弗氏佐剂与氢氧化铝佐剂对诱导小鼠获得性免疫应答作用的比较

为研究、比较不同佐剂对诱导小鼠产生获得性免疫应答的不同作用,以卵清白蛋白(OVA)为抗原,分别混合完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)或Al(OH)3佐剂,对C57BL/6小鼠进行常规免疫,采用流式细胞技术对细胞内细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4进行检测;ELISA方法对特异性抗OVA抗体滴度及抗体亚型进行了检测。结果显示在免疫后CFA组产生以IFN-γ为主的细胞因子而Al(OH)3组产生以IL-4为主的细胞因子;两组中均产生特异性抗OVA IgG抗体,但CFA组以IgG2a亚型为主,而Al(OH)3组则以IgG1亚型为主,不产生IgG2a亚型抗体。实验表明,经CFA加抗原免疫后机体产生的免疫应答以Th1型细胞免疫为主,抗体类型为IgG2a;而Al(OH)3佐剂则诱导机体产生Th2型细胞免疫应答,抗体类型为IgG1。     

佐剂性关节炎大鼠肺功能变化与Th1/Th2细胞、调节性T细胞的相关性研究

目的:探讨细胞因子、Th1/Th2细胞及调节性T细胞(Treg)、转录因子Foxp3在佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠肺功能损害中的作用机制。方法:将24只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)组和模型(Model)组,每组12只,向Model组大鼠右后足跖皮内注射弗氏完全佐剂0.1mL致炎,复制成AA模型。致炎48d后,观察两组大鼠足跖肿胀度(E)及关节炎指数(AI),HE染色观察肺组织病理学改变,计算两组大鼠肺系数(LI)、肺泡炎积分,免疫组化染色法检测Foxp3、TGF-β1蛋白表达情况。通过小动物肺功能仪检测肺功能,ELISA法测定细胞因子的变化,流式细胞术(FCM)测定Treg的表达。结果:与NC组相比,Model组大鼠E、AI、LI、1s内平均呼气流量(FEV1/FVC%)、肺泡炎积分、血清TNF-α、Th1/Th2、肺组织TGF-β1、CD4+ CD25- T细胞的表达水平明显升高,且两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);用力肺活量(FVC)、25%肺活量的最大呼气流量(FEF25)、50%肺活量的最大呼气流量(FEF50)、75%肺活量的最大呼气流量(FEF75)、最大呼气中期流量(MMF)、用力最大呼气流量(PEF)、肺动态顺应性(Cldyn)、血清IL-10、CD4+ Treg、CD4+ CD25- Treg、肺组织Foxp3蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.01)。Spearman相关分析结果显示,AA大鼠肺功能参数分别与E、AI、TNF-α、IL-10、Th1/Th2及CD4+ Treg、CD4+CD25+Treg、CD4+ CD25- T细胞、Foxp3、TGF-β1表达呈相关性,且相关有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:大鼠在致炎后对抗原刺激呈高敏反应状态,Th1/Th2状态失衡、CD4+ CD25- T细胞转化成CD4+ CD25+ Treg受阻,免疫调节功能紊乱,释放大量细胞因子和炎症介质,导致局部关节的病变和肺组织损害,从而发生AA肺功能降低。     

单纯疱疹病毒DNA疫苗加分子佐剂的研究进展

迅速发展起来的DNA疫苗由于具有多项优点受到人们的高度重视，但其诱导的特异性免疫应答效果却不尽人意，因而妨碍了它们的实际应用。如何增强和提高DNA疫苗的免疫效果是新一代DNA疫苗分子设计和研究的关键问题，其中之一就是应用分子佐剂来优化DNA疫苗。本文就近几年在单纯疱疹病毒基因疫苗加分子佐剂方面的研究进展作一综述。     

