超高盐厌氧生物处理系统快速启动及其除污特性

针对高盐榨菜腌制废水(盐度7%,NaCl计,下同)厌氧生物处理系统启动时间较长的问题,在ASBBR反应器中接种好氧活性污泥直接厌氧启动,采用二阶段盐度提升法进行构建超高盐厌氧生物处理系统,考察了驯化过程中反应器的除污特性.试验结果表明,以3%盐度的废水启动反应器,通过二阶段盐度逐步提升法,在进水COD有机负荷0.5kg·m-3·d-1,水温30℃,反应器运行方式为进水0.25h/反应23.5 h/沉淀排水0.25 h条件下,26 d后可成功构建出超高盐条件下的厌氧生物膜处理系统,COD去除率可达86%,实现了反应器的快速启动.同时,ASBBR反应器在未排泥的条件下表现出厌氧除磷特性,磷酸盐去除率可达24%.在排除现有除磷途径的可能性后,通过磷平衡分析表明,ASBBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除途径为磷酸盐还原.     

混凝剂投加对膜污染及除磷效果的影响

在膜生物流化床(MBFB)处理印染废水的试验中,研究投加无机混凝剂对膜污染以及除磷效果影响.烧杯试验中优选出混凝剂,并确定其最佳投加量.在实际运行的反应器中间歇投加混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)300 mg·L~(-1),测得反应器中难降解有机物浓度降低,跨膜压差(TMP)增长趋势减缓,TP去除率显著提高,表明混凝剂PAC能有效延缓膜污染并且提高系统除磷效果.     

HDR反应器处理硫酸庆大霉素厌氧出水

以某企业硫酸庆大霉素生产废水的厌氧出水为研究对象,考察高强好氧反应器(HDR反应器)启动运行过程中污泥特性以及对CODCr、 NH3-N的去除效果。结果表明:HDR反应器对该废水具有良好的处理效果,CODCr的去除率为70%～80%, NH3-N去除率在95%以上;补磷对CODCr的去除率无明显影响,但可以提高对NH3-N的去除率。     

生物优势菌种对SBBR除磷性能的影响

通过投加聚磷菌与未投加聚磷菌的对比试验,研究投加优势菌种后淹没序批式生物膜法(SBBR)除磷性能。试验结果表明:SBBR反应器中投加生物优势菌种后,厌氧段总磷释放和好氧段总磷吸收的效果明显增加,提高了除磷效率,缩短了停留时间。在填料装填密度为30%,水力停留时间为7h(其中厌氧3h,好氧4h),pH值在6.5～8.5时,进水COD在0.2～1.5kgCOD/m3.d时,投加菌种的反应器中COD和TP去除率均明显高于未投加菌种的反应器,去除效率提高5%以上,反应器对COD和TP的变化具有更强的适应性。     

化学除磷药剂对EBPR系统处理效能的影响

为研究化学除磷药剂的种类及投加浓度对强化生物除磷系统(EBPR)处理效率的影响,采用以厌氧/好氧方式运行的SBR反应器,以人工配制废水为进水,通过长期试验,分别考察了FeCl_3和AlCl_3两种除磷药剂的投加对系统出水水质的影响。结果表明:随着化学除磷药剂投加浓度的增加,出水COD浓度逐渐降低,而氨氮去除率未随化学除磷药剂投加量的增加而产生明显的变化;低浓度(Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)的投加浓度分别不大于8 mg/L和6 mg/L)化学除磷药剂将提高微生物活性,高浓度(Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)的投加浓度分别为24 mg/L和18 mg/L时)产生抑制效果。长期试验中,当Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)投加量分别为8 mg/L和6mg/L时,即Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)投加量分别为8.6、7.0 mg/(g VSS)时,系统厌氧释磷量及好氧吸磷量均达到较大值,系统除磷效果最好,此时磷酸盐去除率分别为96.5%和89.5%。     

UF耦合两相厌氧工艺处理茶多酚废水

为提高高浓度有机废水厌氧处理的效能,采用膜孔径为50 nm的超滤膜组件在两相厌氧反应器前端对废水进行预处理,然后对废水进行两相厌氧水解.实验结果表明,当过膜压力为0.2 MPa时,COD去除率为37.3%,SS去除率可达87.8%.与未经过超滤膜预处理的水样进行对比,经过超滤膜处理后的水样在厌氧处理时COD去除率可提高5%～7%,沼气产率增加约为0.1 m3/kg(COD).同时投加比、P含量和HRT2/ HRT1比值对COD去除率和沼气产率也存在一定的影响,当投加比15.0%、PO43-投加量为71.5 mg/L、HRT2/ HRT1比值为3～4时,两相厌氧处理茶多酚废水达到最佳效果,COD最高去除率可达83.5%,沼气产率达0.46 m3/kg(COD).     

