水稻簇生穗突变体基因研究进展

水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,也是单子叶植物分子生物学研究的模式植物。稻穗(即花序)的生殖发育直接影响到稻谷的产量和稻米的品质,因此研究水稻花器官的形成无论在发育生物学还是在遗传育种上都具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。本文介绍了当前花器官研究状况,从簇生穗的性状,形成机制及遗传学分析等方面的出发,阐述了簇生穗基因的研究进展,并展望基因在未来水稻遗传育种中的应用。     

水稻籽粒簇生材料Z1820簇生性的遗传分析

用簇生性亲本Z1820与无簇生性的正常亲本缙香1A、缙2A和缙4A杂交得F1代,让F1自交得F2,同时以缙香1A、缙2A和缙4A为轮回母本亲本回交得BF1,调查各世代簇生情况。结果分析表明:F1的簇生性为中间类型,F2、BF1的簇生性在簇生程度上产生分离;Z1820与缙香1A、缙2A产生的后代的遗传行为符合单基因不完全显性遗传,而Z1820与缙4A的遗传表现则有所偏离,缙4A可能具有影响簇生性表现的遗传因子。首次使用簇生率描述水稻的簇生性。     

簇生稻穗发育及细胞周期相关基因的表达分析

[目的]穗粒数的增加可以直接提高水稻的产量,簇生穗能增加穗粒数和着穗密度.为考察簇生稻品种内江P164与对照单粒稻品种9311中OsCl-6等穗发育及细胞周期相关基因的表达是否存在显著差异,探索通过调控品种中特定基因的表达量来指导水稻生产,为高产水稻品种选育提供理论依据.[方法]分别取种植于网室大田的簇生稻品种内江P1...     

水稻温敏型叶绿素突变体遗传及超微结构研究

对温敏型叶绿素突变体进行遗传分析表明,离子束诱变的水稻温敏型叶绿素突变体苗期叶片黄化性状是以一对隐性核基因为主,核质互作遗传;其叶绿体在超微结构上表现为基粒数少,基粒类囊体片层数目少,发育滞后,叶绿体缺少明显的双层膜结构。     

水稻穗粒数及相关性状的遗传研究进展

大穗是水稻高产品种选育的主攻方向，揭示大穗形成遗传机制是品种选育的理论基础。综述水稻穗粒数基因/QTL定位和克隆以及与穗粒数有关的穗长、一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数等性状的遗传研究进展。     

水稻重离子辐射突变体的遗传差异及其育种价值的分析

应用多元分析方法对水稻重离子辐射突变体的遗传异进行分析，通过主成分分析和遗传距离估计将４３个突变系及一个亲本共４４个材料分成１０类；选出了综合性状较的１３个突变系和８个特殊类型突变系。并且评价了它们在育种上的应用价值。     

体细胞突变体HX—3对水稻白叶枯病的抗性遗传

采用离体筛选技术，从感白叶枯病的恢复系明恢63的体细胞突变后代中获得抗病突变体HX-3。对HX-3的白叶枯病抗性遗传进行了研究。结果表明，HX-3对水稻白叶枯病的抗性能够稳定遗传，且为全生育期抗性，其抗性由一对显性单基因控制；HX-3与具有不同抗病基因的抗白叶枯病近等基因系CBB2（Xa-2)、CBB3(Xa-3)、CBB4（Xa-4)、CBB7(Xa-7)、CBB12（Xa-12)和IRBB21（Xa-21）间的等位性分析表明，HX-3的抗病基因与Xa-2、Xa-3、Xa-4、Xa-7、Xa-12、Xa-21不等位。     

水稻直立短穗突变体esp的转录组研究

【目的】克隆水稻直立短穗基因Erect and Short Panicle(ESP),分析其参与的基因调控途径,解析ESP控制株型、穗长等农艺性状的分子机理。【方法】以直立短穗突变体esp及其野生型为材料,成熟期进行株高、穗长、粒长等表型测定;构建籼粳杂交F2定位群体,挑选与突变表型一致的F2单株,利用与突变性状连锁的分子标记对目的基因进行定位;对野生型和突变体进行基因组测序,结合定位结果,找到突变位点,克隆ESP;利用生物信息学软件进行进化树和基因表达分析;提取野生型和突变体幼穗中的RNA并建库,GO(gene ontology)聚类分析表达差异基因,同时根据KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)数据库,分析野生型和突变体中植物激素信号转导和内质网蛋白加工相关基因的表达变化,并通过qRT-PCR验证。【结果】通过表型观察和农艺性状调查,与野生型相比,直立短穗突变体esp株高降低,穗长变短,穗型由弯曲变为直立,每穗粒数减少,粒长变短,粒宽和千粒重增加;有效穗数无显著差异。利用突变体esp与PA64构建籼粳F2定位群体,将目的基因定位于...     

