红曲色素在发酵香肠中代替亚硝酸盐发色的应用

红曲色素在发酵香肠中代替亚硝酸盐发色的应用王柏琴（中国食品发酵工业研究所，北京，１０００２７）杨洁彬，刘克（北京农业大学，北京）（国家进出口商品检验局，北京）红曲色素是一种天然色素，是红曲霉的次级代谢产物。红曲色素具有对ｐＨ稳定、耐热、耐光、不易被氧...     

混合菌种联合发酵对鱼肉香肠品质的影响

本文研究乳酸菌、葡萄球菌和酵母菌混合菌种联合发酵对鱼肉香肠品质的影响。通过微生物测定、化学指标测定、色差分析和TPA质构分析,探讨发酵过程中鱼肉品质的变化规律。实验结果表明:在发酵的24h中,乳酸菌作为优势菌显著增殖,降低了鱼肉香肠的p H,抑制了假单胞菌和肠杆菌的生长;鱼肉香肠的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量和硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值在发酵过程中显著降低,氨基态氮(AAN)含量、白度、硬度和弹性显著提高,说明混合菌种联合发酵可以延缓鱼肉香肠的腐败变质和油脂氧化,有助于风味的形成和营养价值的提高,并使得产品的色泽和质地得到改善。     

混合菌种联合发酵对鱼肉香肠品质的影响

本文研究乳酸菌、葡萄球菌和酵母菌混合菌种联合发酵对鱼肉香肠品质的影响。通过微生物测定、化学指标测定、色差分析和TPA质构分析,探讨发酵过程中鱼肉品质的变化规律。实验结果表明:在发酵的24h中,乳酸菌作为优势菌显著增殖,降低了鱼肉香肠的p H,抑制了假单胞菌和肠杆菌的生长;鱼肉香肠的挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量和硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值在发酵过程中显著降低,氨基态氮（AAN）含量、白度、硬度和弹性显著提高,说明混合菌种联合发酵可以延缓鱼肉香肠的腐败变质和油脂氧化,有助于风味的形成和营养价值的提高,并使得产品的色泽和质地得到改善。      

外源性添加剂对川式发酵香肠的品质影响

川式香肠是四川地区的特色产品,深受消费者喜爱。但传统工艺加工的产品多是自然发酵产品,因此产品的生产周期较长,产品质量也不太稳定。为了改善产品质量和丰富产品体系,生产企业已开始使用人工发酵剂对川式香肠进行控制条件的人工发酵,但由于川式香肠中各类食品添加剂较多,所以对川式发酵香肠的品质影响也各有不同。     

乳酸菌发酵中式香肠发色效果研究

在研究乳酸菌发酵中式香肠的发色效果时,研究结果表明：乳酸菌发酵能够改善中式香肠的发色稳定性和呈色效果,使颜色更鲜艳。同时可大幅降低亚硝酸钠的添加量及其在成品中的残留量,而且发色作用较好。     

不同原料肉对发酵香肠食用品质的影响

选取3种冷鲜肉(黑土猪肉、阳光猪肉、三元猪肉),采用商业发酵剂(木糖葡萄球菌+戊糖片球菌)接种发酵的方式制备符合中国消费者口味的切片即食型发酵香肠,分析不同原料肉对发酵香肠理化特征、风味及感官特性的影响.结果表明:3种原料肉制备的发酵香肠总体可接受度良好,光泽度高、色泽暗红(红度值8.62～9.85)、组织紧密、pH?...     

复合果蔬浆对发酵香肠加工过程品质特性的影响

为研究添加复合果蔬浆对发酵香肠品质的影响,以冷却猪通脊肉和猪背膘肉(9∶1,m/m)为原料,以萨科WBL-45复合菌株(木糖葡萄球菌+肉葡萄球菌+清酒乳杆菌)为发酵剂,配以辅料,按照发酵香肠的工艺制备4组发酵香肠:阴性对照组(negative control group,NCG)、阳性对照组(positive control group,PCG)、添加芹菜和樱桃组(celery and cherry group,CCG)以及添加卷心菜和番茄组(cabbage and tomato group,CTG),并考察香肠发酵及成熟过程中理化性质和成品感官品质的变化。结果表明:发酵过程中,CCG和CTG发酵香肠较PCG产酸迅速,发酵13 h时pH值已降至5.1以下,而PCG发酵24 h才降至5.06;在干燥成熟过程中,4组发酵香肠的亮度值(L~*)和黄度值(b~*)均呈下降趋势,而红度值(a~*)呈升高趋势,CTG香肠的a~*显著高于PCG(P0.05);NCG香肠的硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs)值显著高于其他3组(P0.05);4组香肠成品的水分含量为27.40%~29.07%,水分活度(water activity,a_w)值为0.837~0.887,差异均不显著(P0.05);CCG和CTG样品的风味及总体可接受性优于NCG和PCG。添加果蔬浆缩短了发酵香肠的发酵周期,增强了产品色泽,提高了感官品质,同时使香肠具有较好的抗氧化性。     

