mGluR1选择性拮抗剂LY367385对脑星形胶质细胞Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的影响

背景：脑星形胶质细胞肿胀是肝衰竭时脑水肿的特征,但其机制尚未完全阐明。目的：研究代谢型谷氨酸受体1亚型（mGluR1）选择性拮抗剂LY367385对脑星形胶质细胞Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的影响。方法：分离、培养小鼠脑星形胶质细胞,分为谷氨酸组、谷氨酸＋LY367385组、谷氨酸＋DMSO组和空白对照组,以定磷法检测Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性,以高效液相色谱法测定ATP含量。结果：与空白对照组相比,谷氨酸组、谷氨酸＋LY367385组和谷氨酸＋DMSO组Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性、Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性和ATP水平显著降低（P〈0.05）;谷氨酸＋LY367385组和谷氨酸＋DMSO组显著高于谷氨酸组（P〈0.001）,两组间则无明显差异。结论：mGluR1选择性拮抗剂LY367385可提高Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性,减少ATP消耗,从而有效保护脑星形胶质细胞,有望成为预防和治疗肝性脑病的药物。     

粉防己碱对喹啉酸损伤海马神经元MDA、NOS及ATP的影响

目的 探讨粉防己碱（Tet）对喹啉酸（QA）诱导损伤的原代海马神经元丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的影响。方法 采用海马神经元原代培养，生化法检测QA损伤后海马神经元MDA含量、NOS及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性并观察Tet对损伤后海马神经元上述指标的影响。结果 与模型组相比，Tet（10^-6和10^-7mol／L）能明显降低QA损伤后原代海马神经元MDA含量及NOS活性，增加Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性（P〈0．01或0．05）。结论 Tet能浓度依赖性地明显降低QA损伤后原代海马神经元MDA含量及NOS活性，增加Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性，可能参与了其对兴奋毒导致的海马神经元损伤的保护作用。     

电针对老年性痴呆模型大鼠海马线粒体酶活性的影响

目的研究电针对老年性痴呆（AD）模型大鼠海码神经元线粒体酶活性的影响，从能量代谢的角度探讨电针治疗AD的部分作用机制。方法以D-半乳糖腹腔注射和Aβ1-40海马注射诱导形成的AD模型大鼠为研究对象，电针“百会”、“涌泉”穴，每日1次，连续20d。以通道式水迷宫测试学习记忆能力的变化，评价电针对AD的治疗效庸；以生化方法检测海马神经元线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶、Na^＋ -K^＋ -ATP酶、Ca^2＋ -Mg^2＋ -ATP酶的活性。结果电针能有效改善AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力，提高线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶、Na^＋ -K^＋ -ATP酶、Ca^2＋ -Mg^2＋ -ATP酶活性。结论电针可促进ATP的合成与分解利用，调节线粒体功能，改善AD能量代谢障碍。     

解毒化瘀方对内毒素血症大鼠肝细胞线粒体ATPase 6、ATPase 8基因表达的影响

目的：观察解毒化瘀方对内毒素血症大鼠肝细胞线粒体ATPase 6、ATPase 8基因表达的影响。方法：将大鼠分成正常对照、内毒素6、12、24小时和解毒化瘀方6、12、24小时组,检测肝线粒体Na^＋K^＋-ATP、Ca^＋Mg^＋-ATP酶活性和ATPase 6、ATPase 8 mRNA的表达。结果：内毒素各组Na^＋K^＋-ATP、Ca^＋Mg^＋-ATP酶活性和ATPase 6、ATPase 8 mRNA表达与正常组比明显下降;与对应的内毒素组比,解毒化瘀方12、24小时组Na^＋K^＋-ATP、Ca^＋Mg^＋-ATP酶活性显著增加,24小时组ATPase 6、ATPase 8表达显著提高。结论：内毒素能造成大鼠肝线粒体ATPase 6、ATPase 8基因表达下降,解毒化瘀方能干预内毒素血症大鼠ATPase 6、ATPase 8基因表达下调,具有保护肝细胞的作用。     

葛根素对糖尿病大鼠胰腺线粒体MDA含量、SOD和ATP酶活性的影响

目的观察葛根素对实验性糖尿病大鼠胰腺线粒体丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和ATP酶活性的影响。方法30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组和治疗组。采用四氧嘧啶腹腔注射复制糖尿病动物模型。葛根素注射液治疗8w后，测定血清葡萄糖、胰岛素、胰腺线粒体MDA、SOD含量和Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性。结果糖尿病组大鼠血糖和MDA含量明显高于正常组（P〈0.001），而血清胰岛素、SOD、Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性显著降低（P〈0.001）；使用葛根素治疗后，与糖尿病组比较，治疗组血糖及MDA含量降低（P〈0.05～0.001），血清胰岛素、SOD、Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性升高（P〈0.05～0.01）。结论葛根素对糖尿病大鼠胰腺有保护作用。     

扶元补脑冲剂对老年性痴呆鼠血清细胞因子含量及脑钙平衡的影响

目的 研究扶元补脑冲剂对老年性痴呆鼠细胞因子含量、免疫器官重量及脑钙代谢平衡的影响。方法 以三氯化铝痴呆模型小鼠为研究对象，观察扶元补脑冲剂对痴呆模型小鼠脑组织钠泵(Na^ -K^ ATP酶)、钙泵(Ca^2 -Mg^2 ATP酶)活性、钙离子(Ca^2 )含量以及血清自细胞介素-2(IL-2)、自细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量的影响作用，并测定小鼠的脾脏、胸腺指数。结果扶元补脑冲剂能显著提高小鼠脑Ca^2 -Mg^2 ATP酶、Na^ -K^ ATP酶活性，降低脑Ca^2 含量及血清IL-2、IL-6水平的过度升高，并且治疗组脾脏、胸腺指数较模型组升高。结论 抑制脑组织钙超载及调节机体免疫炎症反应可能是扶元补脑冲剂防治老年性痴呆的作用机制之一。     

