稳定分层二层流室内实验早期格栅湍流结构

采用室内实验混合箱和粒子图像测速技术,本文研究了稳定分层无平均剪切二层流(上层淡水、下层盐水)振动湍流结构。对实验录像进行粒子图像测速技术处理,获得垂向二维流场(垂直于格栅平面)瞬时速度和涡量,并用于计算:①时均速度和时均涡量;②均方根速度;③均匀程度和各向同性程度;④平均流强度;⑤时均泰勒的欧拉积分长度尺度;⑥时均湍动能和时均湍动能垂向通量;⑦水平和垂向速度的欧拉频谱。结果显示:(1)格栅方棒处时间平均速度方向垂直向上,而其两侧的时间平均涡量正负交替,表明格栅附近射流结构占据主要位置且存在反向涡旋对。(2)均方根速度随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,并且满足高程的-1.425(接近-3/2)幂次律,表明格栅湍流均方根速度的垂向变化较为剧烈。(3)靠近混合箱边壁处的均匀程度和各向同性程度都大于1,表明靠近混合箱边壁处存在各向异性湍流。(4)格栅反湍流强度的量级非0,但是,相对较小,表明平均流强度较低,故而,本实验结果仍可与无平均流的情况作对比。(5)时均泰勒的欧拉积分长度尺度随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而线性增大,表明随着湍流向上发展,涡的平均尺度增大。(6)时均湍动能和时均湍动能垂向通量随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,而时均湍动能垂向通量为正值,表明远离格栅时均湍动能衰减,但是,始终向上传递。(7)水平和垂向速度的欧拉频谱随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,幂次律介于ω^-1和ω^-5/3(ω为频率)之间,表明水平和垂向的湍流脉动能量远离格栅均衰减,并受湍流的有限雷诺数效应的影响。     

可压缩各向同性衰减湍流直接数值模拟研究

采用五阶有限差分WENO格式直接模拟了高初始湍流Mach数的可压缩均匀各向同性湍流,主要分析了湍流的统计特性 和压缩性的影响,包括能谱特征、激波串、耗散率、标度律等. 研究表明,湍动能主要来自于速度场螺旋分量的贡献;各向同性湍流的小尺度脉动对压缩性更为敏感,并且压缩性的增强加快了湍流大 尺度脉动向小尺度脉动的湍动能输运;随着湍流Mach数的升高,胀量(压缩)耗散率所占比率也显著增长. 标度律分析表明,强可压缩湍流的横向速度结构函数仍然具有扩展自相似性;当阶数较高(p ≥ 5)时,纵向速度结构函数的扩展自相似性则不再成立. 对于压缩性较弱的湍流,与不可压缩湍流一致,横向湍流脉动的间歇性要强于纵向湍流脉动;而对于强可压缩湍流,纵向湍流脉动的 间歇性要强于横向湍流脉动.     

水翼端部间隙泄漏流的压降及黏性损失机理

叶顶泄漏流产生的局部压降及黏性损失是导致轴流式水力机械效率下降和轮缘间隙空化的主要原因.为探明间隙泄漏流的黏性损失特性和低压形成机制,以NACA0009水翼为对象,采用超大涡模拟方法(VLES)对翼端间隙流动进行数值模拟,基于平均流动动能转换与输运分析,提出了间隙区黏性损失定量计算模型,研究了翼端间隙区湍动能生成、黏性损失和压降的产生机理及主要影响因素.结果表明,间隙区存在间隙分离涡(TSV)、间隙泄漏涡(TLV)和诱导涡(IV)等流动结构;湍动能生成是导致TSV内压降的主导因素,TLV内压降则主要受湍动能生成和平均动能的对流和扩散效应影响;湍动能耗散导致的翼端区域黏性损失占间隙区黏性损失总量的91.2%.间隙区不同流动结构对湍动能生成的影响存在明显差异,水翼吸力面的强剪切效应主要生成湍动能的■分量,而TLV, TSV和IV等间隙涡结构则主要生成湍动能的■和■分量;湍动能产生机制分析表明,湍动能生成项分量P_vw是TLV和TSV中湍动能生成的主导因素,减小TSV和TLV内的速度梯度■,可有效降低湍动能生成,进而减少翼端区域因湍流耗散导致的黏性损失.研究结果可为间隙流...     

