球床包层聚变—裂变混合堆热工安全分析

球床包层混合堆与板状元件包层混合堆相比较，前者在核燃料生产和安全方面可能具有更多的优越性。本应用ＴＨＥＲＭＩＸ程序和辅助程序对我国开发的托卡马克堆芯氮气冷却球床包层聚变－裂变合堆的包层进行了热工计算。计算中考虑了不同的燃料球材料及稳态，卸压和断流事故工况。计算结果表明，只要选用合适的燃料球材料和设置适当的控制保护系统，具有快速卸料罐的托卡马克堆芯氦气包层聚变－裂变混合堆的概念设计在安全上的可行的。     

He冷却LLi氚增殖包层的热工水力初步设计

完成了托卡马克工程试验混合堆ＴＥＴＢ－Ⅲ Ｈｅ冷液态金属Ｌｉ（ＬＬｉ）氚增殖包层的初步热工水力设计，探讨了包层中载氚的两种可能方式，同时，用程序完成了对第一壁和包层的温度场计算及热工水力设计参数的初步优化。分析结果表明，尽管Ｈｅ气的导热性和密度都比液态金属冷却剂低得多，但仍有可能使堆芯在２．０ＭＰａ的低压下运行，并且包层的热工水力设计参数满足设计要求。     

托卡马克实验混合堆 FEB 嬗变 MA 可行性研究

研究了在聚变实验混合堆ＦＦＢ设计中，嬗变长寿命放射性少锕系（ＭＡ，ＭｉｎｏｒＡｃ－ｔｉｎｉｄｅｓ）核废物的可行性。应用改进的一维中子输运和燃耗计算程序ＢＩＳＯＮ３．０，完成了嬗变中子学与核素贫化计算。研究了核废物的嬗变率与辐照时间、包层厚度和废物装载量的关系，并对系统有关参数的选择进行了优化设计。结果表明，该设计（ＭＡ＋Ｐｕ）可年嬗变处置来自５５座相同功率的ＰＷＲ卸出的ＭＡ核废物，同时输出热功率５．４ＧＷ（ｔｈ）。     

聚变增殖堆液态金属Li自冷包层的热工水力分析

完成了托卡马克商用混合堆 TCB(Tokamak Commercial Breeder)Li 自冷包层设计的热工水力分析,讨论了热工水力设计中的一些关键问题。用两维有限元热传导程序 AYER 计算了 TCB 包层的温度分布,用液态金属 MHD(Magnetohydraudynamic)压降公式计算了包层的压降。同时,还分析了包层冷却剂丧失事故 LOCA 的瞬态热工过程。分析表明,正常工况下,包层结构材料最高温度,结构材料与冷却剂界面最高温度,以及包层总压降都满足堆设计要求。在 LOCA 工况下,如果停堆后1小时内包层中的燃料球能够借助重力卸出包层,第一壁和包层是安全的,并且不会受到损伤。     

TCB混合堆Li自冷包层MHD流动设计

从磁流体动力学ＭＨＤ压降的物理原理出发，对ＴＣＢ商用混合堆Ｌｉ自冷包层的ＭＨＤ流动方式进行了改进，提出了第一壁环向流动（平行环向磁场流动），核燃料增殖区径向流动的ＭＨＤ流动的设计，以解决混合堆为改善堆的经济性而采取提高包层核燃料富集度的途径所速来的热工，ＭＨＤ压降和安全问题。分析和数值计算结果表明，第一壁环向流动设计可以满足包层核燃料富集度从０．５％增加到１％，相应的热功率从４５００ＭＷ增加到...     

托卡马克氦冷板状状件包层聚变-裂变混合堆安全分析

本文对以托卡马克为聚变装置、氦气冷却板状元件包层的聚变-裂变混合堆进行了稳态、卸压和全厂断电断流的热工分析。文中给出设计参数、HYBRID 程序计算的结果和对概念设计的安全评价,并提出一些改进设计的建议。     

聚变驱动次临界堆双冷嬗变包层热工水力学参数设计与分析

聚变驱动次临界堆双冷嬗变包层是一个以氦气和液态金属LiPb为冷却剂,以嬗变核废料为主要目的的多功能包层。依据功率平衡模型对不同工况优化的基础上,对该包层热工系统参数进行了设计分析。采用三维商用计算流体力学程序对第一壁和高功率密度区中液态LiPb的流场进行数值模拟计算,给出了优化的典型热工水力参数。     

COBRAⅢC／MIT－2程序的改进及其在高通量研究堆中的应用

将堆芯子通道热工水力分析程序ＣＯＢＲＡⅢＣ／ＭＩＴ－２的水物性、临界热流关系式、泡核沸腾起始点判断公式等加以修正或扩充，使之能用于低温低压下研究堆或实验堆的分析。利用改进的ＣＯＢＲＡⅢＣ／ＭＩＴ－２，对日本板状元件高通量研究堆ＪＲＲ－３Ｍ在不同基准流速下以及不同流道阻塞率下的热工水力特性进行了分析计算，所得结果与日本原子能研究院开发的热工水力分析软件ＣＯＯＬＯＤ的相应预测结果符合良好。     

