Removal of lubricants from effluents from Capron production

Conclusions 1. The composition of water obtained after removing lubricant by the aluminate method and further softening scarcely differs at all from that of softened water and can be re-used in industry.2. The flowsheet described enables a closed purification cycle to be built and finishing waste waters to be used; it enables the water consumption for fibre washing to be reduced, the discharge of toxic caprolactam to reservoirs to be discontinued and caprolactam to be recycled.Kiev Combine. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 76–78, July–August, 1969.     

Direct synthesis of LPG from syngas derived from air-POM

Direct synthesis of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a low-cost syngas derived from partial oxidation of methane with air (air-POM) was investigated over a hybrid catalyst consisting of methanol synthesis catalyst and Pd-modified Y-zeolite. The hybrid catalyst demonstrated a high activity and more than 73% selectivity for LPG fraction. BET, NH₃-TPD and TPO-MS were carried out to study the properties of Pd-Y before and after reaction. The results indicated that coke deposition on Pd-Y was the main contribution to the slow deactivation of hybrid catalyst.     

Kinetics of oil generation from oil shale from Liaoning province of China

The intrinsic kinetics of oil generation from 0.124 dm³ kg^?1 Chinese oil shale were determined by a non-isothermal method. Overall first-order kinetics satisfactorily represented the mechanism of kerogen decomposition. The kinetic parameters were determined as 142.8 kJ mol^?1 and 7.495 × 10⁶ s^?1 for activation energy and pre-exponential factor, respectively.     

Differentiation of α-cristobalite from opals in bentonites from Turkey

Because of the similarity of the XRD-patterns, well-ordered opal-C and opal-CT have been misidentified as α-cristobalite in many publications. This is important, because flying α-cristobalite is probably a human carcinogen and the opals are not. The evidence of α-cristobalite in bentonites is hazardous for the human health and reduces their marketing. To distinguish the opal-C and opal-CT from α-cristobalite, the XRD-patterns of bentonites before and after H₃PO₄-digestion (240 °C, 15 min) and heat treatment (1050 °C, 24 h) were evaluated in details. It was seen that the most characteristic XRD-reflection (hkl:101) centered near 0.40 nm for crystalline α-cristobalite and paracrystalline opals disappeared after the digestion and sharpened after the heat treatment. Since the crystallinity of α-cristobalite was not affected from the digestion and the heat treatment, it was concluded that the bentonites contain opal-CT or opal-C in amorphous opal-A matrix, but do not contain α-cristobalite. Since the paracrystallinity increases in order opal-CT and opal-C, the narrowing in full width at half-maximum reflection height (FWHM) 101 must be more for opal-CT than opal-C by heat treatment. Therefore, these opals were distinguished approximately from each other depending on the narrowing in the FWHM of 101 XRD-reflection by heating. Based on this result, it would not be decided that whether bentonites or other clays contain α-cristobalite or not, without performing the H₃PO₄-digestion and heat treatment.     

Amines from aldehydes derived from the ozonization of soybean esters

Investigations were carried out on reductive amination of caproaldehyde, pelargonaldehyde and azelaaldehydate esters, obtainable from ozonolysis of soybean oil products, with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst. A solvent system giving good yields of primary amine while suppressing amide formation was devised. Excess ammonia and homogeneous solutions suppressed secondary amine formation. Nonpolar solvents suppressed ammonolysis. Optimum conditions for reaction varied with the aldehyde. Excellent yields of hexylamine (91%), nonylamine (90%), methyl 9-aminononanoate (92%) and butyl 9-aminononanoate (93%) were obtained from caproaldehyde, pelargonaldehyde, methyl azelaaldehydate and butyl azelaaldehydate, respectively, when aminated in anhydrous ammonia and either cyclohexane or methyl cyclohexane. Presented at the AOCS meeting, Chicago, 1964. A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Synthesis of thermoset elastomer from microbial oil derived from the fermentation of sugarcane

