技术能够使Cu-30Ni合金表面纳米化,从而提高了表面力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢表面纳米化组织及其热稳定性对低温渗氮行为的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击技术(SFPB)对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢试样进行了表面纳米化处理,并对SFPB处理后的试样进行热处理和低温气体渗氮处理,分析讨论了表面纳米化组织及其热稳定性对低温渗氮行为的影响.结果表明:经SFPB处理后,试样表层形成厚约250 μm的变形区,表面组织为纳米晶,平均晶粒尺寸为15 nm,其变形机制以孪生为主,变形同时表面发生了马氏体相变,表面硬度明显提高.对SFPB处理的试样经450 ℃热处理后,纳米晶未发生明显粗化,马氏体量减少很小,硬度保持稳定,因而具有良好的热稳定性.晶粒细化、马氏体相变及其良好的热稳定性有利于实现低温快速渗氮,使渗层厚度明显增加,表层硬度得到进一步提高,硬度分布梯度也得到了改善.     

电刷镀纳米晶镀层的组织及其强化机理

采用直流、脉冲和脉冲换向电流制备了Ni和n—SiO2／Ni电刷镀镀层，利用SEM、AFM、TEM和XRD等技术对镀层的表面形貌、显微组织和晶粒尺寸等进行了分析测量。结果表明，电刷镀层表面呈胞状组织，镀层的晶粒尺寸均在纳米量级，说明电刷镀技术是一个古老而未被认识的纳米技术；复合电刷镀过程中纳米颗粒的作用及脉冲换向电流，能进一步提高镀层的形核率及抑制晶粒的生长，从而减小纳米晶的尺寸。镀层的硬度与纳米晶的尺寸有很好的对应关系。     

超音速微粒轰击0Crl8Ni9钢表面纳米化的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)技术对0Cr18Ni9钢进行表面纳米化;利用金相显微镜(OM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)研究表层的组织结构变化,并进行了显微硬度测试分析.结果表明,经SFPB处理后,形成了约30 μm厚的纳米层.样品表层发生应变诱导马氏体相变;孪晶形变是0Cr18Ni9钢表面纳米化过程的主要变形方式;表面纳米化是晶粒细化与马氏体相变共同作用的结果,与基体相比,SFPB处理后材料的表层硬度显著提高.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢表面纳米化对耐蚀性的影响

对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢采用超音速微粒轰击(Supersonic Fine Particles Bombarding,SFPB)进行表面纳米化处理,利用X射线衍射仪和透射电镜对试样表面形成的纳米品组织进行了检验.对试样表面进行了点蚀试验和动电位极化曲线测试,用扫描电镜对点蚀试样表面形貌进行了观察与分析.结果表明,超音速微粒轰击使试样表面层形成平均尺寸约20 nm的纳米晶组织,表面纳米化可以明显改善0Cr18Ni9不锈钢样品在3.5%NaCl溶液中的动电位极化特性,大大提高其抗氯离子腐蚀性能.     

钛合金TC4表面纳米化及其热稳定性

利用超音速微粒轰击技术(supersonic fine particles bombarding,SFPB)对钛合金TC4进行了表面纳米化处理,并对SFPB处理后的试样进行不同温度2 h退火处理。借助X射线衍射、显微硬度计、透射电子显微镜和差热分析对纳米化及热处理后的试样进行了组织和性能表征,研究钛合金表面纳米化机理及其热稳定性。结果表明:经过SFPB处理后的试样在表层形成了纳米结构层,随着处理时间的延长,变形层厚度不断增加,晶粒尺寸逐步细化,当SFPB处理30 min后晶粒尺寸趋于稳定,在表层形成了晶粒尺寸约为15 nm具有随机取向的纳米等轴晶。纳米化后的试样在750℃退火时,纳米晶未发生明显粗化,因而具有很好的热稳定性。     

基于热力学函数的纳米晶粒长大Cellular Automaton仿真研究

基于纳米晶热力学特性表征函数,将纳米晶热力学性质对晶界迁移的影响引入Cellular Automaton算法,对纳米晶粒长大行为进行了定量化和可视化的仿真研究.模拟结果表明,纳米晶粒长大的动力学与传统粗晶材料不同,在恒温条件下,纳米晶粒的长大指数n不是常数(传统粗晶材料的晶粒长大指数n=2为常数),随纳米晶粒长大过程的进行,n值从1.70至6.59发生变化.作为纳米晶粒长大的驱动力,纳米晶界的过剩自由能与纳米晶粒尺寸的变化直接相关.由于纳米晶材料强烈的小尺寸效应,纳米晶组织的热力学性质较大地影响纳米晶界的结构和能量状态,从而影响纳米晶粒长大的动力学特征.因此,只有结合纳米晶热力学特性的仿真研究才能获得对纳米晶粒长大行为本质性的认识.     

