微生物转化在药物合成中的应用前景

概述了微生物转化在药物合成中的应用，特别是在手性药物的不对称合成和生物催化方法方面的新进展。     

手性药物的制备方法

手性药物的制备是近年来和今后一个时期药物合成研究的热点，手性药物化学制备方法，包括色谱拆分、化学拆分、诱导结晶拆分、膜分离技术等药物对映体的拆分，手性源合成法，手性催化法；手性药物生物制备方法主要有酶法拆分手性药物和酶催化手性药物合成等。     

手性化学工业的新发展（一）

一、传统化学仍是获得单一对映体的主要方法1．手性源和拆分方法仍多于催化不对称化学尽管催化不对称化学研究以不屈不挠的步伐向前迈进．目前处于商业规模运转的单一对映体选择性催化过程仍然很少。在开发出更多适用于大规模生产、成本可行、成熟的生物催化和化学催化手性途径之前．光学纯化学原料药还得靠传统化学来制备。包括基于手性底物或化学计算手性诱导的常规合成。以及通过色谱拆分等方法进行分离。     

手性药物的规模化制备方法

手性药物的制备对于其研发有着重要的作用。本文综述了现有的大规模合成光学纯药物或关键中间体的方法,举实例说明各方法需要解决的关键问题,并重点讨论了化学催化的不对称合成。     

非官能化烯烃的不对称环氧化及其在药物合成中的应用

非官能化烯烃的不对称环氧化及其在药物合成中的应用孙宏斌，华维一（中国药科大学药物化学研究室，南京２１０００９）手性环氧化物在天然产物合成、药物合成和有机合成化学中占有重要地位。为了获得高光学纯度的环氧化物，人们建立了多种方法，包括：手性源的转化［１］...     

氟苯尼考及其中间体的合成研究进展

氟苯尼考是一种兽用氯霉素类广谱抗菌药，因抗菌效应强而在世界各国广泛应用。氟苯尼考分子结构中含有2个手性中心，现有合成方法可分为手性拆分法和不对称合成法。手性拆分法的成本相对低廉且已工业化生产；不对称合成法工艺更加环保，符合未来发展趋势，但具有挑战性。文章综述了氟苯尼考的合成方法，详细阐述了其关键中间体D-苏式-对甲砜基苯丝氨酸乙酯的制备方法，并对不同制备方法及氟代工艺的优劣进行了比较。     

手性相转移催化剂在不对称合成中的应用

不对称合成技术是合成有机化学的一个重要组成部分。近年来,随着相转移催化技术的迅速发展,使用手性相转移催化剂诱导进行的不对称相转移催化反应也应运而生。1975年Fiaud首次报道了以D(-)-麻黄碱鎓盐催化的不对称烷化反应。1984年Dolling等报道,用苄基辛可宁鎓盐作催化剂,合成了利尿新药(+)-Indacrinone,光学收率达92％。由于使用手性相转移催化剂不仅具备相转移催化反应的优点,而且同时达到不对称合成的目的,因而对不对称合成技术的发展有着重要意义。本文就手性相转移催化剂以及所催化的反应作一综述。一、手性相转移催化剂选择适当的催化剂,是进行不对称相转     

新型手性配体的合成及其在沙美特罗关键中间体合成中的应用

目的合成沙美特罗的关键手性中间体。方法设计合成新型手性配体单磺酰化1，2-双-（3，5-二甲基苯基）乙二胺，通过与金属铑配合生成手性催化剂，利用该催化剂催化沙美特罗的关键手性中间体的不对称氢转移反应。结果与结论新型手性配体具有良好的催化活性和对映体选择性，催化合成得到的沙美特罗中间体的对映体选择性的ee％值为91％。     

噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物的合成

由于抗生素的广泛应用导致其耐药菌大量产生,探索新的抗耐药性的革兰阳性菌药物已成为国内外医药界的研究热点。噁唑烷酮类抗菌药是一类新型化学全合成抗菌药,具有抑制多重耐药革兰阳性菌的作用。现在主要利用芳基异氰酸酯法、伯胺不对称拆分法、氧羰酰芳胺和（R）-丁酸缩水甘油酯法、不对称合成法以及催化偶合合成法完成噁唑烷酮合成。     

脂肪酶在催化合成光学活性药物中的应用

脂肪酶作为天然的手性催化剂,具有高立体造反性、作用底物广泛、催化反应条件温和的特点,在不对称合成、光学活性化合物及天然产物的合成领域具有广泛的用途。利用酶对对映体的识别作用不公可有效地通过酯水解或醇酰化反应拆分外消旋药物及合成中间体,获得光学纯的酸、醇或酯,而且可催化前手性底物反应,直接构建光学活性芗的手性中心如内酯化合成大环内酯药物等。本文介绍了批肪酶的催化特性及在合成光学活性药物中的应用。     

Development of new methods in asymmetric reactions and their applications

Several novel methods using chiral reagents and biocatalysts for asymmetric reactions are described. Among those reactions, asymmetric reduction via a novel tandem Michael addition/Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of acyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones using a chiral mercapto alcohol, asymmetric synthesis of allene-1,3-dicarboxylate via crystallization induced asymmetric transformation, and improved asymmetric nitroolefination of lactones and lactames at alpha-carbon using new chiral reagents were developed. In the reactions using biocatalysts, asymmetric dealkoxycarbonylation of bicyclic beta-keto diesters having sigma-symmetry with lipase or esterase to give optically active beta-keto esters, the asymmetric reduction of bicyclic 1,3-diketones having sigma-symmetry with Baker's yeast to give optically active keto alcohols, and the asymmetric aldol reaction of glycine with threonine aldolase were also developed. The above mentioned products were effectively utilized as chiral building blocks for the asymmetric synthesis of natural products and drugs.     

2－芳基丙酸类消炎药不对称重排法合成

介绍了以（１Ｒ）－１０－樟脑磺酰氯、（２Ｒ，３Ｒ）－酒石酸酯和（Ｒ）－或（Ｓ）－乳酸酯为手性辅助剂和手性源，不对称重排制备２－芳基丙酸类消炎药的新方法。     

Strategies for access to enantiomerically pure ecadotril,dexecadotril and fasidotril: a review

Ecadotril and dexecadotril are powerful and selective inhibitors of neprilysin (NEP, EC 3.4.24.11) and are being developed as therapeutic agents, since they behave as prodrugs of the enantiomers of thiorphan. They exhibit different pharmaceutical profiles (intestinal antisecretatory action for the (R) enantiomer, i.e. dexecadotril, and cardiovascular activity for the (S) enantiomer, i.e. ecadotril). Fasidotril is a related compound which has special interest as an equipotent dual inhibitor of NEP and ACE (EC 3.4.15.1). This behavior confers on fasidotril powerful pharmaceutical properties in the cardiovascular field. This review deals with various synthetic approaches, either published or patented, for access to the enantiomerically pure or highly enriched forms of these drugs. Thus, different methods have been studied, which are taken from different methodologies of resolution procedures and asymmetric synthesis, namely : i- Synthesis from a chiron from the chiral pool ii- Chemical resolution of racemic precursors iii- Enzymatic resolution and desymmetrization of meso starting materials iv- Asymmetric synthesis, including enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation, alkaloid catalyzed asymmetric Michael additions, and diastereoselective alkylation of a chiral derivative. Some of these methods are used in industrial processes leading to the indicated compounds.     

High-throughput methods for the development of new catalytic asymmetric reactions

Chiral, single enantiomer pharmaceuticals have become increasingly more important. Therefore, research aimed at providing new methods for their selective preparation has taken on an even greater importance. One of the most efficient strategies for the synthesis of non-racemic, chiral molecules is asymmetric catalysis. There are many variables involved in the discovery of a new catalytic asymmetric transformation; hence, methods for the rapid screening of large numbers of catalysts have been developed. Herein, these techniques and strategies for the rapid discovery of novel asymmetric catalysts are reviewed.     