七氟烷预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠肝组织钙、ATP酶活性及能量代谢的影响

目的探讨七氟烷预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠肝脏Ca^2＋、Ca^2＋-ATP酶及能量代谢的影响。方法制作大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注模型,随机分为假手术对照组（N）、肝脏缺血再灌注组（IR）和七氟烷预处理组（S）,测定肝脏缺血再灌注1、3、6、24 h后肝脏Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性、Ca^2＋和ATP含量。结果IR组ATP含量、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性显著降低,Ca^2＋含量明显升高（P〈0.05）;S组在各时相点上与IR组相比ATP含量、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性升高,Ca^2＋含量降低（P均〈0.05）。结论七氟烷预处理可促进肝脏缺血再灌注期间ATP的形成,Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性恢复,减轻肝细胞内Ca^2＋超载。     

促红细胞生成素和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对血透患者贫血的影响

目的：了解促红细胞生成素和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对维持性血透（HD）患者红细胞的影响,为临床更合理治疗肾性贫血提供依据。方法：78例维持性HD患者随机分成HD组、HD＋EPO组、HD＋ACEI组和HD（Na^ -K^ ATP酶,Ca^2 -ATP酶）活性、血浆谷光甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－PX）活力及红细胞脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：与HD组比较,HD－EPO组治疗后,Hb,Hct,红细胞ATP酶（Na^ -K^ ATP酶,Ca^2 -ATP酶）活性和血浆GSH－PX活力明显升高,差异显著（P＜0．01）;红细胞MDA明显降低,差异显著（P＜0．01）。HD＋ACEI治疗后,Hct有所下降,存在差异（P＜0．05）,而Hb,红细胞ATP酶（Na^ -K^ ATP酶,Ca^2 -ATP酶）活性、血浆GSH－PX活力,红细胞MDA含量均无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结论：CRF维持性HD患者经促红细胞生成素治疗后,不仅红细胞数量明显升高,而且通过提高红细胞ATP酶活性、血浆谷光甘肽过氧化物酶活力,减少红细胞脂质过氧化物含量红细胞的形态和功能,延长红细胞寿命,纠正贫血。而血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂则有减少红细胞数量,加重贫血的趋势,但其对红细胞的形态和功能影响不大。     

GIK加硫酸镁对高血压红细胞内钠镁离子及红细胞膜ATP酶活性的影响

目的研究高血压和高血压脑梗塞患者红细胞内外钠镁改变对红细胞膜ATP酶活性的影响。方法测定20例高血压患者和20例高血压脑梗塞患者红细胞内外钠镁浓度及红细胞膜ATP酶活性,并与20例健康体检者作比较。结果高血压和高血压脑梗塞患者红细胞内存在高钠低镁现象,而红细胞膜Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶,Ca^2＋Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性均降低。GIK加硫酸镁后高血压脑梗塞患者低镁改变较少,ATP酶活性改变下降。结论GIK加硫酸镁后高血压患者红细胞低镁与红细胞膜受体受损有关。     

益气养阴活血对中国小型猪心肌梗死后早期心肌组织Na^＋-K^＋ATP酶、Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋ATP酶活性及抗氧化的作用

目的采用结扎中国小型猪冠状动脉造成急性前壁心肌梗死（AMI）模型,应用益气养阴活血中药（复方芪丹液）干预动物AMI后早期心室重构（VR）的影响,并研究其对动物心肌钙、镁离子和氧自由基的作用。方法中国小型猪28只,采取结扎冠状动脉左前降支中下1/3部,造成AMI模型。手术成功存活动物随机分为复方芪丹液大、小剂量组及卡托普利（开搏通）组、模型组、假手术组共5组,均予灌胃给药或自来水4周。4周后测定猪的血流动力学指标、心肌Na＋-K＋ATP酶、Ca2＋-Mg2＋ATP酶活性、心肌超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）含量等。结果与模型组比较,复方芪丹液大剂量组的左室内压（LVP）、血压（BP）、-dp/dtmax值明显升高（P〈0.01）,复方芪丹液小剂量组及开博通组LVP显著升高（P〈0.05）,开博通组-dp/dtmax值显著升高（P〈0.05）。复方芪丹液大剂量组Na^＋-K＋ATP酶、Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋ATP含量较模型组显著升高（P〈0.05）,复方芪丹液小剂量组、开博通组与模型组相比Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋ATP酶仅有升高的趋势,未有统计学意义（P〉0.05）;复方芪丹液大剂量组、复方芪丹液小剂量组、开博通组SOD活力较模型组均显著升高（P〈0.05）。复方芪丹液大剂量组的MDA含量与模型组比较显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论益气养阴活血中药可提高中国小型猪AMI后心肌收缩力,改善血流动力学指标;增加SOD活性,降低MDA含量,提高细胞膜Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋ATP酶和Na^＋-K^＋ATP酶活力,起到干预AMI后VR和保护心肌的作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.