镍基单晶合金切口圆棒试样三维晶体弹塑性应力场的数值模拟

建立了镍基单晶切口试样的三维晶体弹塑性有限元模型,研究了不同尺寸的"U"型和"V"型切口试样的应力分布和滑移系开动特性,给出了八面体分切应力沿切口截面径向和周向的分布情况.结果表明切口尺寸对分切应力有显著影响:对于这两种类型切口,随着切口半径的减小,最大分切应力增加,并且切口半径越小,分切应力沿切口截面周向波动的幅度越大;相应的开动滑移系也不同.     

NiCrFe焊缝金属的晶界形貌和晶界MC碳化物对局部变形行为的影响

采用晶体塑性有限元方法研究了NiCrFe焊缝金属中晶界形貌和晶界MC碳化物对局部变形行为的影响。结果表明,试样中的弯曲晶界促进其周围基体中滑移系的开动,进而促进塑性变形均匀分布。由于晶界碳化物MC与基体的临界分剪切应力和硬化行为的差异显著,碳化物承担较高的应力而发生较小的塑性变形。碳化物与基体界面处不连续的应力分布加剧了二者变形的不协调性,使裂纹在MC与基体界面处萌生。焊缝金属中的弯曲晶界和晶界碳化物MC,对高温失塑裂纹的作用相反。为了降低高温失塑的影响,在工程实践中应该在尽量减少MC的情况下得到弯曲晶界。     

不同取向DD3单晶合金扩散连接接头组织及性能

采用D1F非晶态箔中间层合金对0°+30°,0°+60°取向组合的DD3单晶合金试样进行了TLP扩散焊,研究了被焊单晶合金试样相互之间的取向对接头组织和性能的影响.结果表明:当被焊二母材取向不一致时,由于在焊缝中央存在较大块状γ′相组成的界面,且此界面与外加应力方向垂直,是高温应力作用下的薄弱环节,从而使接头持久性能明...     

Ti_3C_2/Cu(Al)金属陶瓷的无焊料氩弧焊接

采用氩气保护无焊料电弧焊接方法,实现了以Ti3AlC2和Cu为原料反应复合的Ti3C2/Cu(Al)金属陶瓷材料之间的牢固连接.研究了在氩气保护下焊接电流、拉弧时间和接合压力的施加条件,并对焊缝及其影响区的显微组织进行了观察和分析.结果表明:在适当的焊接电流、拉弧时间和接合压力下,焊接面之间形成了良好的熔合,焊缝及影响区的致密度显著增大.在较低的Ti3C2陶瓷相含量情况下,焊缝区的Ti3C2相形态没有显著变化,焊接件的三点弯曲强度达到母材强度的110%,断裂大多发生在焊缝及其影响区之外.在较高的Ti3C2陶瓷相含量情况下,焊缝区内Ti3C2颗粒明显变细,形成细小的Ti3C2颗粒均匀弥散于Cu(Al)合金网络结构的特殊显微形貌,焊接件的三点弯曲强度达到母材强度的93%,断裂基本发生在焊缝或影响区与母材的交界处附近.     

AZ31B镁合金TIG焊接件应力腐蚀性能研究

为了研究AZ31B镁合金钨极氩弧焊接件应力腐蚀性能,室温下采用三点加载的方式,在去离子水中对试样进行应力腐蚀试验。利用光学显微镜(OM)观测试样微观结构,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测应力腐蚀断口,利用X-350A型X射线应力仪和CHI660B型电化学工作站分别测定试样表面残余应力和动电位极化曲线。试验结果表明:采用单面焊双面成型工艺,在45～50A的焊接电流及合适的焊接速度条件下,焊接2.2mm厚AZ31B镁合金薄板时,钨极氩弧焊能够获得理想的焊接接头,抗拉强度达到209MPa;焊接件热影响区表面残余拉应力为60MPa;同母材相比,焊接件自腐蚀电位减小27mV,腐蚀电流增大了41.4%,从而增加焊接件腐蚀倾向;AZ31B焊接件在去离子水中浸没192h后出现应力腐蚀开裂,属于穿晶型脆性断裂,这表明AZ31B镁合金焊接件在去离子水中具有很高的应力腐蚀敏感性。     