聚合物固载试剂在手性药物合成中应用的研究进展

当前手性药物合成的研究已成为国际药学研究领域的热点之一,近几年发展起来的在聚合物固载试剂条件下进行的不对称合成由于其各种优点,引起了药学界广泛的关注.无论从经济角度还是从“绿色化学”角度考虑,聚合物固载试剂的巨大潜力势必会推动手性药物合成技术的迅速发展.从抗肿瘤类、抗生素类、天然产物类和生物化学类活性物质对近几年来聚合物固载试剂在手性药物合成方面的应用进行简述,并对其前景进行展望.     

Hydroformylation and carbonylation processes: new trends in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals

The synthesis of complex organic molecules by catalytic transformations has made a significant impact on the development of new routes to a variety of pharmaceutical intermediates and optically active drugs. Carbonylation and hydroformylation reactions using metal complex catalysts are particularly attractive in this context as they provide clean, atom-efficient routes for the synthesis of molecules with carboxylic acid, aldehyde and amide functional groups to replace stoichiometric, multi-step routes using toxic and hazardous reagents. This review presents an update of recent research demonstrating the novel features of catalytic carbonylation and hydroformylation reactions and the current state of their development. Besides the expanding applications of carbonylation reactions, their unique features, such as high regioselectivity, high enantioselectivity (using appropriate chiral ligands) and their combination with other reactions to facilitate tandem (one-pot) synthesis, are highly promising. Clearly, the future direction is toward the synthesis of enantiomerically pure drug molecules and intermediates by asymmetric catalysis if the challenges of catalyst-product separation and the development of chiral ligands at a lower cost can be met.     

C2-对称面手性RuPHOX-Ru催化的不对称氢化反应及其在手性药物合成中的应用

相比于中心手性和轴手性的配体,具有面手性(主要是基于二茂铁)的配体受到的关注较少,基于二茂钌骨架的面手性配体更是鲜有报道。二茂铁与二茂钌的2个环戊二烯负离子环之间的距离分别是0.332 nm和0.368 nm,即二茂钌的2个环戊二烯负离子环之间的距离要比相应的二茂铁的长约10%,这使得以二茂钌为骨架的面手性配体在电子效应与立体效应方面与以二茂铁为骨架的有所差异。本课题组开发的基于二茂钌的C2-对称双膦-(口恶)唑啉配体RuPHOX在许多反应,特别是钌催化的不对称氢化反应中,显示出了优异的化学稳定性和催化性能。其与金属络合后具有双金属反应中心,在提高反应活性的同时,形成更大的空间位阻,合成的RuPHOX的钌络合物RuPHOX-Ru可直接用于含C=O或C=C键底物的不对称氢化反应中。本文简要综述了RuPHOX-Ru催化的含C=O、C=C以及同时含C=O和C=C双键等底物的不对称氢化反应,以及其在手性药物合成中的应用。     

Stereochemistry at the forefront in the design and discovery of novel anti-tuberculosis agents

Today, 75% of new drugs introduced to the market are single enantiomers and new techniques in asymmetric synthesis and chiral separation expedites chiral drug discovery and development worldwide. The enantiomers of a chiral drug present unique chemical and pharmacological behaviors in a chiral environment, such as the human body, in which the stereochemistry of chiral drugs determines their pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological actions. Thus, it is imperative that only the pure and therapeutically active isomer be prepared and marketed. Tuberculosis (TB), a highly contagious and airborne disease that is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), currently represents one of the most threatening health problems globally. The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), as well as HIV co-infection along with a lengthy treatment regimen, highlights an urgent need for the development of new anti-TB agents. Currently, new chiral anti-TB agents are being developed from some well-known anti-TB agents, high throughput screening (HTS) hits, and natural products. This review will focus on the reported chiral anti-TB agents together with the clinical importance of their chirality and stereochemistry.