表达HPV6b L1-E7嵌合蛋白的减毒沙门菌诱导小鼠免疫应答

目的　探讨表达人乳头状瘤病毒 6b型 (HPV6b)L1 E7嵌合蛋白的减毒沙门菌诱导小鼠粘膜及系统免疫反应的可行性。方法　对重组减毒沙门菌S .BRD5 0 9 pTETnir15 6bL1E7体外厌氧诱导其表达 ,Westernblot方法鉴定表达的L1 E7蛋白。此重组沙门菌经滴鼻和口服联合粘膜免疫BALB c小鼠 ,采用ELISA方法及足垫肿胀试验分别检测免疫小鼠血清及阴道冲洗液中特异性抗体和DTH反应。结果　Westernblot分析显示 ,重组沙门菌在预计相对分子质量 (Mr) 5 6× 10 3 处有特异染色带 ,提示此重组沙门菌能表达特异的HPV6bL1 E7蛋白。ELISA检测结果表明实验组小鼠阴道冲洗液中HPV6bL1特异性sIgA显著升高 ,和对照组比较两者差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,但小鼠血清中HPV6bL1IgG抗体无明显变化 ,实验组和对照组两者差异无显著性。DTH结果显示 :与对照组比较 ,实验组小鼠接受HPV6bL1 E7抗原刺激后产生明显阳性反应 ,提示重组沙门菌免疫小鼠产生了针对HPV6bL1 E7抗原的特异性细胞免疫反应。结论　构建的重组减毒沙门菌S .BRD5 0 9 pTETnir15 6bL1E7可激发有效的粘膜免疫及细胞免疫反应 ,为进一步研制新型HPV粘膜疫苗奠定了实验基础。     

CpG DNA的免疫学活性在疾病防治中的应用

早在８０年代 ,Ｔｏｋｕｎａｇａ等即观察到细菌ＤＮＡ可增强ＮＫ细胞的杀伤活性 ,并认为其结构基础可能与某些短核苷酸回文结构 ,尤其是六聚体回文结构相关。进一步研究发现 ,ＤＮＡ刺激ＮＫ细胞的效应虽与其含较高频率的六聚体回文结构相关 ,但二者并不完全对应〔１〕。由此推测 ,具有免疫刺激活性的ＤＮＡ中可能存在其它特征性的结构基础。１９９５年 ,Ｋｒｉｅｇ等〔２〕在Ｎａｔｕｒｅ杂志上撰文指出 ,ＣｐＧ基序（ｍｏｔｉｆ） ,即以非甲基化胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤二核苷酸（ＣｐＧ）为基序构成的特定短核苷酸序列结构 ,可能是ＤＮＡ具有免疫刺…     

BALB/c小鼠感染弓形虫后Th1/Th2免疫漂移的实验研究

目的：动态分析BALB/c小鼠感染弓形虫后Th1/Th2免疫失衡及免疫漂移特点,并探讨转录因子T-bet和GA-TA-3在此过程中的改变及其意义。方法：90只BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常对照组30只,弓形虫感染组60只。于感染后奇数天每天处死感染组小鼠2只,对照组小鼠1只,采用ELISA法动态检测各组小鼠血清中IFN-γ和IL-4的水平,同时应用荧光定量PCR方法检测小鼠脾细胞中T-bet和GATA-3 mRNA的表达情况。结果：感染组小鼠中,血清IFN-γ于感染后第4天开始显著升高,第5~7天维持在高峰值,从第8天开始下降,第9天降至正常水平;IL-4于感染后第8天开始显著升高,第9天升至峰值,从第14天开始下降,第15天降至正常水平;脾细胞T-bet mRNA的表达在感染后第3天升高,第5天达高峰后于第9天降至正常水平;脾细胞GATA-3 mRNA的表达在感染后第7天升高,第11天达高峰,于第13天降至正常水平。正常对照组小鼠在实验期内IFN-γI、L-4水平没有明显变化,维持在正常的较低水平。结论：BALB/c小鼠感染弓形虫后诱导的免疫应答在感染急性期（第1~8天）以Th1应答为主,第9至13天,宿主免疫应答以Th2细胞应答为主,之后Th1/Th2应答基本恢复平衡。Th1应答向Th2应答的漂移与T-bet和GATA-3 mRNA的表达相关并受其调控,Th1/Th2型免疫应答的发生时相和效应强度可能影响弓形虫感染的最终结局。     

