危重患者两种血糖控制方法效果比较

目的探讨危重患者血糖控制的适宜方法,以提高血糖控制治疗效果、降低相关并发症。方法将126例ICU危重患者随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组（强化组）和常规治疗组（常规组）各63例,常规组将目标空腹血糖控制在11．9mmol／L以下,强化组12～24h使血糖控制在4．4～6．1mmol／L;均严格动态监测血糖变化。结果入ICU第2、3、5天强化组空腹血糖显著低于常规组（均P〈0．01）;低血糖、病死、医院感染发生率,机械通气时间,ICU入住时间低于或短于常规组,但差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论胰岛素强化治疗对危重患者有益,但较常规治疗并不能显著改善危重患者状况和预后。在护理过程中坚持严格动态观察血糖变化,避免低血糖的发生,可保证危重患者各项治疗顺利进行。     

危重患者两种血糖控制方法效果比较

目的探讨危重患者血糖控制的适宜方法 ,以提高血糖控制治疗效果、降低相关并发症。方法将126例ICU危重患者随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组(强化组)和常规治疗组(常规组)各63例,常规组将目标空腹血糖控制在11.9mmol/L以下,强化组12～24h使血糖控制在4.4～6.1mmol/L;均严格动态监测血糖变化。结果入ICU第2、3、5天强化组空腹血糖显著低于常规组(均P0.01);低血糖、病死、医院感染发生率,机械通气时间,ICU入住时间低于或短于常规组,但差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论胰岛素强化治疗对危重患者有益,但较常规治疗并不能显著改善危重患者状况和预后。在护理过程中坚持严格动态观察血糖变化,避免低血糖的发生,可保证危重患者各项治疗顺利进行。     

ICU的血糖控制

ICU患者即使无糖尿病史,在应激情况下也常伴有高血糖和胰岛素抵抗（IR）,而显著的高血糖将使危重患者发生许多并发症。严格控制血糖可以明显减少患者的病死率、住院时间,减少机械通气和肾脏替代治疗的需求,     

重症患者应激性高血糖血糖控制水平的研究

<正>严重患者常伴有应激性高血糖,应激性高血糖可增加危重患者的并发症和死亡率。目前还没有统一的血糖控制标准和规范,国外有研究报道胰岛素强化治疗控制血糖于4.4-6.1mmol/l效果更加[1、2]。本研究主要通过对危重患者控制不同的血糖水平,观察血糖与并发症发生率及预后的关系。     

综合ICU重症患者入室血糖与预后的关系

目的 探讨综合ICU患者入室血糖与疾病预后的相关性.方法 选择2011年7月至2011年12月入住综合ICU的249例重症患者,按入室血糖值分为6组,A组:血糖<4.4mmol/L(21例),B组:血糖4.4～6.0mmol/L(26例),C组:血糖6.1～7.7mmol/L(31例),D组:血糖7.8～11.1mmol/L(64例),E组:血糖11.2～13.8mmol/L(68例),F组:血糖≥13.9mmol/L(39例).计算各组急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分(APACHE-Ⅱ)、28d病死率、生命支持措施(床边血液净化治疗、机械通气、循环支持)平均使用例数及强效抗生素平均使用时间.结果 F组与A组所需生命支持例数更多(P<0.05),F组与E组强效抗生素使用时间显著延长(P<0.05).结论 综合ICU重症患者的入室血糖水平可为预测疾病预后提供参考依据.     

两种血糖控制护理对腹部手术后肠外营养患者预后的影响

目的观察两种血糖的控制护理对腹部手术后肠外营养患者预后的影响。方法选择2009年5月至2010年3月行腹部手术后应用肠外营养支持治疗1周以上的危重患者120例,随机分为胰岛素强化控制组(强化组,58例)和胰岛素常规控制组(常规组,62例)。强化组给予强化胰岛素治疗,控制血糖在4.4～6.1mmol/L;常规组在血糖10mmol/L时,启动胰岛素治疗,使血糖控制在7.8～10.0mmol/L。结果强化组低血糖发生率显著高于常规组(P0.05),而两组术后并发症(均为切口愈合不良)发生率和住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论腹部手术后肠外营养的患者,常规胰岛素治疗较强化胰岛素治疗能减少患者的低血糖发生率,并且不会增加术后切口愈合不良发生率。     

含缓释淀粉的整蛋白型肠内营养剂匀速滴入管饲对合并Ⅱ型糖尿病的危重症患者血糖控制的效果

强化胰岛素治疗可降低外科重症患者并发症的发生率和死亡率.高血糖使感染并发症的风险明显增加,而临床上应用的糖尿病专用型肠内营养剂匀速滴入式管饲方法,是否可以有效降低血糖,是值得关注的问题.     