In the context of the 21st century, the integration of diverse perspectives within the circular economy framework, encompassing waste management, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, stands out as a paramount challenge. Addressing this challenge, an innovative avenue emerges through the application of microbial oil to replace traditional petroleum in the synthesis of essential commodity chemicals. This groundbreaking study takes a significant step toward this goal by introducing a pioneering polyester material boasting an exceptionally high renewable content. This material is synthesized through melt polycondensation, utilizing a novel primary feedstock derived from the oily residue extracted post-distillation of β-farnesene (FDR). The ingenious approach involves fermenting sugarcane syrup using a genetically engineered yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The outcome of this study reveals the creation of an amorphous polymer with rubber-like attributes. These attributes include a Young's modulus of 3.9 MPa, with a maximum elastic strain and tensile stress values of 185.4% and 510 KPa, respectively, along with distinctive strain-hardening characteristics. Remarkably, this material also exhibits indications of shape memory behavior in a temperature range spanning from −47 to 12°C, as discerned from dynamic mechanical analysis. Evidently, this novel polymer demonstrates exceptional promise in the realm of low-temperature applications. Its intrinsic ability to uphold mechanical integrity, even when subjected to substantial deformations within its service conditions, positions it as an invaluable resource for various components requiring resilience in challenging environments.     

回收苦荞麦中黄酮提取实验产生的乙醇废液

乙醇作为基础原料之一在社会的很多领域都有着广泛的应用,从苦荞麦提取黄酮的实验中产生了大量的乙醇废液,现拟回收该废液中的乙醇。实验采用普通精馏与共沸精馏相结合的方法将经过成分调整的乙醇废液进行提纯回收,结果表明:在当地大气压力以及室温条件下,先采用普通精馏将废液提纯至95%(质量分数)。再以环己烷为共沸剂,回流比R=3且普通精馏乙醇溶液与环己烷的加入体积比为2∶1时,采用共沸精馏可以获得浓度为99.5%(质量分数)的乙醇,实现乙醇废液中乙醇的回收再利用。     

巢湖蓝藻藻蓝蛋白纯化工艺的优化

目的优化巢湖蓝藻藻蓝蛋白的纯化工艺。方法将新鲜蓝藻藻泥经冻融破壁处理,获得藻蓝蛋白粗提液。采取两步盐析及Cellfine A-500阴离子交换层析结合法进行纯化,并以纯度和回收率为检测指标,对一步盐析摩尔浓度(0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6 mol/L)及二步盐析摩尔浓度(1.6、1.8、2.0、2.2、2.4 mol/L)、阴离子交换层析缓冲液pH(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0)、进样浓度(0.418、0.726、1.044、1.288、2.090 mg/L)、洗脱速度(0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3.0 cm/min)及洗脱液盐梯度浓度[(0.08、0.10、1.0)、(0.08、0.15、1.0)、(0.08、0.20、1.0)、(0.08、0.25、1.0)、(0.08、0.30、1.0)mol/L]进行优化。同时采用最适条件纯化3批藻蓝蛋白。结果两步盐析的最适摩尔浓度分别为1.0和1.8 mol/L,阴离子交换层析最适条件为缓冲液p H 7.0,进样浓度为1.0～2.0 mol/L,洗脱流速为2 cm/min,洗脱液盐梯度浓度为0.08、0.20、1.0 mol/L。最适条件纯化的3批藻蓝蛋白纯度可达4.0以上,回收率达11%以上。结论成功优化了巢湖蓝藻藻蓝蛋白的纯化工艺,纯化出了试剂级(纯度4.0以上)的藻蓝蛋白。     

天然气制乙炔生产PVC工艺简介

简介了我国首条以天然气为原料生产PVC树脂装置的基本情况,并从工艺先进性、工艺运行稳定性及装置的经济性3方面评价了天然气制乙炔工艺路线。     

Lessons Learned from the Studies of Roots Shaded from Direct Root Illumination

The root is the below-ground organ of a plant, and it has evolved multiple signaling pathways that allow adaptation of architecture, growth rate, and direction to an ever-changing environment. Roots grow along the gravitropic vector towards beneficial areas in the soil to provide the plant with proper nutrients to ensure its survival and productivity. In addition, roots have developed escape mechanisms to avoid adverse environments, which include direct illumination. Standard laboratory growth conditions for basic research of plant development and stress adaptation include growing seedlings in Petri dishes on medium with roots exposed to light. Several studies have shown that direct illumination of roots alters their morphology, cellular and biochemical responses, which results in reduced nutrient uptake and adaptability upon additive stress stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent methods that allow the study of shaded roots under controlled laboratory conditions and discuss the observed changes in the results depending on the root illumination status.     