铀氢锆堆物理计算及燃料管理软件包

建立了一套铀氢锆堆物计算软件包，首先考虑氢化锆中的热化特殊性，按ＷＭＳ格式制作 了氢化锆 氢的６９群群常数并入ＷＩＭＳ－Ｄ／４数据库中，形成了ＷＩＭＳ－Ｎ１库和ＷＩＭＳ－Ｎ２库；应用ＷＩＭＳ－Ｎ２库和国际通用的ＷＩＭＳ－Ｄ／４程序包计算了铀氢锆堆各类栅元的群常数，应用差分程序ＣＩＴＡＴＩＯＮ和六角形节块和ＳＩＸＴＵＳ进行扩散计算，同时在ＳＩＸＴＵＳ－２程序的基础上编制了燃料管理程序和ＸＰＲ－ＩＣＦ     

钠冷快堆无停堆保护失热阱固有安全特性

采用模块式结构建立了钠冷快堆主回路系统的数学模型，选用端点浮动法有效克服了点堆方程的刚性问题。堆芯热工和ＩＨＸ计算采用稳定性良好的全稳二阶迎风差分格式，编制了钠冷快堆失热阱瞬态仿真程序ＬＯＨＳ。该程序可在微机环境下运行，模型简单，速度快。用ＬＯＨＳ对ＥＢＲ－Ⅱ失热阱瞬态实验的计算结果与安全分析程序ＮＡＴＤＥＭＯ的计算结果符合良好。     

聚变实验增殖堆He冷包层中子学设计研究

在一维计算的基础上，优化分析聚变实验增殖堆Ｈｅ气冷却包层设计参数对堆中子学性能的影响，给出了年产生１００ｋｇ钚、氚自持、安全性好的包层初步设计方案，并用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ输运程序ＭＣＮＰ３Ｂ对此方案进行了三维中子学计算校核。     

Development of the breeding blanket and shield model for the fusion power reactors system SYCOMORE

SYCOMORE, a fusion reactor system code based on a modular approach is under development at CEA. Within this framework, this paper describes the relevant sub-modules which have been implemented to model the main outputs of the breeding blanket and shield block of the system code: tritium breeding ratio, peak energy deposition in toroidal field coils, reactor layout and power deposition, blanket pressure drops and materials inventory.Blanket and shield requirements are calculated by several sub-modules: the blanket assembly and layout sub-module, the neutronic sub-module, the blanket design sub-module (thermal hydraulic and thermo-mechanic pre-design tool). A power flow module has also been developed which is directly linked to the blanket thermo-dynamic performances, which is not described in this paper.For the blanket assembly and layout and the blanket module design sub-modules, explicit analytic models have been developed and implemented; for the neutronic sub-module neural networks that replicate the results of appropriate simplified 1D and 2D neutronic simulations have been built. Presently, relevant model for the Helium Cooled Lithium Lead is available.Sub-modules have been built in a way that they can run separately or coupled into the breeding blanket and shield module in order to be integrated in SYCOMORE.In the paper, the objective and main input/output parameters of each sub-module are reported and relevant models discussed. The application to previous studied reactor models (PPCS model AB, DEMO-HCLL 2006–2007 studies) is also presented.     

Neutronic Calculation Analysis for CN HCCB TBM-Set

Using the Monte Carlo transport code MCNP.neutronic calculation analysis for China helium cooled ceramic breeder test blanket module(CN HCCB TBM) and the associated shield block(together called TBM-set) has been carried out based on the latest design of HCCB TBM-set and C-lite model.Key nuclear responses of HCCB TBM-set.such as the neutron flux,tritium production rate,nuclear heating and radiation damage,have been obtained and discussed.These nuclear performance data can be used as the basic input data for other analyses of HCCB TBM-set,such as thermal-hydraulics,thermal-mechanics and safety analysis.     

物理-热工耦合对超临界水堆系统特性的影响分析

物理-热工耦合是超临界水堆系统分析的关键问题之一。以日本超临界水冷热堆Super LWR的堆芯设计为例,借助Dragon编制中子截面数据库,建立双群中子扩散方程计算模块,联系同时建立的热工计算模块,得到超临界水堆的物理-热工耦合计算模型。通过对比稳态与瞬态工况下耦合前、后的热工工况,分析物理-热工耦合条件下的超临界水堆系统热工特性。结果表明：在稳态工况下,物理-热工耦合将导致内、外组件堆芯功率峰值沿轴向发生明显偏移,使得部分节点的包壳温度升高,但包壳最高温度降低;在瞬态工况下,物理-热工耦合将导致堆芯包壳最高温度的发生位置有所改变。发生给水加热丧失瞬态后,在某一时刻,外部组件的包壳最高温度将转而超过内部组件的包壳最高温度。可见,物理-热工耦合对包壳最高温度的大小和发生位置均可能产生明显影响。计算分析可为超临界水堆瞬态及安全分析提供相应理论参考。     