电脉冲辅助超声冲击技术对焊缝残余应力及显微硬度的影响

焊接结构件中存在焊接残余应力,使得焊接构件在使用过程中容易发生断裂,缩短构件的使用寿命.以D36钢焊缝为研究对象,使用电脉冲辅助超声冲击技术处理D36钢焊接件,研究了电脉冲辅助超声冲击技术对焊缝残余应力和显微硬度的影响.研究结果表明:电脉冲辅助超声冲击技术在适当的电流密度和处理时间下消除焊接残余应力和表面强化的作用优于传统的单一超声冲击技术,不仅能够比单一超声冲击技术降低焊缝的残余应力最多达23 MPa,提高焊缝表层的最大硬度达109HV,同时增加强化层深度最多达250μm.     

316L不锈钢焊接接头高温低周期疲劳显微结构变化和断裂特征

本研究对316L奥氏体不锈钢母材和焊缝分别进行高温低周疲劳试验,对试样的微观结构和裂纹扩展形貌进行观察,分析母材和焊缝在高温低周疲劳循环应力响应下的位错结构和损伤机制。结果表明,316L奥氏体不锈钢母材在试验过程中由于位错增殖和位错湮灭导致发生循环硬化和循环稳定,在焊缝中由于位错湮灭导致发生循环软化。母材和焊缝在连续低周疲劳试验中裂纹主要以穿晶方式扩展,焊接接头处孔洞的连接是最终导致焊接接头疲劳断裂的主要机制。     

铜三晶体的循环形变行为及位错组态

采用逐级增幅方法研究了「０１１」同轴铜三晶体及一种非同轴取向平行三晶交线铜三晶体的循环形变行为,并观察了三晶交点和晶界附近的位错组态。为了对比,也研究了两种取向三晶体的组元晶粒双晶体和单晶体试样的循环形变行为。对于「００１」同轴取向平行三晶交线三晶体及其组元双晶体和单晶体,其循环硬化曲线几乎重合,其循环饱和应力应变曲线（ＣＳＳＣ）也相差不大,由于各滑移系之间的位错反应生成Ｌｏｍｅｒ－Ｃｏｔｔｅｌ锁,阻碍位错运动,所以三晶交线和晶界对轴向饱和应力几乎没有强化作用。对于「００１」取向晶体,在（００１）观察面上,可以看到很多较短的一段一段的位错墙结构,各段之间互不连通,这是各滑移系之间的错反应强烈,生成不动的位错锁的结果。这也是三晶交线和晶界无明显强化作用的原因。对于非同轴取向铜三体及组元晶粒双晶体、单晶体的循环形变     

高强钢低匹配焊接接头应用性能研究

本文采用低匹配焊条材料焊接了高强度钢材,对其焊接接头硬度、强度、抗弯性能、韧性和抗爆性能进行了综合试验研究,研究结果表明,对于屈服强度高达1,000 MPa的钢,其低匹配焊接接头如果采用常规焊缝余高控制工艺,将出现以下不利状况:(1)无余高焊缝金属承受横向拉应力,在母材及HAZ拘束下首先屈服时,发生低延性破坏;(2)有余高焊接接头在弯曲应力及弯曲、拉伸复合作用下,焊接接头易出现焊缝首先塑变破裂的低应力失效现象。其根本原因为焊接接头软质焊缝区塑性变形抗力的不足。此类破坏发生时,钢板尚未充分塑性变形,从承受应力水平和吸收能量能力来看,这将导致焊接接头系统的服役能力大为降低,因此提高低匹配焊接接头焊缝区塑性变形抗力变得极为重要。利用第三强度理论分析了低匹配焊接接头变形特点,并进行了此类接头焊缝余高的特殊设计,获得和传统等强匹配等效的焊接接头,即在服役状态下,确保焊缝金属不先于母材发生塑变集中而失效。     