电沉积宽晶粒度分布纳米镍的组织结构与力学性能研究

通过直流与脉冲电沉积分别制备平均晶粒度为20～30 nm,宽晶粒度分布(5～120 nm)的纳米镍.在室温静拉伸应变速率范围内,直流电沉积制备的纳米镍的平均抗拉强度和平均断裂延伸率分别为1176 MPa与10.6%.而由脉冲电沉积技术制备的纳米镍抗拉强度可达1500 MPa之上,最高断裂延伸率可达13.3%.与电沉积获得的普通窄晶粒度分布的纳米镍相比,宽晶粒度分布的纳米镍的塑性要高出100%以上.其原因是大型晶粒内部允许位错的存在,且理论计算表明,晶内位错可通过Frank-Read源机制进行增殖.     

Nucleation and growth mechanism of electrodeposited Ni−W alloy

The nucleation and growth mechanism of electrodeposited Ni?W alloy were investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to examine the electrochemical behavior and nucleation mechanism of the electrodeposited Ni?W alloy. The nucleation type and kinetic parameters of the electrodeposited Ni?W alloy were obtained from the CA analysis results. SEM, AFM, and TEM were also used to investigate the nucleation and growth process of the electrodeposition of Ni?W alloy. The results demonstrate that the nucleation and initial stages of the growth phase of the Ni?W alloy undergo the formation, movement, and aggregation of atoms, single crystals, and nanoclusters. When the size of single crystal increases up to approximately 10 nm and the average size of the crystal granules is approximately 68 nm, they no longer grow. Increasing the applied potential increases the number of nuclei but does not affect the size of the final crystal granules. Therefore, the electrodeposited Ni?W alloy shows a nanocrystalline structure.     

脉冲电流对再制造毛坯裂纹尖端组织及性能的影响

以再制造为目标,利用高能脉冲电流冲击装置对含有单边裂纹的316奥氏体不锈钢进行脉冲电流处理。采用金相显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段,研究高密度脉冲电流对裂纹尖端区域微观组织与结构的影响,分析裂纹尖端组织加热熔化及热处理时的组织演变过程。结果表明:脉冲电流处理后,裂纹尖端组织发生了明显细化并出现组织梯度,包括柱状晶区、再结晶区及基体区。脉冲电流的快速加热和快速冷却、高速电子风的产生、电致塑性等作用降低了再结晶或相变时的热力学屏障,提高了形核率,抑制了晶粒长大过程,获得了比原始晶粒尺寸小的再结晶晶粒,材料的力学性能得到提高。     

Effect of Build Direction on Fatigue Performance of L-PBF 316L Stainless Steel

The microstructure and fatigue and tensile properties of 316 L stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)were investigated.Two 316 L stainless steel specimens with different loading directions which are either perpendicular to or parallel to building direction were prepared by L-PBF process.The results of X-ray diffraction tomography showed that there was no significant difference in morphology and size/distribution of the defects in the HB and VB samples.Since long axis of columnar grains is generally parallel to the build direction,the fatigue crack encounters more grain boundaries in VB samples under cyclic loading,which led to enhanced fatigue resistance of VB samples compared with HB sample.In contrast to HB sample,the VB sample has a higher fatigue strength due to a higher resistance to localized plastic deformation under cyclic loading.The differences in fatigue properties of L-PBF 316 L SS with different build directions were predominantly controlled by solidification microstructures.     

Micromechanisms of multistage fatigue crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy

This study reveals the micromechanisms of fatigue damage formation and evolution with respect to particle topology and grain size and orientation in a rolled 7075-T651 Al alloy. Systematic observations were made of the variations in the fracture surfaces and damage micromechanisms, which were characterized in three fatigue stages: fatigue crack formation, microstructurally/physically small cracks and long cracks. The fatigue crack was formed exclusively at the fractured Fe-rich intermetallic constituent particles preferably located at or near the specimen surface. Large impurities, such as metallic oxides, were also observed to influence the crack nucleation mechanisms. The presence of these impurities close to the nucleation sites was correlated with an approximate 30% reduction in fatigue life. In the microstructurally and physically small crack regimes, the crack front showed a rough localized brittle fatigue fracture along the crack propagation direction in addition to some localized ductile fatigue fracture. Changes in striation size across grain boundaries were clearly observed. In the long crack regime, the fracture surface became rougher but the overall surface tended to be perpendicular to the loading direction, indicating a Mode I fracture. The ramification of the results for a microstructure-based multistage model that comprises crack incubation, small crack growth and long crack growth is discussed in detail.     