不同佐剂及免疫途径对重组NTHi外膜蛋白P6免疫效果影响的研究

目的 研究几种佐剂及免疫途径对重组NTHi P6蛋白抗原在小鼠体内产生的免疫效果的影响.方法 以A1(OH),佐剂、CpG ODN佐剂以及两种联合的复合佐剂分别与rP6蛋白混合,经滴鼻、肌肉注射免疫途径免疫6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠;相同剂量、免疫途径加强免疫2次.采用ELISA法检测rP6蛋白特异的血清IgG和黏膜IgA滴度;酶联免疫斑点试验(ELISPOT)检测特异性T淋巴细胞的活化.结果 3次免疫后,CpG ODN+rP6滴鼻免疫组和A1(OH)3+CpG ODN+rP6肌肉注射免疫组产生高滴度的特异性血清IgG抗体(F=41.259,P=0.000).同时ELISPOT试验显示,CpG ODN+rP6无论通过滴鼻还是肌肉注射免疫均能诱导大量抗原特异性T淋巴细胞的活化,与其他实验组比较差异有统计学意义(F=66.046,P=0.000).而且CpG ODN+rP6滴鼻免疫组能诱发高滴度的特异性黏膜IgA抗体(F=70.966,P=0.000).结论 重组NTHi外膜蛋白P6与CpG ODN佐剂联合后经黏膜途径免疫,小但能保证体液免疫的高滴度血清IgG抗体,而且能从黏膜免疫和细胞免疫两方面对该蛋白的免疫效果进行增强.

Abstract：

Objective To detect the difference of cytokines and antibodies productions by immunologic system from mice vaccinated with recombinant P6 protein with different immunization routes and adiuvants.Methods 6 weeks female BALB/c mice were vaccinated with meombinant protein P6 combined with A1(OH)3,CpG ODN or the mix of them through intramuscular and intranasal.The mice were boosted twice with the same dose by the same route.Serum and respiratory tract specimen were collected to detect rP6 specific antibodies by ELISA.Results In the 6th week after immunization.The higher titer of serum rP6 specific IgG antibody were detected from the two groups vaccinated with A1(OH)3+CpG ODN+rP6 by intramuscular and vaccinated with CpG ODN+rP6 by intranasal(F=41.259.P=0.000).The ELISPOT experiment showed that,Inoculation with the CpG ODN+rP6 either by intranasal or intramuscular immunization could induce a large number of antigen-specific T lymphocyte activation.In addition.The mice vaccinated with the CpG ODN+rP6 through intranasal can be detected high titer rP6 specific mucosal IgA antibody(F=70.966.P=0.000).Conclusion Inoculation with the CoG ODN+rP6 by jntranasal immunization not only can induce high-titer serum IgG antibody,but also can induce high-titer mucosal IsA antibody and CD4+Th1.CD8+T lymphoeyte activation.     

T细胞佐剂作用的分子机理

Ｔ细胞佐剂是一类辅佐抗原，是增强Ｔ细胞介导的免疫应答的物质。Ｔ细胞佐剂通过改变抗原物理性状，表位外显，空间限构等作用，加强抗原识别、吞噬和递呈，促进ＴＨ亚群分化、激发机体产生保护作用的细胞免疫应答，对提高机体抗感染和抗肿瘤免疫有重要作用。     

大肠杆菌麦芽糖结合蛋白（MBP）诱导小鼠Th1细胞的活化作用

目的:探讨MBP对小鼠T细胞的调节作用.方法:采用淋巴细胞分层液分离小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞,在体外用MBP刺激淋巴细胞,通过MTT法测定淋巴细胞增殖反应;ELISA检测脾细胞培养上清中细胞因子的分泌水平;MBP免疫小鼠后,ELSPOT检测MBP刺激脾淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的细胞频数;免疫组化检测MBP与T细胞的结合作用.结果:MBP以剂量依赖关系促进小鼠淋巴细胞的增殖,促进淋巴细胞分泌IL-2和IFN-γ,轻微抑制IL-4的分泌;ELSPOT检测细胞分泌IFN-γ结果显示,MBP可诱导特异性Th1活化,也可刺激非特异性Th1活化;免疫组化结果显示,抗MBP抗体可与经MBP刺激的淋巴细胞发生反应,阳性细胞占总淋巴细胞的37.7%,当MBP采用 1∶2 000抗MBP抗体中和后,再与淋巴细胞反应,结果未见阳性细胞.结论:MBP可作用于淋巴细胞诱导非特异性Th1活化,也可通过免疫诱导大量特异性Th1活化;MBP可作为新的免疫增强剂开发利用.     