水稻子粒形态性状遗传研究

选用子粒大小和形状悬殊较大的水稻品种 PJ1 和JH1 进行配组,以研究子粒外观性状的遗传。结果表明,粒长、粒宽、长宽比、粒厚和粒重均属于多基因控制的数量性状。除粒厚外,更多受控于非加性效应。除长宽比外,其余性状彼此之间均表现了极显著的正相关。     

穗肥对水稻穗分化期碳氮代谢及颖花数的影响

以粳稻品种武育粳3号和86优8号为材料进行盆栽试验,研究了0、60、120、180、240 kg·hm~(-2)穗肥施氮量对水稻穗分化期碳氮代谢及颖花数形成的影响。结果表明:穗分化前期(抽穗前32～20 d)水稻氮代谢旺盛,后期碳代谢旺盛。非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbohydrate,NSC)主要在库器官中积累。增加穗肥施氮量,加速了器官的氮积累却推迟了NSC的积累。氮积累量随穗肥氮用量的增加而逐渐增加,NSC积累量则呈单峰曲线变化。穗分化始期至抽穗期氮积累量与颖花数呈二次曲线关系,NSC积累量与颖花数呈极显著正相关,86优8号R~2=0.891 8~(**),武育粳3号R~2=0.880 0~(**)。说明适宜的穗肥氮有促进大穗的作用,主要与促进穗分化期NSC积累量有关。不同品种对氮供应量的反应不一致,穗分化期86优8号施氮量为120 kg·hm~(-2)、武育粳3号施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2)处理的NSC总积累量最高,穗粒数最多。     

Fast discrimination and counting of filled/unfilled rice spikelets based on bi-modal imaging

Spikelets per panicle and grains per panicle (also known as filled spikelets per panicle), directly contributing to rice yield, are two imperative traits that need to be evaluated in yield-related research. Current determination of total spikelet number and filled spikelet number are generally measured manually, which is tedious and subjective. This paper proposes a new method of counting total spikelets and filled spikelets simultaneously, based on automatic discrimination of filled and unfilled spikelets by combining visible light imaging and soft X-ray imaging. Visible light imaging was applied to measure the projected area of the spikelet hull, while soft X-ray imaging yielded the projected area of the inner brown rice kernel. The filling rate, defined as the area ratio of rice kernel to hull, was used to discriminate the filled and unfilled spikelets. 29 panicle samples were tested to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy. The results showed that the counting efficiency was approximately 2000 spikelets/min. The root mean squared error (RMSE) was 0.42 for total spikelet number and 0.77 for filled spikelet number. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) were 0.22% and 0.80% for each, respectively. The method shows great potential in improving the efficiency of trait evaluation in plant breeding and genetic research, as well as serving for crop phenomics.     

特效植物营养素对杂交稻性状表现及表观遗传效应的影响

将用特效植物营养素(SPNE)处理水稻父母本获得的杂交种子和对照种子在同一条件下种植并进行不同处理,比较F1代的性状表现。结果表明,上代用SPNE处理父母本后代的单株产量还能超过对照产生表观遗传效应,两代用SPNE处理的单株产量最高。SPNE对产量性状的影响较大,主要表现在使实粒数增加(与单株产量成正相关),对株高、穗长、等性状影响较小(与单株产量不成正相关),不同处理的效果有差异;将它们的种子在同样条件下萌发生长,比较F2代的差异,结果显示前代用SPNE处理的种子发芽率、淀粉酶活性以及幼苗株重、叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量等均超过对照,SPNE处理后在F2代也能产生表观遗传效应,两代用SPNE处理的种子表观遗传效应表现最好。     

Characteristic analysis of tetra-resistant genetically modified rice

In this study, the characteristic of three transformants named as B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were studied that carried three innate resistant genes Bph14, Bph15, and Xa23, and two enthetic resistant genes Cry1 Ca# and Bar. The five resistant genes were all verified by PCR and the two enthetic genes were identified in single copy insertion by Southern blot. At tillering stage, the Cry1 C and PAT(phosphinothricin acetyl transferase) protein contents in leaf, sheath, and stem of T2 generation were in the similar pattern: leafstemsheath, and showed significant difference(P0.01) among three organs. The average contents of Cry1 C protein in plant of B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were 12.95, 6.57, and 11.30 μg g–1, respectively, and showed significant difference(P0.01) among them. However, the average contents of PAT in plant of B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were 28.54, 27.66, and 28.02 μg g–1, respectively, and there were no significant difference among three transformants. The glufosinate tolerable concentration of three transformants of T3 generation reached at least 6 g L–1, and the mortality of rice leaf rollers were above 97.4% in 5 days after being fed with fresh transformants' leaves. The Cry1 C protein toxicity was also assessed by silkworms, and the mortality of silkworms feeding mulberry leaves smeared with Cry1 C protein extracts of leaves of B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were 90, 67.8, and 87.8%, respectively, that were positive correlation(r=0.993) with Cry1 C protein contents in plant of three transformants. The three transformants also maintained high resistance to brown planthopper and bacterial blight as the original version. The above results indicate the tetra-resistant rice germplasm was well-developed by pyramiding innate and enthetic resistant genes in an elite line to provide with resistances of glufosinate, rice leaf roller, brown planthopper, and bacterial blight.     