猪场废水厌氧生物处理FAN抑制及其调控对策的研究

通过稀释降低废水浓度和采用磷酸铵镁沉淀法除铵预处理,研究了猪场废水厌氧生物处理的运行性能.UASB(upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)反应器的运行结果表明,游离氨氮(free ammonia nitrogen, FAN)是猪场废水厌氧生物处理的重要障碍因子,其临界抑制浓度为100～120 mgN·L-1;猪场废水FAN浓度为140～230 mgN·L-1,高于临界FAN抑制浓度;对猪场废水直接进行厌氧生物处理,COD(chemical oxygen demand)去除率为8.1%～15.6%,容积产气率为0.32 L·L-1·d-1,反应液挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid, VFA)浓度高达2000 mg·L-1,表现出典型的运行障碍;FAN超过临界抑制浓度后,可触发对厌氧生物处理过程的抑制,致使反应液VFA高于2000 mg·L-1,进而加剧抑制效应,引起反应器功能崩溃.将pH控制在适宜厌氧生物处理的下限区间,稀释进水将FAN降低到临界抑制浓度以下,以及采用磷酸铵镁沉淀法进行除铵预处理,均可缓解猪场废水厌氧生物处理的运行障碍,COD去除率升至60.0%～72.2%,VFA去除率高达90.0%,容积产气率升高至1.50～1.92 L·L-1·d-1.     

生物和物化组合法深度处理草甘膦废水工艺

为了深度处理草甘膦含磷废水使其达到排放标准,采用了固定化微生物厌氧和好氧生物处理以及聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)絮凝物化处理相结合的方法,对化学氧化再用循环活性污泥法(CASS)处理后的草甘膦含磷废水进行了一系列的实验研究。考察了组合工艺各个阶段的停留时间、投加量、反应温度等复合工艺运行参数对结果的影响,优化确定了厌氧-好氧结合的生物法最佳操作参数和物化法的最佳投加量。结果表明,在厌氧停留时间为2h,好氧停留时间为6 h,PAFC投加量为20 mg/L的条件下,经过30 d的连续运行实验,新工艺对废水中化学需氧量(COD)的去除率达到95%,总磷去除率达到90%,氨氮去除率达到98%,且运行效果稳定。     

AMC厌氧颗粒污泥快速培养及对印染废水处理性能研究

以AMC(Anaerobic microorganism carrier)颗粒为厌氧微生物固定化载体填充UASB反应器,以模拟废水运行15 d形成AMC颗粒污泥初成体,运行55 d得到平均沉降速率213 m/h的成熟AMC厌氧颗粒污泥。AMC厌氧颗粒污泥对印染废水有着较好的处理效果,运行印染废水阶段,反应器HRT为14.5 h,平均容积负荷4.7 kg COD/(m³·d),废水B/C由0.18～0.27提高至0.58～0.64,色度去除率达到65%以上。在不同回流比条件下,反应器出水pH与NH_3-N浓度均高于进水,系统内未出现VFA的累积现象;在回流比为2的条件下,反应器对废水COD去除效果最佳,平均去除率达到58.6%。     

好氧-厌氧耦合法处理番茄酱加工有机废水

开发了好氧-厌氧耦合法处理番茄酱加工有机废水工艺.该工艺集传统的悬浮式和固定式反应器于一体,将好氧和厌氧处理耦合在同一反应器中,工艺处理效果良好,COD_Cr去除率为93.08%,BOD₅去除率为95.81%,SS去除率为98%,TP的去除率为 83.60%,出水pH达到7.70.出水不但符合国家二级排放标准,而且能够回用于番茄酱加工.经1年的运行,未排放剩余污泥.     