新型NEA/Al(OH)3复合佐剂系统的构建、优化及其增强MRSA重组亚单位疫苗的免疫保护效应研究

目的 以具有自主知识产权的纳米乳(NEA)和商品化的氢氧化铝[Al(OH)₃]作为配方组分,制备出新型NEA/Al(OH)₃复合佐剂系统,并对增强MRSA重组亚单位疫苗免疫应答效应的作用进行研究。方法 以血清特异性IgG作为评价指标,将2种乳剂(NEA和MF59)和2种铝盐[Al(OH)₃和AlPO₄]进行复配筛选;采用多因素实验设计,对初步筛选出的复合佐剂成分进行三因素三水平正交实验,确定优选的NEA/Al(OH)₃复合佐剂系统处方;采用金黄色葡萄球菌国际标准株(MRSA252)建立Balb/c小鼠脓毒血症动物感染致死模型,进一步对新型NEA/Al(OH)₃复合佐剂系统增强MRSA重组亚单位疫苗抗原HI的免疫应答效应(特异性体液免疫应答、细胞免疫应答、免疫保护效力)进行比较研究,评价其免疫增强的保护效果及初步机制。结果 NEA和Al(OH)₃的复配是优选的乳剂与铝盐复合佐剂组分;通过三因素三水平正交实验确定优化的NEA/Al(OH)...     

Chimeric flagellin expressed by Salmonella typhimurium induces an ESAT-6-specific Th1-type immune response and CTL effects following intranasal immunization

The flagellin component FliC of Salmonella typhimurium is capable of activating the innate immune system via specific interactions with TLR5 and can also act as a carrier of foreign antigen to elicit antigen-specific immune responses. Thus, we constructed an attenuated Salmonella strain SL5928(fliC/esat) expressing chimeric flagellin that contained the ESAT-6 antigen coding sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inserted into the highly variable region of the Salmonella flagellin coding gene fliC(i). The chimeric flagellin functioned normally, as demonstrated using a flagella swarming assay and electron microscopy. To analyze the effects of chimeric flagellin, the cell-mediated immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effects specific for ESAT-6 antigen were tested after intranasal immunization of mice with flagellated Salmonella SL5928(fliC/esat). The results showed that SL5928(fliC/esat) intranasal immunization can strongly elicit an ESAT-6-specific T helper (Th) 1-type immune response in mucosal lymphoid tissues, such as nasopharynx-associated lymph nodes, lung and Peyer's patches, and a Th1/Th2 response was elicited in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, intranasal immunization of SL5928(fliC/esat) produced efficient CTL effects, as demonstrated using a 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assay. Thus, our study revealed that Salmonella flagellin acts as a carrier for foreign antigen and triggers strong Th1 and CTL responses during intranasal immunization. Chimeric flagellin is potentially an effective strategy for the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis in humans and animals.     

死亡细胞免疫佐剂作用的研究进展

T细胞免疫反应通常需要免疫佐剂的存在,细菌的脂多糖、磷壁酸、肽聚糖及某些病毒的双链RNA等都具有佐剂功能.真核细胞的研究结果表明哺乳动物细胞中含有类似功能的内源性佐剂,当细胞受到损伤或死亡时内源性佐剂物质释放,从而激发T细胞反应.将死亡细胞与抗原一同接种,CTL反应水平明显提高.进一步研究证实死亡细胞是通过促进DC成熟和迁移至淋巴结而实现其免疫佐剂功能.目前许多研究显示死亡细胞释放的尿酸、热休克蛋白、DNA分子及高迁移率蛋白等成分具有免疫调节作用,这些成分可能是内源性免疫佐剂的效应物质.     

A 2a/1b full-length p7 inter-genotypic chimeric genome of hepatitis C virus is infectious in vitro

The p7 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) functions as an ion channel in planar lipid bilayers, and its function is vital for the virus life cycle. In this study, we replaced either the entire or partial p7 of genotype 2a (strain JFH1), an HCV strain that replicates and produces virus progeny in vitro, with the corresponding regions of the p7 protein from genotype 1b (Australian isolate, HCV-A). Compared to wild type, the chimeric viruses reached their peak of infectivity with a delay but they produced a comparable titer to the wild type virus and the progeny viruses were able to infect naive permissive cells. Amantadine treatment of wild type and chimeric viruses reduced the virus titers by about 50% and 45%, respectively. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, we demonstrated that genotype 2a (JFH1 strain) genome encoding a full-length genotype 1b p7 gene produces infectious particles in vitro. These chimeric viruses are valuable instruments for comparative studies of the p7 proteins.     