粳稻穗角、着粒密度及每穗颖花数的遗传

为阐明水稻穗部性状的遗传,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对水稻直立穗品种3012与弯曲穗品种万特大粒杂交组合的P1、P2、F1和F2的穗角和着粒密度及每穗颖花数的遗传进行了分析。结果表明,穗角和每穗颖花数性状的遗传均受1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因共同控制,着粒密度性状的遗传受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因共同控制。穗型弯曲对直立、着粒密度密对疏和每穗颖花数多对少均为部分显性。穗角和着粒密度以主基因遗传为主,每穗颖花数以多基因遗传为主,穗角和每穗颖花数的加性效应和显性效应同等重要,而着粒密度以加性效应为主。     

籼稻稻米外观品质与其它品质性状的相关性分析

利用６个籼型不育系和３个籼型恢复系按不完全双列杂交方式配制杂交组合，考察稻米外观品质等米质性状，采用种子胚乳模型分析成对性状间的多种遗传相关。结果表明，粒长与长宽比、长宽比与直链淀粉含量、垩白面积与胶稠度、垩白面积与蛋白质指数以及垩白面积与赖氨酸指数性状间具有明显的种子直接加性相关、母体植株加性相关以及种子直接加性与母体植株加性相关，但也受制于一些显性相关分量，而粒长与粒宽、粒宽与长宽比、粒宽与垩白面积、粒宽与精米率、粒宽与直链淀粉含量、长宽比与精米率、垩白面积与蛋白质含量以及至白面积与赖氨酸／蛋白质比例的相关则以显性相关为主。对于以加性相关为主的成对性状，间接改良的效果较好。     

籼型杂交水稻稻米表观直链淀粉含量和淀粉粘滞性研究

杂交籼稻细胞质雄性不育系珍汕９７Ａ和协青早Ａ的表观直链淀粉含量（ＡＡＣ）高达２３％～２４％,而恢复系密阳４６和明恢６３的ＡＡＣ仅９％～１１％．杂交稻的食用大米由Ｆ２籽粒组成,其ＡＡＣ变幅达４％～２５％,平均值约为１６％～１９％．用粘度速测仪（ＲａｐｉｄＶｉｓｃｏ－Ａｎａｌｙｚｅｒ,ＲＶＡ）测定了上述组合及部分亲本的淀粉粘滞性谱（ＲＶＡ谱）,珍汕９７Ａ和协青早Ａ的崩解值分别为６０．２和４０．６ＲＶＵ,消减值分别为４８．６和７２．３ＲＶＵ;恢复系密阳４６和明恢６３的崩解值较大,分别为１１３．７和９６．６ＲＶＵ,消减值较小,仅为－２０．２和－５８．０ＲＶＵ．其所配杂交稻汕优１０号和汕优６３食用稻米的ＲＶＡ谱特征值介于双亲平均值和不育系之间．恢复系“中４１３”的ＡＡＣ和协青早Ａ相仿,因此所配组合协优４１３各项特征与不育系更为相似．不育系和保持系的ＡＡＣ和ＲＶＡ谱特征相似,表明不育细胞质对二性状无明显影响．汕优１０号和汕优６３二组合中高ＡＡＣ对低ＡＡＣ表现为１对显性基因遗传,而协优４６遗传行为较复杂     

Utilization of aromatic rice in improving grain quality of hybrid rice（Ⅱ）

Xiangxiang 2A has an evident drawback,i.e.instability in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of minor restoring genes in it ,which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63with both high yield and fine auality in commercial production.To improve Xiangxiang 2A,the hybridization of Xiangxiang 2B with V20 Bwas made again in 1990.A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994.It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2A in grain quality and combining ability.but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential.Up to now,by using it as female parent.a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed.Some of them have been released to farmers.Because such hybrids can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties.so that they are preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China.The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China.     

共词矩阵在聚类结果分析中的作用

共词聚类分析法的聚类过程存在排斥性和敏感性缺点,使分析的科学性受到质疑。共词矩

阵是词对共现频率的总集,对共词聚类结果（类团）有决定性的影响,在类团的分析中能弥

补聚类算法的不足。通过实例研究,认为共词矩阵有助于对类团成员的修正及对类团成熟度的判断。

     

基于水稻种粒高光谱的品质性状预测方法

为探究作物种子品质性状无损检测方法,以100份水稻核心种质资源为试验材料,基于近红外高光谱相机采集水稻种粒的透射、反射光谱数据并提取光谱参数,水稻种粒脱壳后使用近红外谷物分析仪测定米粒品质;以水稻种粒光谱参数为自变量、米粒品质指标为因变量,建立米粒品质预测模型。结果显示,使用单一光谱建模时,透射光谱建模效果优于反射光谱建模效果;结合透射-反射特征光谱集合建模可使粗蛋白预测模型R²从0.74提高至0.91,可使直链淀粉预测模型R²从0.40提高至0.69,可使水分预测模型R²从0.53提高至0.68。结果表明,使用水稻种粒光谱参数可无损预测稻米品质,同时利用透射、反射光谱可提升建模效果。