二维衰减湍流的速度加速度结构函数

湍流场中二阶速度加速度结构函数 (velocity-acceleration structure function, VASF) 被认为与尺度间能量或者拟涡能的传递相关,其正负表明传递的方向. 三维湍流中,能量从大尺度向 小尺度传递,VASF 为负. 在二维湍流中,能量反向传递到大尺度,拟涡能正向传递到小尺度,因此理论上 VASF 无论在反向能量级串区还是在正向拟 涡能级串区均为正. 然而,相对于三维湍流中 VASF 的充分研究,二维湍流中 VASF 的正负性迄今尚无实验或数值模拟数据验证. 本文通过三维二维湍流中普适的公式推导,指出在空间非均匀湍流场中,VASF 除了尺度间传递,还受到非均匀项的影响. 一种常见的空间非均匀湍流场是在实验研究中常用的风洞或水洞中,湍流发生装置 (如栅格) 后的湍流. 该流场中,湍流强度随下游位置增大而逐渐衰减,这种衰减则带来空间上的非均匀性. 本文在基于竖直流动皂膜的二维衰减湍流场中,利用拉格朗日粒子追踪法测得在拟涡能级串区的 VASF,并分析各部分的影响. 结果表明,虽然尺度间传递项为正值,但由于衰减带来的非均匀项为负值,使得 VASF 的值为负,使之失去了表征拟涡能传递方向的意义. 因此,在类似风洞、水洞、水槽等衰减流场中对 VASF 的讨论不应忽略非均匀项. 最后对与 VASF 密切相关的弥散过程进行分析,发现后期弥散过程变慢是由于负的 VASF 导致.      

VELOCITY-ACCELERATION STRUCTURE FUNCTION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL DECAYING TURBULENCE$^{\bf 1)}$

湍流场中二阶速度加速度结构函数 (velocity-acceleration structure function, VASF) 被认为与尺度间能量或者拟涡能的传递相关,其正负表明传递的方向. 三维湍流中,能量从大尺度向 小尺度传递,VASF 为负. 在二维湍流中,能量反向传递到大尺度,拟涡能正向传递到小尺度,因此理论上 VASF 无论在反向能量级串区还是在正向拟 涡能级串区均为正. 然而,相对于三维湍流中 VASF 的充分研究,二维湍流中 VASF 的正负性迄今尚无实验或数值模拟数据验证. 本文通过三维二维湍流中普适的公式推导,指出在空间非均匀湍流场中,VASF 除了尺度间传递,还受到非均匀项的影响. 一种常见的空间非均匀湍流场是在实验研究中常用的风洞或水洞中,湍流发生装置 (如栅格) 后的湍流. 该流场中,湍流强度随下游位置增大而逐渐衰减,这种衰减则带来空间上的非均匀性. 本文在基于竖直流动皂膜的二维衰减湍流场中,利用拉格朗日粒子追踪法测得在拟涡能级串区的 VASF,并分析各部分的影响. 结果表明,虽然尺度间传递项为正值,但由于衰减带来的非均匀项为负值,使得 VASF 的值为负,使之失去了表征拟涡能传递方向的意义. 因此,在类似风洞、水洞、水槽等衰减流场中对 VASF 的讨论不应忽略非均匀项. 最后对与 VASF 密切相关的弥散过程进行分析,发现后期弥散过程变慢是由于负的 VASF 导致.     

二维槽道湍流数值模拟与白组织特性

从流体力学基本方程出发,讨论了二维槽道湍流的衰减特性,通过对流场施加合适的体积力,采用拟谱方法对二维槽道强制湍流进行了数值模拟.研究了二维槽道衰减湍流的自组织与逆能量级串特性,再现了二维槽道衰减湍流中湍涡的自组织过程,以及不同波数湍流结构所携能量在自组织过程中的变化,并解释了二维槽道湍流平均速度曲线特征以及海洋环流所特有的自然现象.     

二维槽道湍流数值模拟与自组织特性

从流体力学基本方程出发,讨论了二维槽道湍流的衰减特性,通过对流场施加合适的体积力,采用拟谱方法对二维槽道强制湍流进行了数值模拟。研究了二维槽道衰减湍流的自组织与逆能量级串特性,再现了二维槽道衰减湍流中湍涡的自组织过程,以及不同波数湍流结构所携能量在自组织过程中的变化,并解释了二维槽道湍流平均速度曲线特征以及海洋环流所特有的自然现象。     

六线涡量探针的测量原理与应用

介绍六线涡量探针和六通道热线风速仪的研制成果，应用该探针可同时测量两个涡量分量ωx和ωy（或ωx和ωz），以及3个速度分量u,υ，ω等相应的瞬时脉动值和统计平均值，从而可进一步测量湍流场内的湍能和雷诺应力，以及螺度和涡拟能等参量，还报道了应用该六线涡量探针，测量二维混合层内各湍流参量以及涡量分量ωx、ωy和ωz统计平均值的分布结果，并与前人的结果作了比较。     

）IRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DECAYING COMPRESSIBLE ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE

采用五阶有限差分WENO格式直接模拟了高初始湍流Mach数的可压缩均匀各向同性湍流,主要分析了湍流的统计特性和压缩性的影响,包括能谱特征、激波串、耗散率、标度律等.研究表明,湍动能主要来自于速度场螺旋分量的贡献;各向同性湍流的小尺度脉动对压缩性更为敏感,并且压缩性的增强加快了湍流大尺度脉动向小尺度脉动的湍动能输运;随着湍流Mach数的升高,胀量（压缩）耗散率所占比率也显著增长.标度律分析表明,强可压缩湍流的横向速度结构函数仍然具有扩展自相似性;当阶数较高（p≥5）时,纵向速度结构函数的扩展自相似性则不再成立.对于压缩性较弱的湍流,与不可压缩湍流一致,横向湍流脉动的间歇性要强于纵向湍流脉动;而对于强可压缩湍流,纵向湍流脉动的间歇性要强于横向湍流脉动.     

槽道湍流近壁区多尺度输运特性研究

利用槽道湍流直接数值模拟的数据库和离散正交子波，对近壁湍流的多尺度输运特性进 行了研究. 通过在流向和展向分别进行子波多尺度分解，得到了近壁区湍动能在流向和展向 多尺度传输的不同性质，发现流向传输以能量的反传为主，而在展向能量存在明显的正传， 并且当过滤尺度较大时以正传为主. 近壁湍流能量传输的各向异性为进一步构造各向异 性大涡模拟亚格子模式提供了必要的参考.     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON FLOW STABILITY OF RAYLEIGH-B?NARD CONVECTION OF COLD WATER IN A RECTANGULAR CAVITY COOLED AND HEATED SYMMETRICALLY RELATIVE TO THE TEMPERATURE OF DENSITY MAXIMUM

为了解具有密度极值流体瑞利-贝纳德对流特有现象和规律,利用有限容积法对长方体腔内关于密度极值温度对称加热-冷却时冷水瑞利-贝纳德对流的分岔特性进行了三维数值模拟,得到了不同条件下的对流结构型态及其分岔序列,分析了密度极值特性、瑞利数、热边界条件以及宽深比对瑞利-贝纳德对流的影响. 结果表明:具有密度极值冷水瑞利-贝纳德对流系统较常规流体更加稳定,且流动型态及其分岔序列更加复杂;相同瑞利数下多种流型可以稳定共存,各流型在相互转变中存在滞后现象;随着宽深比的增加,流动更易失稳,对流传热能力增强;系统在导热侧壁时比绝热侧壁更加稳定,对流传热能力有所减弱;基于计算结果,采用线性回归方法,得到了热壁传热关联式.     

Application of the laser beam deflection to the study of temperature fields in Rayleigh–Benard convection

An optical integral and unobtrusive method is developed to determine the temperature gradient field by measurement of laser beam deflection induced by optical index changes. The technique is inexpensive and easy to perform. It allows the study of the temperature gradient at a large number of points simultaneously (over 400/cm²). This technique is particularly adapted to two-dimensional convection flow in both unsteady and steady conditions. For illustration purposes, such a technique is applied to the roll pattern of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. The agreement between theory and experiments is fair.     

Nonlinear convective stability problems of viscoelastic fluids in finite domains

A Chebyshev pseudospectral method is generalized to solve the nonlinear hydrodynamic stability problems of Rayleigh-Bénard convection of viscoelastic fluids in finite domains, which are compatible with the experimental situations, for the range of viscoelastic parameters where the exchange of stabilities is valid. The effects of box aspect ratio, the Deborah number 5 and the dimensionless retardation time ) on the critical Rayleigh number and convection intensity are investigated. The comparison of these results with the experimental data might be used to guide the selection of constitutive equations and to estimate viscoelastic parameter values. The present technique of hydrodynamic stability analysis is quite versatile and can be employed to solve other hydrodynamic stability problems in finite domains.     

The Prandtl number effect near the onset of Bénard convection in a porous medium

This note focuses on Kladias and Prasad's claim that the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of Bénard convection in an infinite horizontal porous layer increases as the Prandtl number decreases, and argues that the critical Rayleigh number (Ra_c) depends only on the Darcy number (Da), as linear stability analysis indicates. The two-dimensional steady-convection problem is then solved numerically to document the convection heat transfer effect of the Rayleigh number, Darcy number, Prandtl number, and porosity. The note concludes with an empirical correlation for the overall Nusselt number, which shows the effect of Prandtl number at above-critical Rayleigh numbers. The correlation is consistent with the corresponding correlation known for Bénard convection in a pure fluid.     