气膜孔分布对DD6单晶高温合金持久性能及断裂行为的影响

研究在980℃/300MPa条件下不同气膜孔分布对DD6单晶气冷叶片模拟试样持久性能及断裂行为的影响。结果表明:在相同的温度和应力条件下,气膜孔的分布是影响模拟试样持久寿命的主要因素;随着气膜孔排数的增加,持久寿命呈规律性下降,而带1排孔、2排孔试样的持久寿命与不带孔的持久寿命略长。通过断口微观和金相组织观察发现,不带孔试样的断裂方式为微孔聚集型断裂,断口上分布着大量方形小平面特征,断口附近纵剖面上可见明显的心部裂纹;而带气膜孔试样的持久变形主要出现在气膜孔区域,断口整体氧化较严重,方形小平面特征减少,韧窝特征明显增加,断口附近纵剖面上气膜孔处均可见裂纹及氧化形貌。基于晶体塑性理论分析了不同孔分布下孔边应力的分布规律,模拟结果显示在气膜孔周边存在应力集中和应力重分布,数值模拟分析结果与试样的断裂位置及形貌吻合。     

Antiphase Boundary Strengthening in a Single Crystal Nickel—base Superalloy

An investigation has been made into strengthening mechanism in a single crystal nickel-base superalloy DD8 by transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the stress rupture strength of the alloy increases with decreasing misfit, and the antiphase boundaries (APBs) formed in the ordered γ' phase, rather than the misfits, play a dominate role in strengthening of the single crystal Ni-base superalloy DD8. There are three kinds of mechanisms for forming the APBs which were observed in the present materials. One is mis-arrangement of the local ordered atoms in the γ' precipitates due to the local strain; the second arises from the 1/2<110> dislocations cutting into the γ', and the third is the formation of the APBs induced by the 1/2<110> matrix dislocation network. The contribution of the antiphase boundary energy to the strength of the alloy can be expressed by: where τ is the resistance to deformation provided by the APB energy; S is the long-range order degree in γ'; Tc is the transition     

Investigation on crystallographic behaviors of nickel‐base single crystal alloy cooling holes with different spanwise injection angles

Film cooling as an important thermal protection technology is widely used in aviation and ground gas turbine blades. But film cooling holes reduce the strength of blade seriously, which have become a key region of crack nucleation. In this paper, the plastic behaviors of nickel‐base single crystal alloy turbine cooling holes in spanwise injection angles range from 0° to 40° are investigated on basis of crystallographic constitutive theory. The results show that there are both higher stress regions and lower stress regions around multi‐column cooling holes, where suffer stress interference. The maximum Mises stress occurs at the hole in the center column. The places where the maximum resolved shear stresses occurs change with load and spanwise injection angle. The maximum Mises stress around holes with injection angle of 0° is lowest. With the injection angle increases, the maximum Mises stress increases until injection angles up to 30°. In all the slip systems, the resolved shear stress of hexahedral slip system is most sensitive to the changing of spanwise injection angle and load.     

The influence of crystal orientations on fatigue life of single crystal cooled turbine blade

A method based on the orthotropic elastic finite element analysis (FEA) has been presented to analyze the fatigue life of cooled turbine blades made of nickel-based single crystal superalloy (SC). Special attention was put on the influence of the crystallographic orientations on the strength and fatigue life of SC cooled turbine blades. It is shown that, due to the influence of the temperature distribution and complexity of cooling tunnel, the place of the maximum resolved shear stress in the blade is not corresponding to the most dangerous place, where results in the minimum fatigue life. For the SC cooled turbine blades studied in the paper, as the same of the most commercial SC blades in the world market, the axial direction is cast to [0 0 1] crystallographic orientation within 15° deviation, and the other two directions are in random. It is found that the randomness of the two directions has only limited influence on the distributions of Mises stress and the maximum resolved shear stress in the blade. But the deviation of the axial direction of the blade has obvious influence on the stress distribution, and the influence of the deviation and randomness orientations on the fatigue life is also obvious. Finally, the benefit of the optimization of the crystallographic orientations of SC cooled turbine blades on the fatigue life is highlighted.     