丙泊酚和咪唑安定用于ICU机械通气镇静效果的比较

清醒的危重症患者在ICU使用机械通气时,往往不能耐受人工气道或某些特殊的通气模式,甚至产生人机对抗,为了减轻患者的不适常需要给予镇静治疗。本文分别应用丙泊酚和咪唑安定用于ICU患者机械通气的镇静,观察两者的异同。     

胰岛素严格控制血糖对脓毒症患者的影响及其机理的初步探讨

目的　探讨用胰岛素严格控制血糖对脓毒症患者预后和并发症的影响及其可能的机理。方法　将 5 5例脓毒症患者随机分为严格控制血糖组 (用胰岛素控制血糖在 4 4～ 6 1mmol/L)和常规治疗组 (血糖控制在 10 0～ 11 1mmol/L)。在入院后的 2 4h、3d、5d和 7d、10d、14d用流式细胞仪测定外周血单核细胞HLA DR的变化 ,并同时收集炎症反应指标 ,包括血肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)、白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )和C 反应蛋白 (CRP) ,以及病情严重度 (APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分 )、感染并发症和预后等资料 ,在两组之间进行比较。结果　相对于常规治疗组 ,严格控制血糖组体温异常持续时间、发热时间以及呼吸机辅助呼吸时间均显著缩短 (P <0 0 5 ) ,同时住院期间的ΔSOFA也显著降低(P <0 0 5 )。在严格控制血糖组有 3例 (11% )患者并发了低血糖 ,经过及时治疗未出现明显的不良后果。在感染初期单核细胞表面HLA DR表达降低、血CRP浓度增加 ,随着病程的推移HLA DR表达逐渐恢复 ,血CRP也逐渐降低。严格控制血糖组HLA DR表达的恢复较常规治疗组更快 ,入院后 3d、5和 7d存在显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;同时血CRP浓度的下降也有更明显的趋势 ,在入院后 10d有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　用胰岛素严格控制血糖能加快感染患者恢复、增     

ICU患者胰岛素静脉输注管理的最佳证据应用

目的 将ICU患者胰岛素静脉输注管理的最佳证据应用于临床实践,评价其应用效果。方法 以证据临床转化模式为指导,将总结的最佳证据转化为12条质量审查指标并进行基线审查,分析促进与障碍因素,实施变革。比较证据应用前后审查指标执行率,医护人员胰岛素静脉输注管理知识得分,患者的平均血糖值、高血糖发生率、低血糖发生率及血糖变异系数。结果 最佳证据应用后,10条证据应用的执行率显著高于基线审查水平,医护人员胰岛素静脉输注管理知识得分由（47.87±14.76）分提升至（88.32±9.56）分（均P＜0.05）。证据应用后患者高血糖发生率、平均血糖值及高血糖变异性发生率显著低于应用前（均P＜0.05）。结论 将ICU患者胰岛素静脉输注管理的最佳证据应用于临床,能有效优化医护人员对ICU患者胰岛素静脉输注管理知识水平及实践行为,促进患者血糖稳定。     

外科重症病人应激性高血糖的控制与争议

外科重症病人普遍存在应激性高血糖,其预示或导致不良预后。近年研究显示强化胰岛素治疗（intensive insulin therapy,IIT）的益处,医疗机构纷纷效仿,但新的问题随之产生,如IIT显著增加低血糖的发生率,难以复制前期的优势结果等。人们开始对IIT产生怀疑,该如何面对关于控制血糖的各种争议？首先,争议是一种进步,不必因此而彻底否定高血糖对机体的损害,忽视或者彻底摒弃血糖控制。再者,现阶段应掌握血糖控制的“度”。实际工作中了解血糖控制并不仅是应用胰岛素控制血糖,必须注意其他影响血糖的因素,制定完备的方案。同时鉴于目前IIT还有许多悬而未决的问题,需要设计更为严谨的研究加以阐述。     

Perioperative intensive insulin therapy using an artificial endocrine pancreas with closed-loop glycemic control system: the effects of no hypoglycemia

Background

We examined whether perioperative intensive insulin therapy (IIT) using an artificial pancreas (AP) with a closed-loop glycemic control system can be used to prevent hypoglycemia in surgical patients.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2012, perioperative glycemic control using an AP was performed in 427 patients undergoing general surgery. A total of 305 patients undergoing IIT using an AP in the target blood glucose range of 80 to 110 mg/dL were enrolled in the study. Data were collected prospectively and were reviewed or analyzed retrospectively.

Results

No patients had hypoglycemia. Perioperative mean blood glucose level and achievement rates in target blood glucose range of 80 to 110 mg/dL were 100.5 ± 11.9 mg/dL and 88.1% ± 16.0%, respectively. For the 3 primary operative methods, including hepatic, pancreatic, and esophageal resections, there were no significant differences in glycemic control stability between the types of surgery.

Conclusion

Perioperative IIT using an AP with a closed-loop glycemic control system can be used to prevent hypoglycemia and maintain stable glycemic control with less variability of blood glucose concentration.     