Tensile deformation and microstructure of a nanocrystalline Ni–W alloy produced by electrodeposition

Deformation and fracture characteristics of the electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni–W alloy with a grain size of 8.1 nm were investigated. Tensile tests were carried out at room temperature with specimen of 25–30 μm in thickness. The fractured surface was examined using SEM and high-resolution TEM was used to study the microstructure of deformed specimens. Based on these observations we propose a deformation mechanism and fracture process for nanocrystalline Ni–W during tensile deformation are initiated by grain boundary sliding.     

Corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Ni with normal and bimodal grain size distribution

The corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Ni with normal and bimodal grain size distribution was investigated. The microstructure of samples was researched by SEM, EBSD, TEM and XRD. The corrosion behavior was studied by potentiodynamic tests and electrochemical impedance. Nanocrystalline Ni with (100) and (111) textures was prepared by an electrodeposition method. The Ni samples with different grain size distributions and twins were then obtained by heat treatment of nanocrystalline Ni at different temperatures. The effect of grain size on corrosion behavior of the sample depends on the ability of the environment to passivate. In the case where passive film forms on the sample surface, the corrosion resistance of the sample increases with decreasing grain size. Conversely, the corrosion resistance decreases with decreasing grain size when there is no passivation. The corrosion behavior of samples with bimodal grain size distribution obeys the rule of mixture.     

Improved corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline zinc produced by pulse-current electrodeposition

Pulse electrodeposition was used to produce nanocrystalline (nc) zinc from zinc chloride electrolyte with polyacrylamide and thiourea as additives. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to study the grain size and surface morphology of the deposits and X-ray diffraction was used to examine their preferred orientation. Corrosion behavior of the electrodeposited nc zinc in comparison with electrogalvanized (EG) steel in de-aerated 0.5 N NaOH solution was studied using potentiodynamic polarization and impedance measurements. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology of the EG steel before corrosion testing. Surface morphologies of nc zinc deposits and EG steel were also studied after potentiondynamic polarization by SEM. Nanocrystalline zinc (56 nm) with random orientation was produced. The estimated corrosion rate of nc zinc was found to be about 60% lower than that of EG steel, 90 and 229 μA/cm², respectively. The surface morphology of corroded nc zinc was characterized by discrete etch pits, however, uniform corrosion was obtained after potentiodynamic polarization of EG steel. The passive film formed on the nc zinc surface seems to be a dominating factor for the corrosion behavior observed.     

Effects of deformation behavior on fatigue fracture surface morphology in a nickel-base superalloy

Fatigue crack propagation fracture surface morphologies in nickel-base superalloys vary substantially with changes in loading parameters such as temperature, ΔK, load ratio, frequency, and additionally microstructure. Quantitative fracture surface roughness can vary from sub-micron levels to a maximum value of approximately half the grain size. Atomic Force Microscope studies of surface slip traces in compression specimens revealed a clear relationship between slip homogeneity in compression testing and fracture surface roughness under similar fatigue loading conditions. It has been shown in this study that changes in ΔK, strain level, temperature, grain size, and load ratio can all affect slip heterogeneity, which in turn controls the fracture surface roughness. Finally, a model is developed that quantitatively predicts fracture surface roughness and roughness-induced crack closure stress intensity values from measurements of slip line spacing in a compression specimen.     

Nanocrystalline electrodeposited Ni: microstructure and tensile properties

The microstructure of commercially available nanocrystalline (nc) electroplated Ni foils is studied by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the microstructure is inhomogeneous and batch-dependent. Tensile properties at strain rates between 10⁻⁵ and 10³ s⁻¹ are studied and compared with the results of coarse-grained Ni. Data on strength, strain-rate sensitivity and work hardening are presented. At the highest strain rates, shear banding with local grain growth is observed in the nc structure. It is also suggested that the differences found in nc Ni for 3 and 20 mm tensile specimens are the size effects related to the inhomogeneous microstructure.