不同菌种组合对发酵广式香肠品质的影响

广式腊肠为我国传统特色肉制品,深受广大消费者的喜爱。随着对我国传统肉制品品质、安全性和现代加工技术的重视,对广式腊肠的研究逐渐增多,但对发酵剂用于广式香肠的研究相对较少。本文以植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、汉逊德巴利酵母为发酵剂制作发酵广式香肠,研究了不同发酵剂组合对发酵广式香肠理化性质的影响,结果表明不同比例组合发酵剂对发酵广式香肠品质影响不同,当菌种的接种量为106 cfu/g肉时,由植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌组合的发酵剂(2:1,V/V)时,发酵的香肠品质最佳,其水分含量为19.93%,pH值为5.95,总酸含量为35.6 g/kg,酸价为3.38 mg/g,过氧化值为0.059 g/100 g,亚硝酸盐残留量为4.46 mg/kg,弹性为0.93,硬度为9498.86 N,粘聚性为0.79,咀嚼性为6917.93 N,L*值为50.86,a*值为6.66,b*为3.87。采用复合菌剂生产的肉制品的理化特性明显优于自然发酵的肉制品。     

燕麦粉及低聚果糖对发酵香肠品质特性的影响

以不同比例的燕麦粉、低聚果糖分别替代部分脂肪制作发酵香肠:对照组(30%脂肪)、试验组1(10%脂肪、5%燕麦、15%低聚果糖)、试验组2(10%脂肪、10%燕麦、10%低聚果糖)及试验组3(10%脂肪、15%燕麦、5%低聚果糖)。检测燕麦粉及低聚果糖对发酵香肠微生物、理化及感官特性的影响。结果显示:加工结束后,试验组3乳酸菌数显著高于其他组(P0.05),试验组菌落总数、葡萄球菌数及TVB-N值均显著低于对照组(P0.05);脂肪替代物对加工后期发酵香肠的水分活度、p H值、色泽、胶着性、咀嚼性、脂肪含量及灰分均影响显著,而对蛋白质含量、硬度等指标则无显著影响。试验组2感官评定结果最好。综合各项指标,添加10%猪背膘、10%燕麦粉、10%低聚果糖制作出的发酵香肠,能够将动物脂肪含量从30%降低至10%,且能够较好的保持并改善发酵香肠品质。     

小片球菌在发酵香肠中的应用--对产品色泽、质构和感官品质的影响

本试验就小片球菌(P.parvulus)对发酵香肠的色泽,质构和感官品质特性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,小片球菌(P.parvulus)作为单一发酵剂加入到发酵香肠中能明显改变产品的TPA特性,提高产品的硬度和咀嚼性,使产品的弹性优于对照,同时使产品的内聚性、胶粘性和回复率也高于对照.小片球菌(P.parvulus)能提高产品的亮度,但由于其产生H2O2,使产品的红度劣于对照.从感官分析来看,小片球菌(P.parvulus)能增加产品气味的浓度,一定程度的消除品尝后令人不愉快的余味.产品的总体可接受性要明显优于对照(p＜0.05).     

发酵香肠理化特性和感官质量相关性研究

对市售26种发酵香肠的理化特性和感官指标及相互间相关关系进行了研究。通过酸价、酸度、过氧化值、游离脂肪酸、pH值、挥发性盐基氮、水分含量、脂肪含量、直径与感官质量评测发现，市售各品种发酵香肠理化特性与感官质量指标存在较大差异，理化特性和感官质量的相关性研究表明，水分含量，酸价，游离脂肪酸，pH值等应作为发酵香肠品质设计、管理的必要理化指标。     

干发酵香肠中的生物胺

综述干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件,国外干发酵香肠中常见生物胺的种类及含量,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

芹菜粉对天然中式香肠颜色影响及工艺优化的研究

天然中式发酵香肠是不添加人造着色成分、化学防腐剂或任何其他人造或合成成分的一种产品。本文以芹菜粉、产硝酸还原酶的木糖葡萄球菌和肉糖葡萄球菌作为天然配料,以中式香肠的红度值a和亚硝酸盐残留量为指标,通过单因素实验确定了四因素(接种量、菌种配比、发酵温度和发酵时间)的优工艺参数的基础上,采用正交实验L9(34)的方法,确定最优的发酵工艺参数条件为:A1B3C2D2,即发酵时间为30h,发酵温度为30℃,发酵菌株接种量为107cfu/g,发酵菌种配比采用木糖葡萄球菌:肉糖葡萄球菌=1:2。     

Traditional 'air-dried' fermented sausages from Central Germany

Traditional varieties of fermented pork sausages from Central Germany are different from related meat products in various aspects. First, they are prepared from “warm” pork immediately after slaughter. The meat is then minced, mixed with spices and minimal amounts of sugars, salt and nitrate, and the stuffed sausages ripen for a minimum of 6-8 weeks at temperatures below 15 °C. Second, surface mould growth during ripening is regularly removed or suppressed. The manufacturing methods require a minimum of investments and labour and reflect the socio-economic situation in the manufacturing area. The sausages have a good record of safety, and a preliminary risk assessment indicates that pathogens are kept under sufficient control by the extended ripening at low temperatures. Small-scale (artisanal) manufacture of these products is only possible with a flexible interpretation of the hygienic principles set up in current legislation.     

