葡萄籽油毒性评价的研究

目的检测葡萄籽油的生物安全性。方法对葡萄籽油样品进行小鼠急性毒性试验和小鼠遗传毒性试验。结果小鼠急性和遗传毒性测试均为阴性。对大鼠喂养30天的试验表明，在试验期内个试验组动物生长发育良好，动物体重、食物利用率、血常规、血生化、脏器系数等各项指标均在正常值范围内，与对照组之间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。病理组织学检查无异常。结论表明该物质对大鼠各项观察指标未产生明显毒性作用。     

新型烟草制品毒理学评价研究进展

为了解新型烟草制品的健康风险评估进展,对加热非燃烧型烟草制品、无烟气烟草制品和电子烟三类新型烟草制品的毒理学评价研究进行了综述。临床前毒理学评价是新型烟草制品健康风险评估程序中一个重要组成部分。1碳加热型和电加热型卷烟的毒理学评价方法包括细菌致突变试验、染色体畸变分析、姊妹染色单体交换试验、细胞毒性试验、DNA损伤分析、胞内相关酶分析等体外试验,以及皮肤涂抹致肿瘤、烟气吸入动物模型实验。加热非燃烧型卷烟的毒性低于传统卷烟。2无烟气烟草制品的毒理学评价方法包括Ames试验、细胞毒性试验、细胞增殖试验、细胞凋亡试验、染色体畸变分析、姊妹染色体交换试验、微核分析等体外测试,以及动物模型实验。无烟气烟草制品对人体健康有不利影响。3电子烟临床前毒理学评价研究较少。因此,发展一系列适合不同类型烟草制品的体外、体内毒理学测试方法,科学、客观、全面地评价新型烟草制品的健康影响,将成为我国烟草相关风险评估工作的重要内容之一。     

斑马鱼在农药安全评价中的应用

主要介绍了斑马鱼的概况及其在有机氯农药、有机磷农药及杀菌剂类农药安全评价中的应用。斑马鱼作为实验模型动物,广泛应用在胚胎发育、疾病模型、药物筛选以及环境监测等方面。近年来,随着对斑马鱼了解的日趋深入,其在农药安全及环境保护中的应用也越来越被人们重视。     

Chronic toxicological evaluation of dietary NovaSil Clay in Sprague-Dawley rats

NovaSil (NS) clay, a common anti-caking agent in animal feeds, has been shown to sorb aflatoxins in the GI tract and diminish their bioavailability and adverse effects in short-term animal studies. Based on this evidence, it is hypothesized that clay-based enterosorption of aflatoxins may be a useful strategy for the prevention of aflatoxicosis in human populations. However, the potential toxicity of long-term dietary exposure to NS has not been determined. In this research, 5-6-week-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed rations containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% (w/w) levels of NS for 28 weeks. Analysis of the NS showed negligible levels of dioxin and furan contaminants. Total feed consumption, cumulative feed consumption, body weight, total body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, cumulative feed conversion efficiency, and relative organ weights were unaffected in either sex at the doses tested. No NS-dependent differences in relative organ weights or gross or histopathological changes were observed. Analysis of hematological parameters, clinical chemistry, and selected vitamin and mineral levels revealed isolated significant differences between some treatments and control groups (mean corpuscular hemoglobin, serum Ca, serum vitamin A, and serum Fe). However, the differences observed in each case were not dose-dependent. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of NS at levels as high as 2.0% (w/w) does not result in overt toxicity. These findings (as well as others) support the use of NS clay for dietary intervention studies in human populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis.     

莓茶乙醇提取物的急性毒性研究

对莓荼乙醇提取物的急性毒性进行研究.取Wistar大鼠40只,清洁级,随机分为2组,每组20只,雌雄各半,以最大耐受量法灌胃给予受试样品组大鼠最大使用浓度和最大灌胃容量的莓茶乙醇提取物,1天2次(相隔4h),连续观察14d.结果表明,受试样品组大鼠毛色,皮肤,粘膜,眼睛,呼吸,循环,自主活动及中枢神经系统、行为表现等均与阴性对照组大鼠无明显差别,整个试验期内无大鼠死亡,莓茶乙醇提取物大鼠口服灌胃的最大耐受量为10.0g/kg大鼠体重;对所有试验大鼠进行大体解剖,组织器官未见有颜色、体积、质地等改变,说明莓荼乙醇提取物的毒性很小,具有较好的食用安全性.     

Analysis of chemical compounds and toxicological evaluation of Forsythia suspensa leaves tea

To determine the compositions of Forsythia suspensa leaves tea (FSLT) and its safety, the chemical compounds were analysed with some methods, and the toxicity was evaluated in Kunming mice and Wistar rats. The results showed that FSLT contained rich flavonoid, lignans, triperpene acids, amino acids, and mineral elements. In the acute toxicity study, none of the mice died, and no obvious poisoning symptoms were observed after 14 days in mice at the dose of 15 mg/g·body weight (bw) FSLT; in the sub-chronic toxicity, no abnormal or dead rat was found at the dose of 1, 3, and 10 mg/g·bw during 90 days feeding administration; there was no significant difference in bw and food consumption; no significant differences were found in each hematology and serum biochemistry parameter and organ/body weight ratio comparing with the control experimental group. The results revealed that the FSLT has low or no toxicity via oral administration. Therefore, FSLT is very suitable and safe to be used as a new resource food.     