AN EFFICIENT SOLUTION FOR 2D RAYLEIGH-BÉNARD CONVECTION USING FFT

研究提高二维方腔瑞利-贝纳德对流 直接数值模拟求解方法的计算效率问题.对于非定常湍流热对流, 压力泊松方程的求解是影响整个计算效率的关键. 利用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)解耦并结合追赶法, 可实现压力泊松方程的直接求解.通过与跳点超松弛迭代法在求解精度和计算速度对比, 可以看到, 利用FFT压力泊松方程直接方法计算热对流问题是高效的.还给出了典型状态的热对流初始羽流和大尺度环流温度场, 以及系列瑞利数(Ra)计算结果的宏观传热努塞数(Nu)变化.     

Unsteady natural convection in a liquid-saturated porous enclosure with local thermal non-equilibrium effect

Stability analysis of free convection in a liquid-saturated sparsely-packed porous medium with local-thermal-non-equilibrium (LTNE) effect is presented. For the vertical boundaries free–free, adiabatic and rigid–rigid, adiabatic are considered while for horizontal boundaries it is the stress-free, isothermal and rigid–rigid, isothermal boundary combinations we consider. From the linear theory, it is apparent that there is advanced onset of convection in a shallow enclosure followed by that in square and tall enclosures. Asymptotic analysis of the thermal Rayleigh number for small and large values of the inter-phase heat transfer coefficient is reported. Results of Darcy–Bénard convection (DBC) and Rayleigh–Bénard convection can be obtained as limiting cases of the study. LTNE effect is prominent in the case of Brinkman–Bénard convection compared to that in DBC. Using a multi-scale method and by performing a non-linear stability analysis the Ginzburg–Landau equation is derived from the five-mode Lorenz modal. Heat transport is estimated at the lower plate of the channel. The effect of the Brinkman number, the porous parameter and the inter-phase heat transfer coefficient is to favour delayed onset of convection and thereby enhanced heat transport while the porosity-modified ratio of thermal conductivities shows the opposite effect.

     

Quantitative temperature imaging in gas-phase turbulent thermal convection by laser-induced fluorescence of acetone

In this paper, an acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique for nonintrusive temperature imaging is demonstrated in gas-phase (Pr = 0.72) turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection at Rayleigh number Ra = 1.3᎒⁵. The PLIF technique provides quantitative spatially correlated temperature data without the flow intrusion or time lag associated with physical probes, and without the significant path averaging that plagues most optical heat-transfer diagnostic tools, such as the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, thus making PLIF an attractive choice for quantitative thermal imaging in easily perturbed, complex three-dimensional flow fields. The "instantaneous" (20-ns integration time) thermal images presented have a spatial resolution of 176쐀아 µm and a single-pulse temperature measurement precision of - 2.5 K, or 2.5% of the total temperature difference. These images represent a two-dimensional slice through a complex three-dimensional flow, allowing for thermal structure of the turbulence to be quantified. Statistics such as the horizontally averaged temperature profile, root-mean square (rms) temperature fluctuation, two-point spatial correlations, and conditionally averaged plume structures are computed from an ensemble of 100 temperature images. The profiles of the mean temperature and rms temperature fluctuation are in good agreement with previously published data, and the results obtained from the two-point spatial correlations and conditionally averaged temperature fields show the importance of large-scale coherent structures in this turbulent flow.     

Numerical investigation of roll convection stability

This study is devoted to the mathematical modeling of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a rectangular cavity with rigid boundaries. The stability of the roll motion induced by an initial disturbance of special form is studied on the basis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional calculations. Different patterns of flow restructuring with respect to the wavenumber are analyzed on the Rayleigh number range Ra = 1708–7000 for the Prandtl numbers Pr = 1 and 0.71.     

Effects of Time-Periodic Thermal Boundary Conditions and Internal Heating on Heat Transport in a Porous Medium

The effects of time-periodic boundary temperatures and internal heating on Nusselt number in the Bénard–Darcy convective problem has been considered. The amplitudes of temperature modulation at the lower and upper surfaces are considered to be very small. By performing a weakly non-linear stability analysis, the Nusselt number is obtained in terms of the amplitude of convection, which is governed by the non-autonomous Ginzburg–Landau equation, derived for the stationary mode of convection. The effects of internal Rayleigh number, amplitude and frequency of modulation, thermo-mechanical anisotropies, and Vadasz number on heat transport have been analyzed and depicted graphically. Increasing values of internal Rayleigh number results in the enhancement of heat transport in the system. Further, the study establishes that the heat transport can be controlled effectively by a mechanism that is external to the system.