Assessment of high hydrostatic pressure and starter culture on the quality properties of low-acid fermented sausages

The addition of starter culture and high pressure processing after ripening improved the microbial quality of low-acid fermented sausages (fuet and chorizo). The use of Lactobacillus sakei CTC6626 and Staphylococcus xylosus CTC6013 as starter culture significantly reduced Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus levels in the finished sausages. Moreover, the addition of starter culture produced sausages of similar quality to traditional low-acid fermented sausages. Slightly lower pH values and higher cohesiveness were obtained for both fuet and chorizo with starter culture. Sensory analysis showed no differences between lots of chorizo whereas starter fuet was more acid and gummy. High pressure induced an additional reduction of Enterobacteriaceae in non-starter sausages. An increase of textural properties was observed after pressurization. No other differences were observed between non-treated and pressurized sausages.     

一株高效降胆固醇嗜酸乳杆菌和木糖葡糖球菌对发酵香肠理化品质及有害生物胺的影响

本实验以自然发酵香肠作为对照,通过接种最佳复配比(1∶2)嗜酸乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌的复配发酵剂为实验组,探究复合发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化品质及有害生物胺的影响。结果表明:实验组产酸速率>对照组,发酵结束时p H降至两组最低5.13;实验组pH快速下降也促使Aw值下降速率快于对照组;相比同一时刻的失重率、干燥程度、硬度,实验组均高于对照组;且检出4种生物胺为苯乙胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺,实验组生物胺含量增长速率小于对照组;整个过程,对于毒性最强的酪胺、组胺,实验组中含量低于对照组(p<0.05)。综上表明,复配发酵剂可促使pH和Aw降低,并可有效抑制毒性最强的酪胺和组胺含量的增加。      

Dry fermented sausages enriched with lycopene from tomato peel

Tomato industries yield a high amount of by-products mainly tomato peel and seeds. Since tomato peel is rich in lycopene, the direct addition of peel to food products could be a way to use this by-product to obtain a new products enriched in lycopene. This work describes experiments performed to develop dry fermented sausages (salchichón) containing this carotene. 0%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2% (w/w) of dry tomato peel was added to the meat mixture used in sausage manufacture. A slight losts of lycopene was detected after 21 days ripening, however, levels remained between 0.26 and 0.58 mg of lycopene/100 g of sausage. The sensory and textural properties and overall acceptability of all sausages were good, indicating that tomato peel could be added to dry fermented sausages to produce a meat product enriched in lycopene.     

预先包装发酵香肠表层的粉霜--肌酸

多次观察到在预先包装的生发酵香肠表层的不理想外衣,有时把粉霜的成分认为是D,L-乳酸盐。我们首次鉴定肉产生的肌酸,是预包装细的生干肠表层结晶粉霜的来源。质谱分析粉霜和质谱分析纯一水肌酸结果基本是一致的,霜层含有83％的肌酸（对应的94％一水肌酸晶体）。香肠中肌酸含量为2．4mg／g。为了检测香肠粉霜中的肌酸,建议使用以VOGES—PROSKSUER反应为基础的检测方法。     

微生物发酵剂对发酵香肠中挥发性成分的影响

采用固相微萃取技术结合GC/MS,以壬烷作内标进行定性和半定量,分析自然发酵和添加发酵剂生产的两组发酵香肠的挥发性成分,共鉴定出39种挥发性成分。其中自然发酵组鉴定出35种,总含量为9.486μg等量壬烷/g发酵香肠;添加发酵剂组鉴定出32种,总含量为18.313μg等量壬烷/g发酵香肠。自然发酵香肠主要挥发性成分由萜烯类(27.71%)、酸类(26.42%)和酯类(25.32%)组成;在添加发酵剂组中,最重要的组成是酯类(42.10%),其次为酸类(26.52%)和萜烯类(18.07%)。     

Effects of ionising irradiation on quality and sensory attributes of ready‐to‐eat dry fermented sausages enriched with folic acid

Dry fermented sausages have been manufactured with different concentrations of folic acid (FA) (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg per 100 g of original mixture). Then, they were prepared as ready‐to‐eat meat products by using E‐beam radiation (2, 3 and 4 kGy) to increase their safety. The stability of this vitamin as well as the physico‐chemical properties, microbiological counts, colour, texture and sensory properties of the sausages was studied after irradiation. The more important changes were observed in hardness, which increased with increasing FA amount; in contrast, colour was similar in all batches, independently of FA concentration or irradiation doses applied. The sensory properties of these products were judged acceptable to tasters, although significant differences were observed between the taste of nonirradiated and irradiated samples with 3 kGy. The ionising treatment caused a decrease of 15–29% in the FA content only at the highest dose (4 kGy). Despite this loss, this new product is suitable for assuring the daily intake of FA recommended as healthy (400 μg).