Parental perceptions of comfort during mechanical ventilation

There are no reports of the parental perceptions of comfort during the mechanical ventilation of children. We have assessed the quality of sedation in 28 mechanically ventilated children and compared these results to an overall parental assessment of comfort, obtained by postal questionnaire. There was no correlation between the parental assessment of comfort and the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) staff satisfaction with the level of sedation. Parental assessment of comfort was positively correlated with the duration of ventilation, whilst PICU staff satisfaction was positively correlated with the age of the child. Parents appear to become more satisfied with the degree of comfort of their children as the duration of mechanical ventilation increases, which is an effect that may have an important bearing on communication between parents and health professionals. Our results also suggest that the commonly used sedation regime of midazolam and morphine is less effective in younger children.     

Glycemic control: how tight in the intensive care unit?

Determining the optimal level of glycemic control in critical illness has proven difficult since the original Leuven study conclusions were published in 2001. Conflicting evidence, scientific methodologies, hospital cultures, and a-priori biases have challenged many clinical practice patterns. Specifically, the prioritization of patient safety has resulted in many practitioners changing from a glycemic control target of 80-110 mg/dL to a more liberal target of 140-180 mg/dL. However, a detailed examination of the evidence can provide a more population-specific glycemic control strategy. This position paper presents an approach for cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) consistent with extant evidence and real-life variables. We argue that in the cardiac surgery ICU, glycemic targets may be as low as 80-110 mg/dL when formal intensive insulin therapy and nutrition support protocols are used with low rates of hypoglycemia, patient safety mechanisms, properly trained staff, and a supportive hospital administration all in force. Cardiac surgery ICUs that already follow this model may continue with 80-110 mg/dL blood glucose targets, whereas others may advance their blood glucose targets in a stepwise fashion: from 140 to 180 mg/dL to 110-140 mg/dL to 80-110 mg/dL, on the basis of their performance.     

Quality of sedation during mechanical ventilation

The aim of the study was to determine the quality of sedation in ventilated patients on a general paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), including those treated with infusions of neuromuscular blocking agents. Twenty-eight ventilated children on a PICU had their level of sedation determined using an arousability scale dependent upon the response to tracheal suction. Observed levels of sedation were then compared to a predetermined desired level of sedation. A total of 81 assessments were performed and 90% were considered satisfactory. Thirty-two of these assessments were performed in 15 children following the temporary discontinuation of infusions of neuromuscular blocking agents; 97% of these assessments were considered satisfactory. A regime of continuous intravenous midazolam and morphine with additional oral sedation using chloral hydrate and antihistamines when required provides a satisfactory level of sedation for the majority of children ventilated on a PICU, including those treated with infusions of neuromuscular blocking agents.     

静脉输液对同侧肢体毛细血管血糖测量值的影响

目的探讨静脉输液对同侧肢体毛细血管血糖值的影响。方法选取入住神经外科重症监护室的96例危重患者,采用自身配对法,于一侧肢体输液末使用快速血糖仪测量患者两侧肢体毛细血管血糖。结果两侧肢体毛细血管血糖值差异无统计学意义(P0.05);回归分析显示,R2=0.968,β=1.036(P=0.000)。结论静脉输液对同侧毛细血管血糖值无统计学影响,临床护理中可选择输液侧肢体检测血糖。     

The role of flumazenil in the critically ill

Flumazenil is a specific benzodiazepine antagonist. It competitively inhibits the action of benzodiazepines at gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the central nervous system and thus reverses the sedative effects of benzodiazepines. Usually, it is given intravenously as a bolus dose or as an infusion. It has a short duration of action. Flumazenil is extensively metabolized to compounds that have minimal benzodiazepine antagonistic properties. Reversal of sedation can be useful in many conditions that are often encountered in the critically ill. The adverse effects of its use are usually predictable and, with sufficient clinical monitoring, are usually avoidable. These properties make it a useful and safe drug when used appropriately.     

ICU氧疗患者高氧血症状况调查分析

目的 调查ICU氧疗患者高氧血症的发生现状,为进一步规范氧疗提供依据。方法 采用便利抽样的方法,选取ICU住院且接受氧疗的患者作为研究对象;调查不同氧疗方式下高氧血症的发生情况。结果 共纳入1 007例氧疗患者,其中高氧血症376例（37.34%）、SpO2＞0.98的患者579例（57.50%）。不同氧疗方式组间高氧血症发生率、SpO2情况及结局指标比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05,P<0.01）。面罩吸氧或T管吸氧时,SpO2＞0.98发生率高于双鼻导管吸氧或机械通气。结论 ICU氧疗患者高氧血症发生率处于较高水平,应重视高氧血症的危害,减少过度氧疗导致的高氧血症,纠正传统氧疗观念,实施正确氧疗。