底座连接口特征参数对显示器后壳注塑质量的影响分析

在Moldflow分析软件的基础上,对显示器后壳进行仿真研究,以翘曲变形量为质量指标,结合控制变量法进行单因素变动实验,保持注射工艺参数不变,研究显示器后壳底座连接口对制品翘曲变形的影响.对数据进行图表分析,结果表明显示器后壳尺寸定位68.58 cm(27英寸)时,底座连接口选用圆形,连接口位置距离底边26 mm,尺寸...     

The role of the symmetry and the flexibility of the anion on the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ionic liquids☆

The transport properties of ionic liquids (ILs) are crucial properties in view of their applications in electrochem-ical devices. One of the most important advantages of ILs is that their chemical–physical properties and conse-quently their bulk performances can be well tuned by optimizing the chemical structures of their ions. This will require elucidating the structural features of the ions that fundamentally determine the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs. Here we showed for the first time that the“rigidity”, the order, and the compactness of the three-dimensional ionic networks generated by the anions and the cation head groups determine the formation and the sizes of the nanostructures in the apolar domains of ILs. We also found that the properties of ionic networks are governed by the conformational flexibility and the symmetry of the anion and/or the cation head group. The thermal stability of the nanostructures of ILs was shown to be con-trolled by the sensitivity of the conformational equilibrium of the anion to the change of temperature. We showed that the viscosity of ILs is strongly related to the symmetry and the flexibility of the constitute ions rather than to the size of the nanostructures of ILs. Therefore, the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs, especially the thermal stability of the nanostructures, can be fine-tuned by tailoring the symmetry and the conformational flexibility of the anion.     

Investigation of the effects of fatty acids on the compressive strength of the concrete and the grindability of the cement

In cement industry, a great energy consumption has been observed during grinding of clinker. To reduce this consumption, some waste products have been used as grinding aids.In this investigation, the effects of sunflower oil (SO), oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), myristic acid (MA) and lauric acid (LA) on the fineness and strength of the cement have been examined. These aids were added into clinker in certain ratios based on the cement clinker weight and the grinding has been done for a definite time at the same condition.All of the fatty acids used increased the fineness as compared with the cement without the grinding additives. SO and OA decreased the strength significantly, LA decreased it to a lesser extent and SA increased it definitely according to the common cement. But MA did not alter the strength of the cement as much as SA. In addition, the covering of the balls influences the grinding of cement clinker unfavourably.     

浅谈设备的性能与操作对胎面压出质量的影响

简要介绍了胎面压出的工作原理及工艺过程，对设备的配置及操作对胎面压出质量的影响进行了分析，并对压出过程中常见的质量缺陷、造成的原因以及解决措施提出了自己的见解。     

煤粉流动性对GSP气化炉气力输送的影响研究

针对GSP气化装置煤粉气力输送在试车阶段出现的煤粉锁斗下料不畅、发料罐输送性能不佳等问题,从原料煤性质和工业装置的改进方面出发,通过煤粉的流动性参数的测量与研究,分析出现上述工程问题可能的内在原因,并提出工业装置改进方法,为保证GSP煤粉气力输送工业装置的正常运行提供解决办法。     

关于建立火炸药安全数据库的探讨

由反映火炸药及其制品的危险性能和用于对它们的生产、储运系统进行安全评价数学模型出发,探讨了如何建立一个全面、实用的火炸药安全评估数据库。通过对此数据库内容、数据表示方法、数据搜索方法以及建立步骤的讨论,明确了该数据库的使用对象和主要功能。     

The effect of the length of the oxyethylene chain on the conductivity of the polyurethaneurea electrolyte

Polyurethaneureas (PUU), which were synthesized from 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and 3,5-diaminobanzoic acid (DABA), were used as polyelectrolytes in this study. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to monitor the effect of the various kinds of PEG on the changes in morphology of PUU electrolytes corresponding to the concentration of lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) dopants. The results of DSC and FT-IR indicate the Li⁺ ions coordinate with the soft and hard segments. Additionally, the crystallinity of the PEG soft segment and the ordered hydrogen-bonded urea carbonyl groups decreased with increasing salt concentration. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements show that the PUU electrolyte with the high phase separation degree has the high ionic conductivity. The hard-segment T_g and the soft-segment T_m influence the conductivity behavior of polyelectrolytes with increasing measurement temperature.