铜洗高负荷运行带铜液及铜耗高浅析

分析了铜洗系统高负荷运行条件下带铜液、铜耗高的原因。     

铜塔带液的原因分析及处理

本文介绍了因碳铵添加剂引起铜塔带液的过程和机理分析,并提出了铜塔带液的处理措施。     

铜液表面张力的测定

多年来 ,我公司合成氨系统通过测定铜泵入口铜液中的 Cu2 +、TCu、 THAc、 TNH3 、铜液残渣 ,来控制铜液质量。 1 995年曾一度因铜液质量问题导致铜塔带液 ,阻力大 ,以至于不能正常生产 ,长达 2个多月。阻力大是因铜液残渣严重超标 ,通过活性炭过滤或其他机械过滤可以消除 ,而铜塔带液原因一直未能查清。在此期间 ,铜液中其他成分未发生变化 ,为了给工艺操作提供更有效的数据 ,笔者经过实验、查资料 ,决定通过测定铜液表面张力的变化 ,来分析铜液的质量。1　原　理　　采用最大气泡法测定铜液的表面张力 ,测定装置如图 1。图 1　铜液表…     

铜液中碳酸丙烯酯分析方法

铜液中碳酸丙烯酯分析方法宋世新（柳州化肥厂检验科）我厂于１９８５年采用碳酸丙烯醋法脱碳，投运初期曾因操作不当使工艺气体中夹带的碳酸丙烯酯（简称碳丙，＊Ｃ）带到铜洗工序，造成铜波起泡、带液，甚至微量高，使生产波动甚至停车。因此，需要配合生产对铜液中碳丙...     

关于铜洗塔带液事故的分析与处理

在处理铜洗塔带液的过程中,发现当铜液中碳酸丙烯酯超过一定值时,铜洗塔便发生带液。本文对其进行理论分析并提出解决办法。     

铜液中泡沫高度的测定

合成氨系统中因铜液质量问题导致铜塔带液，阻力大，从而影响正常生产，通过测定铜液的泡沫高度可有效监控铜液质量，本文主要介绍了泡沫高度产生的原因，测定所使用的仪器装置以及具体操作步骤，并从长期的分析结果中证明了此方法的可行性。     

关于铜液喷射器的设计,安装及使用

1 前言 小氮肥厂的铜液喷射器具有装置轻巧、构造简单,使用方便等优点。生产中它自吸铜液再生需用的空气,从而停开小空压机,达到节电的目的。在停用了空压机后,就杜绝了因压缩空气带油而造成的对铜液成份的污染。铜液由原来的空气鼓泡氧化,变成自吸空气氧化,减少了鼓泡过程中的氨和醋酸的损耗。     

用铜泥制铜液的工艺

本文介绍了回收铜洗工序中的沉淀铜泥,並制备成铜液,重新用于铜洗中,取得了较好的经济效益。     

精炼工段防止铜液沉淀降低铜耗浅析

本文介绍了合成氨精炼工段防止钢液沉淀降低铜耗的分析以及改进以后产生的效果。在小氮肥厂的生产过程中,原料气的精制大多采用醋酸铜氨液洗涤法。铜液在吸收与再生操作过程中,由于多     

提高铜液中醋酸含量增强铜液的吸收能力

铜洗工艺是合成氯生产中清除一氧化碳典型的净化方法,其工艺是成熟的。铜液中醋酸含量的控制,一般是醋酸比总铜高10％,以维持铜液成份的稳定,保证铜液的     

空分装置生产中几个异常现象原因分析

通过对大量数据的统计、对比、分析阐述了空分装置主换热器异常的现象、发展过程及原因;通过对分子筛床层阻力的计算、分析给予曾过水的分子筛以定性,指导了检修工作。     

Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Tropfenmitriss im Feedeinleitbereich von Destillationskolonnen

In this paper, experimental investigations on droplet separation in the feed inlet area of a distillation column are presented. For this purpose, the qualitative entrainment for different droplet separators of a distillation column was measured qualitatively in a pilot scale test rig. The results are discussed and evaluated in this paper with respect to their significance for the prevention of entrainment in the feed section. In addition, a short outlook on simulation-based determination of entrainment is given.     