Nuclear analysis of a laser fusion reactor,SENRI-I

A neutronic analysis of the laser-driven inertial-confinement fusion reactor SENRI-I is presented. Three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations were performed to examine the effects of laser beam ports on the flux distribution, tritium breeding ratio, thermal energy deposition in the blanket, and radiation streaming. A Monte Carlo code was also used for the time-dependent radiation-damage analysis accounting for the time of the flight spread of neutrons and the results are compared to the analysis for the HIBALL design. Induced radioactivity was estimated, based on the one-dimensional transport calculation and depletion analysis. The calculated results reveal the advantages of the SENRI-I design with a thick Li layer compared to other reactor systems employing a dry-wall scheme.     

基于CITATION-ORIGEN2球床堆平衡态计算程序的实现

基于确定论中子扩散软件CITATION和点燃耗软件ORIGEN2,编写了球床堆分析程序COBBLE,以实现指定燃料球加载策略下的球床堆平衡态燃耗计算。COBBLE程序采用谱区能谱修正方法,通过迭代求解得到球床堆堆芯平衡态参数。本文选取简化的球床模块高温气冷堆(PBMR)堆芯进行建模,计算其功率分布及燃耗分布,并使用基于蒙特卡罗方法的球床堆燃耗计算程序PBRE进行了验证与分析。结果表明,COBBLE程序适用于球床堆的平衡态燃耗计算。     

Introducing and validating a new method for coupling neutronic and thermal-hydraulic calculations

In this study, a new and innovative method is introduced for analyzing neutronic and thermal-hydraulic calculation. For this aim, VVR-S research reactor was selected, and the calculation procedure was performed for it. WIMS, CITATION and COBRA-EN codes were used for investigation. Calculation model consists of two sub-models: neutronic and thermo-hydraulic. The neutronic model uses WIMS and CITATION codes for neutronic simulation of the reactor core and calculating flux and power distribution over it. WIMS code simulates the fuel assemblies and CITATION models the core. The thermal-hydraulic model uses COBRA-EN code for performing the relative calculation. In this study, FORTRAN 90 program is used for linking two sub-models and performing the calculation. The proposed procedure is performed for VVR-S analysis and finally, the obtained results are compared with the experimental results that show good agreement with it.     

Study on three-dimensional heterogeneous calculation of ITER test blanket module with deterministic method

The neutronics analysis on the test blanket module (TBM) has important significance for the ITER device and its related experiment design. Quantities of scoping-type studies and conceptual designs were published by using the Monte Carlo method. However, disadvantages like time consuming make it necessary to develop a new highly efficient method. Hence, a new two-step approach method based on the 3D deterministic method for analyzing the TBM is proposed in this paper. A code package 3DMOC-NSPn was developed. It is mainly composed of three modules, the 3DMOC for generating the homogenization cross section; the LINK code for cross section condensation and the NSPn code for blanket calculation. The detailed flux distribution throughout the whole TBM and the mainly neutronics features, such as TBR, displacement per atom (DPA), helium and hydrogen production rate can be obtained. To validate the numerical approach and the code package, the calculations on China dual functional lithium lead-test blanket module (DFLL-TBM) was performed. The reference results were obtained by using the MCNP code. The numerical results from 3DMOC-NSPn are in good agreement with the references. It indicates that the whole code package is a reliable neutronics analysis tool for the TBM design and evaluation.     

热管式空间反应堆燃耗计算研究

针对热管式空间反应堆,基于OpenMC程序产生均匀化截面参数,并由确定论快堆分析程序SARAX进行堆芯输运及燃耗计算。以蒙特卡罗程序（MCNP）的输运计算结果以及MVP程序的燃耗计算结果作为参考解,通过对比稳态输运计算和燃耗计算的结果,证明了耦合的OpenMC和SARAX程序系统对于空间堆中子学分析和燃耗分析的适用性和高效性。为热管式空间反应堆的设计分析提供了参考。      

NAPTH: Neutronics analysis code system for the fusion–fission hybrid reactor with pressure tube type blanket

The fusion–fission hybrid reactor is considered as a potential path to the early application of fusion energy. A new concept with pressure tube type blanket has recently been proposed for a feasible hybrid reactor. In this paper, a code system for the neutronics analysis of the pressure tube type hybrid reactor is developed based on the two-step calculation scheme: the few-group homogeneous constant calculation and the full blanket calculation. The few-group homogeneous constants are calculated using the lattice code DRAGON4. The blanket transport calculation is performed by the multigroup Monte Carlo code. A link procedure for fitting the cross sections is developed between these two steps. An additional procedure is developed to calculate the burnup, power distribution, energy multiplication factor, tritium breeding ratio and neutron multiplication factor. From some numerical results, it is found that the code system NAPTH is reliable and exhibits good calculation efficiency. It can be used for the conceptual design of the pressure tube type hybrid reactor with precise geometry.