Isolation and characterization of bacteria from engine sludge generated from biodiesel-diesel blends

Fuel filter clogging is often a major concern of biodiesel application. Excessive sludge formed from a biodiesel-diesel fuel blend in the fuel system of marine ferries was investigated in this study to determine the sources of the sludge. Microbes were found as the major cause of sludge and the isolates were further investigated. Three types of predominant growing bacteria were isolated. These isolates were identified as Klebsiellaoxytoca, Klebsiellanov. sp., and Staphylococcusepidermidis based on morphological, biochemical, physiological and molecular evidences. All three microbes can grow vigorously in temperatures between 28 and 37 °C, with Klebsiellaoxytoca and Klebsiella nov. sp. growing at temperatures as low as 20 °C. Klebsiellaoxytoca produced significant amounts of exopolysaccharides as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Ion chromatography measurement showed that the exopolysaccharides consisted of galactose, glucose, and xylose. In a simulated biodiesel-diesel blend (5% of biodiesel in diesel) - tap water system, Klebsiellaoxytoca showed obvious growth and formed extra sludge while the other two isolates did not. The results confirmed that microbial activities in the fuel system of marine ferries are one of the major causes of excessive sludge (solid waste) formation, leading to filter clogging. This is the first report on the activities of Klebsiella and Staphylococcus in the usage of biodiesel, diesel, or their blends. The results lead to a solution to ensure clogging-free fuel system when using biodiesel-diesel blends in marine environments by applying proper biocides.     

Mechanical behaviour of reaction processed SiC ceramics from artificial precursor from plant

Mechanical behaviour of SiC ceramics synthesized from two artificial precursors from plants – coir fibreboard and bamboo pulp fibreboard – was studied and the mechanical properties – flexural strength, Young's modulus, fracture toughness and hardness – of the ceramics synthesized from the two kinds of artificial precursors were compared. The effect of processing of the artificial precursors, as reflected in the microstructure of the ceramics synthesized from them, was taken into consideration in the analysis of the mechanical property data; these data could also be possible to be explained by the empirical models of fracture mechanics. The results of the study established the possibility of application of the investigated SiC materials as structural ceramics.     

Development of refractory ceramics from residual silica derived from rice husk ash

Rice husk has been used as a thermal energy source for electricity generation, resulting in the formation of silica from rice husk as a by-product. This research aims to develop refractory ceramic materials by replacing kaolin clay with rice husk silica at 5%, 10% and 20% volume percentages. The samples were investigated in terms of their density, apparent porosity, tensile strength in three-point bending test, compressive strength, thermal shock and mineralogical composition. The use of 20% silica resulted in an increase in the formation of cristobalite, higher packing of granular mixtures, and consequently, an improvement in the tensile strength and compression strength of the samples. However, the material that was most successful in increasing the mechanical strength without decreasing the thermal shock strength was the sample processed with 10% clay replacement by silica from rice husk.     

Synthesis of mordenite from diatomite: a case of zeolite synthesis from natural material

A high mordenite product was obtained from a natural raw material, diatomite, either with or without the presence of diethanolamine. The synthesis process took 2 days, and was carried out under hydrothermal conditions, at autogenic pressure, and at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting crystals were identified as mordenite by X‐ray diffraction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal and gravimetric analyses. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermooxidative stability of celluloses prepared from leafy and from coniferous varieties of wood

Conclusions The thermooxidative stability of celluloses prepared from deciduous and evergreen varieties of wood has ben investigated by methods of thermal analysis.It has been found that deciduous celluloses are less stable to oxidation processes as compared with evergreen celluloses, since they have an increased content of low-molecular fractions.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 48–49, September–October, 1986.     

从制备光纤预制棒产生的废料中回收白炭黑

为了从制备光纤预制棒产生的废料中提取得到白炭黑,采用烘干、研磨、煅烧、酸处理、水洗等手段对废料进行无害化处理,除去杂质部分,使超细二氧化硅颗粒再生出来。重点探究了最佳的煅烧条件,通过对不同煅烧条件下产品的失重分析以及杂质（Fe元素）含量、产品粒径分布等分析,得出了最佳的煅烧温度为500 ℃,煅烧时间大约为1 h。所得产品的质量技术参数基本达到或接近国家标准。