Prediction of solids circulation patterns in a spouted bed

Several models (including that of an inviscid fluid, that of a Coulomb plastic with and without the condition of coaxiality, and one which is purely kinematic) have been applied to the annular region of a spouted bed in an attempt to determine the streamlines of the solids flow. Assuming uniform entrainment into the spout, each model can give essentially the same solution (to within a multiplicative constant, the total solids circulation rate G_s) which is in qualitative agreement with data taken on a half-bed using stroboscopic photography. If, however, much of the entrainment occurs at the bottom of the spout, the plastic models predict unrealistically oscillatory solutions, while the kinematic and ideal fluid models predict smooth and almost identical solutions.     

The onset of droplet entrainment in annular downward flows

The point of onset of large disturbance waves and droplet entrapment has been determined for the annular downward flow of air-water mixtures in a 24 mm ID tube. Experimental results are in a good qualitative agreement with the previous work by Webb and Hewitt¹. These results indicate that

• 1 the critical gas velocity at the onset of entrainment is lower than the value predicted by available correlations
• 2 the critical gas velocity continuously decreases at increasing the liquid Reynolds number
• 3 below a liquid Reynolds number of 270 no entrainment occurs even at gas velocities as high as 80 m/sec

A correlation for the critical gas velocity which is based on a simple physical model of atomization, is also proposed.     

筛板喷射工况下的雾沫夹带

以空气／水为物系，对筛板上泡沫和喷射两种工况下的雾沫夹带进行了实验测量，依据喷射工况下雾沫夹带量随气液流量变化的规律，提出了喷射强度的概念及其定量表示，发现喷射工况存在一般喷射和强烈喷射两个状态，并对一般喷射状态下的雾沫夹带进行了新法关联。     

Impact of weir design on entrained liquid in tray columns

Malfunction of the counter-current flow inside tray columns by entrainment of the liquid phase to higher stages depends on operation parameters but also internal design. The article covers the impact of weir design in terms of triangular notched and picket fence weirs on entrainment above sieve trays. A capture tray enables collection and weighing of the entrained liquid, while an image-based measurement technique additionally observes the respective droplet regime. Experimental results identify lower entrainment rates in case of advancing weir heights and use of a picket fence design. Still, tray designers should preset the desired operation range, as advancing weir heights and picket fence design limit the liquid tray capacity. Furthermore, image analysis enables an extrapolation of the locally detected liquid to an integral entrainment rate for comparison with the conservative capture tray method, as calculated entrainment correlations do not meet the experimental data at each operating point.     

液化石油气球罐裂纹成因分析与讨论

对两台1500m3液化石油气球罐在用检验中所发现裂纹的成因进行了分析。有限元应力计算和X射线衍射残余应力测试表明,球罐赤道环焊缝位置存在较高的工作应力和焊接残余应力;对典型裂纹中夹杂物能谱分析表明,这些夹杂物是焊渣;在分析球罐现场组焊焊接工艺的基础上,得出焊缝裂纹主要是由于焊接工艺不当所致,进而提出了修复方案。     

Φ500甲醇合成装置生产中“带醇”问题的处理

针对合成氨转产甲醇后,合成装置生产中发生的“带醇”问题,通过分析、总结,对工艺流程和分离内件结构等进行改进,较好地解决了“带醇”问题,取得了满意的效果。     

The S-statistic as an early warning of entrainment in a fluidized bed dryer containing pharmaceutical granule

The chaotic attractor comparison technique known as the S-statistic has been applied to pressure fluctuation data collected in a lab-scale fluidized bed dryer containing pharmaceutical granule. Along with pressure fluctuations, this unit has also been instrumented for measurements of bed temperature and fines entrainment. It has been determined that an increase in bed temperature, corresponding to the loss of granule surface moisture, occurs simultaneously with the onset of entrainment at a granule moisture content of approximately 11 wt.%. The S-statistic analysis is able to give an early warning of the undesirable hydrodynamic state where entrainment occurs provided an appropriate reference state is chosen. When a reference state of 10 wt.% moisture was chosen, a statistically similar hydrodynamic state was identified by the S-statistic occurring 8–9 min prior to the onset of entrainment, thus providing an early warning of this change. The monitoring of bed temperature alone provides no such early warning that entrainment is imminent. With further development, the S-statistic could become a valuable monitoring and control tool for the drying of granular material.     

筛板雾沫夹带二维分布的研究

在直径1.2m的筛板试验塔上,以空气—水为介质,采用捕集称重法,对塔板雾沫夹带分布状况进行了测定;并用正交多项式回归方法,拟合得到二维雾沫夹带不均匀分布函数;文中运用二维定数混合池模型,计算并讨论了雾沫夹带分布对塔板效率的影响.