Adjuvant effect of zinc oxide on Th2 but not Th1 immune responses in mice

Background and aim: We investigated the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice.

Material and methods: Mice were intraperitoneally administered with ovalbumin (OVA) with or without varying doses of ZnO (day 0). On day 21, anti-OVA IgG, IgG2a, IgG1, and IgE antibodies in sera, OVA-specific proliferative responses of spleen cells, and production of Th1 cytokines including IFN-γ as well as Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 were measured.

Results: The results showed that administration of OVA with ZnO was followed by greater increases in anti-OVA IgG and the antigen-specific splenocyte proliferation compared to that of OVA alone. The production of anti-OVA IgG1 and IgE and secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 were markedly enhanced by ZnO. The enhancing effect of ZnO on these Th2 responses was as strong as aluminium hydroxide (Alum) that was widely used as an adjuvant. In contrast, treatment with OVA plus ZnO failed to affect production of anti-OVA IgG2a as well as IFN-γ. It was also observed that ZnO had a stimulating effect on the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 from a new lineage of effector Th cells.

Conclusion: These results suggest that ZnO appears to have an adjuvant effect on the immune system, especially Th2 but not Th1 immune responses.     

A chimeric epidermal growth factor with fibrin affinity promotes repair of injured keratinocyte sheets

The aim of the present study is to create a novel chimeric protein of epidermal growth factor (EGF) with fibrin affinity and demonstrate its potential for repairing injured tissues by immobilization to fibrin. The chimeric protein (FBD–EGF) was produced by the fusion of the fibronectin fibrin-binding domain (FBD) to EGF. It showed dose-dependent binding to fibrin and its binding was stable for at least 7 days, while native EGF showed little affinity. FBD–EGF promoted the growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in the fibrin-bound state as well as in the soluble state. Its activity was further studied in a keratinocyte culture system in which fibrin was exposed upon injury of cell sheets. Fibrin-bound FBD–EGF promoted growth of the sheets over the injured area at a significantly faster rate (approximately eightfold) than native EGF (p < 0.01). Wounds 2 mm wide were closed in 7–9 days. This repair process was inhibited by anti-EGF. Keratinocytes proliferated more extensively in the leading edges of sheets contacting fibrin with FBD–EGF, approximately 1.7-fold more than in the adjacent regions. These results imply that the stable binding of chimeric EGF to fibrin is effective for the repair of injured keratinocyte sheets, suggesting a potential use in tissue engineering.     

人巨细胞病毒PP150蛋白C端多肽与gp52蛋白片段的融合表达

目的：将人巨细胞病毒PP150蛋白C端多肽与gp52蛋白片段融合,构建表达该融合蛋白的工程菌。方法：合成PP150蛋白C端25个氨基酸的基因片段,并选有细菌偏爱的密码子。用PCR方法扩增gp52蛋白基因片段。将这2个基因片段分别克隆至同一质粒pET28a( )内的NcoI/BamHI和BamHI/EcoRI位点,使两者串联在一起,并且翻译框架一致,可表达1个融合蛋白。将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌,用酶切及SDS－PAGE等方法筛选表达融合蛋白的工程菌。结果：构建成功了高效表达PP150C端多肽与pg52蛋白片段的融合蛋白工程菌,表达量为35％左右。初步纯化获得了表达的融合蛋白。结论:初步纯化的融合蛋白能与已知的抗gp52-IgM阳性血清和抗PP150－IgM阳性血清反应,说明融合蛋白C端的gp52蛋白保持较好的抗原性,融合蛋白N端的PP150C端多肽也显示有抗原性。     

Character of the immune response in rats and mice with adjuvant disease

Phasic changes in the immune response were observed in rats and mice with adjuvant disease: stimulation of antibody formation on the seventh day after injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and inhibition on the 21st day. Inhibition of production of normal antibodies against 0- and Vi-typhoid antigens also was demonstrated.Laboratory for the Study of Nonspecific Resistance of the Organism and Immunity, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. M. Chernukh.) Translated from Byulleten' Éxperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, No. 10, pp. 462–465, October, 1978.