Migration of plasticisers from Tritan™ and polycarbonate bottles and toxicological evaluation

This study is aimed to compare Tritan™ and polycarbonate (PC) from a point of view of migration of monomers and additives and toxicological evaluation. Migration assays were performed according with Commission Regulation (UE) No. 10/2011. Samples were incubated at 40 °C for three consecutive periods of 10 days. Identification and quantification of the compounds intended to migrate was done using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in scan mode. Compounds identified in Tritan™ were 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), benzylbuthyl phthalate (BBP) and dimethyl isophthalate (DMIP) at levels from 0.027 ± 0.002 to 0.961 ± 0.092 μg/kg, although in the 3rd migration period, BBP and DMIP were the only compounds detected well below the specific migration limit. On the other hand, BPA was the only compound detected in PC polymers at a mean concentration of 0.748 μg/kg. In vitro bioassays for (anti)estrogenic, (anti)androgenic as well as retinoic acid- and vitamin D-like activity were negative for Tritan™ and PC migrates. BPA and DMIP were estrogenic in high concentrations. Exposure of the estrogen-sensitive molluskan sentinel Potamopyrgus antipodarum confirmed the estrogenic activity of BPA in vivo at 30 μg/L.     

Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of ‘black tip’ rice

A popular newly introduced rice variety Phalguna (RP 6–17) was found to be susceptible to the development of black colour at the tip of the grains. On parboiling the paddy, the degree of discoloration intensified and occasionally even the entire kernels were found to be discoloured. In the affected grains the breakages during milling were considerably higher than the unaffected grains. There was not much difference between the nutrient composition of the black tip and normal grains. However, contents of iron and free sugar were found to be higher in black tip grains than that in normal grains. A positive correlation between extent of discoloration of the grains and the glucosamine content was observed suggesting that this criterion could be used as an index of fungal contamination. Species of Alternaria and Curvularia were found to be more predominant in black tip raw rice than normal raw rice. Acute toxicity studies in chicks and ducklings and short-term toxicity studies in rats did not indicate ill effects.     

汉莲牌红曲灵芝丹参胶囊的动物毒理学 安全性评价研究

目的对汉莲牌红曲灵芝丹参胶囊的服用安全性开展毒理学研究。方法按照国家标准要求和相关规定,首先进行小鼠急性毒性试验,采用最大给药量实验法(maximum tolerated dose,MTD),然后进行遗传性毒性试验,包括Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验,最后进行大鼠30 d喂养实验来评价其毒理学安全性,以2670.0、2002.5、1335.0 mg/kg·bw三个剂量,观察大鼠体重、增重量、进食量、食物利用率、血常规等指标的变化。结果给最大给药量(30000 mg/kg)的样品灌胃后,未见中毒症状,无动物死亡;Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验3项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性;30 d喂养试验发现,与对照组相比,各剂量组大鼠的各项指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本品在本实验范围内无毒,无遗传性产品,可以作为降血脂保健食品用于人体。     

Ivermectin residues in the edible tissues of swine and cattle: effect of cooking and toxicological evaluation

Young male pigs (25-40 kg bw) were treated experimentally with a single 0.4 mg/kg bw, s.c. dose of ivermectin (Ivomec vet. inj., MSD). The disappearance of the drug from the edible tissues 7-21 days after treatment was studied using a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The highest residue levels were found at the injection site (up to 59 and 2.6 mg/kg 7 and 14 days post-injection, respectively). Among the other tissues studied, the residue levels 7 days post-injection showed the following order: liver (less than or equal to 50 micrograms/kg) greater than kidney (less than or equal to 25 micrograms/kg) greater than muscle (less than or equal to 20 micrograms/kg). After 21 days only traces of ivermectin (less than or equal to 2 micrograms/kg) could be detected in the muscle and other edible tissues, including the injection site. Similar residue concentrations were found in slaughterhouse material from sows therapeutically treated with ivermectin for parasite infestation. An ordinary culinary preparation of the minced beef muscle from a bull treated with ivermectin resulted in a 45% (boiling) or 50% (frying) decrease in the drug residue. Based on the known toxic effects of the drug and the results of the present and other residue studies, the suggested withdrawal time for Ivomec in edible tissues of swine and cattle is 21 and 28 days, respectively.     

Chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil

The chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil have been investigated in order to determine the possibility of using them for human and/or animal consumption. Proximate analysis showed that the seeds had high amount of carbohydrate and were rich in oil (21.68 ± 6.18%) but have a low protein content. The physical properties of the oil extracts showed the state to be liquid at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C) and the colour of the oil golden-orange. The specific gravity of the oil was 0.98 ± 0.01. Among the chemical properties of the oil extracts, acid value, saponification number, iodine value, percent free fatty acid and peroxide value compared well with those of conventional edible oils. The seed flour was found to be a good source of minerals. It contained considerable amounts of potassium (7071 mg/kg), magnesium (865 mg/kg) and calcium (454 mg/kg). Fatty acid composition of the seed oil indicated that the oil contained one essential fatty acids small proportions: linoleic acid (1.30%). The most prevalent fatty acids were palmitic acid (49.5%) and oleic acid (34.0%). Weanling albino rats appeared to suffer no toxicological effects when fed with G. mangostana seed oil in their diet for 8 weeks. Weekly monitoring of the rats showed good physical appearance and steady weight increase. Histological examination of sections of the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and lung revealed that the kidney of some of the rats had some degrees of pathology which included diffuse glomerular and tubular degeneration. No lesion was found in the heart and liver of the rats. The seed oil could be useful as an edible oil and for industrial applications.     

Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of wheat grown on soils with or without fly ash treatment

BACKGROUND: Fly ash disposal has recently posed a huge environmental problem due to storage, apart from apprehension about possible contamination of soil, crop produce and ground water with toxic trace and heavy metal and radio nuclides. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate nutritional and toxicological aspects of wheat grown on soils treated with fly ash. Wheat was grown on soils with fly ash (200 t ha^?1) and without fly ash at two different geographical locations in India. One kilogram each of 36 samples randomly collected from three replicates of wheat grown with and without fly ash were subjected to various analytical techniques to determine the nutrient composition, mineral, trace element and heavy metal content. Furthermore, wheat grown on soils treated with fly ash was also incorporated into the diet at 90% level, fed as a feed for 26 weeks to Wistar/NIN rats for protein and toxicological evaluation. RESULTS: Moisture, protein and ash content of wheat samples showed no difference between fly ash treated and controls. Similar observations were also seen with trace and heavy elements. CONCLUSION: Results indicated there is no difference between wheat samples grown in soils with fly ash and without fly ash. Studies also clearly indicated that there are no adverse effects on haematological, biochemical or histopathological parameters when wheat was fed to rats for 6 months. This indicates that wheat grown on fly ash treated soils may be safe for human consumption. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

菜籽油和辛酸酶法合成结构脂质的毒理学评价研究

研究菜籽油和辛酸酶法合成的结构脂质(SLs)的食用安全性,为其成为新资源食品原料提供科学依据。通过小鼠的急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠精子畸形试验),对菜籽油和辛酸酶法合成的SLs的毒性进行评价。结果表明,急性毒性试验中,小鼠对SLs的经口最大耐受量(MTD)大于20.46 g/kg bw,表明该结构脂质属无毒级;遗传毒性试验结果均显示为阴性,表明该结构脂质无遗传毒性。菜籽油和辛酸酶法合成的结构脂质属于无毒级食品且未显示有遗传毒性作用。     

Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) biomass and a yeast protein concentrate

Brewer's yeast was prepared by alkaline treatment for debittering, cell wall rupture and dehydration by spray drying. Yeast protein concentrate was prepared by centrifugation of the ruptured cell suspension, treatment of the supernatant with sodium perchlorate, precipitation of the protein at isoelectric pH (4.2) and neutralisation of the isoelectric protein to pH 6.5 with sodium hydroxide, prior to lyophylisation. Chemical characterisation was performed on the biomass and protein concentrate. Amino acid scores were 98.1 and 87.2% for the whole biomass and protein concentrate respectively, based on available lysine and compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU reference standard. The growth‐promoting property of the yeast biomass protein was roughly 85% of casein and was significantly better than for the yeast protein concentrate. No difference in growth was found between 15 and 30% dietary protein for all three sources, ie casein, whole yeast biomass and yeast protein concentrate. When tested for subchronical toxicity at 15 and 30% protein concentration, no evidence of toxicity was found for the whole yeast biomass, compared with casein, after 45 and 90 days of feeding. Retarded growth and discrete liver steatosis were observed in rats fed the yeast protein concentrate at both dietary levels. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

三聚氰酸毒理学研究进展

三聚氰酸是三聚氰胺的同类物,它与三聚氰胺在一定条件下形成结晶,在人和动物体内这种结晶易于对膀胱和肾脏造成损伤.本文对三聚氰酸的毒理学安全性资料(包括代谢、急性毒性、遗传毒性、亚慢性毒性、慢性毒性和致癌性)、与三聚氰胺的联合作用以及人群可能暴露水平进行综述.     

Is the variational scope of individual sensitivity given enough consideration in evaluation of risks caused by toxicological substances in food?

The contemporary concept of evaluation of risks with humans caused by xenobiotics in food is critically reviewed. In this context it is pointed out that epidemiologic studies, in most cases, give little reliable evidence only. Mankind's risk factors are of a multi-dimensional composition, depending on genetic aspects and the differring health and nutrition statuses of the individuals. This leads to an enormously wide scope of variations in the individual sensitivity to xenobiotics. Contemporary knowledge leaves the question open, whether predisposed population groups are always sufficiently protected by the level of the permissible amount of xenobiotics.