DD6单晶高温合金振动疲劳性能及断裂机理

研究[001]取向的DD6单晶高温合金的室温振动疲劳S-N曲线,并获得了其室温振动疲劳极限。利用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、背散射衍射等手段对DD6单晶高温合金振动疲劳断裂机制进行分析。结果表明:采用S-N法估算得到的[001]取向的DD6单晶高温合金室温振动疲劳极限约为337.5MPa。振动疲劳裂纹断口呈现单个或多个沿{111}晶体学扩展平面组成的形貌特征,断口上分为疲劳源区和疲劳扩展区两个阶段,裂纹在应力最大截面处的表面或内部缺陷处萌生,呈单源特征,疲劳扩展区呈现类解理断裂特征,未出现典型的疲劳条带特征。说明沿{111}晶面滑移是DD6单晶高温合金室温振动疲劳断裂的主要变形机制,断口上的类解理扩展平面以及微观上类解理花样是DD6单晶高温合金室温振动疲劳断裂的主要特征。     

Low cycle fatigue modeling for nickel-based single crystal superalloy

The low cycle fatigue (LCF) characteristics of nickel-based single crystal (SC) superalloy have been experimentally and numerically investigated. The effects of crystallographic orientation, load ratio and stress concentration are studied. In order to model the effect of crystallographic orientation, a new orientation factor, which is relevant to the yield strength, is constructed. On the other hand, a new asymmetrical loading factor is introduced to describe the effect of load ratio. The LCF model for SC superalloy smooth specimen is established with these new damage parameters. The effect of the strain gradient on the LCF life of SC superalloy is further studied, which is applied to the evaluation of the LCF life of SC superalloy notched specimen. The LCF model proposed is validated by the experimental data of SC superalloy DD3 and PWA1480.     

Plastic deformation of copper thin foils

According to one suggested model, bending of a single crystal introduces edge dislocations of the same sign. In the present study, this model is examined by computer simulation using molecular dynamics. When a notch is present on the tension surface, Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations are created near the tip of the notch. In the compression surface, partial dislocations are created due to wrinkling of the crystal plane. The results of simulation shows that dislocations are more easily created in a compressive bending region than in a tension bending region or simple tension region. For shear deformation, partial dislocations are created on the highest resolved shear stress slip plane {1 1 1} and slip in the direction of highest resolved shear stress.     

喷丸对DD6单晶高温合金拉伸性能的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线(X-ray)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段研究铸钢丸喷丸对第二代单晶高温合金DD6在500,600,650℃拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:500,600,650℃时,喷丸对DD6合金抗拉强度影响不大,略微提高屈服强度,显著降低伸长率和断面收缩率。喷丸DD6合金在流变应力上升到最高点后断裂,试样拉伸断裂后的横截面为圆形;未喷丸DD6合金拉伸曲线呈现双重阶段特征,试样拉伸断裂后的横截面为椭圆形。     

Slip behaviour near a grain boundary in high-cycle fatigue of poly-crystal copper

In order to investigate the characteristic slip behaviour near a grain boundary in high‐cycle fatigue, a high‐cycle fatigue test is carried out using a copper poly‐crystal specimen, which consists of several tens of grains. Seventeen persistent slip bands (PSBs) are observed along the grain boundaries. Their location and the activated slip system are different from those expected by the Schmid factor. After the fatigue test, the crystalline orientation and the three‐dimensional shape of each grain are specified by the repetition of polishing and observation by means of an orientation‐imaging microscope (OIM). A finite‐element method (FEM) analysis is also conducted for the specimen with the same orientation and shape of grains taking into account the anisotropy. This analysis reveals that the shear stress concentrates near the grain boundaries where the PSBs are formed. The activated slip systems predicted by the maximum resolved shear stress agree well with those observed in the fatigue experiment. Thus, the characteristic slip near the grain boundary in the poly‐crystal is governed by the concentrated resolved shear stress on the specific slip system due to the deformation constraint by neighbouring crystals.     

镍基单晶合金中温疲劳性能应力集中敏感性

疲劳是涡轮叶片的一种主要失效模式.本文开展了DD11单晶合金在650℃中温条件下2种应力集中系数(K_t=1(光滑状态)、K_t=3(缺口状态))的旋转弯曲疲劳性能研究,对比了2种应力集中系数下的疲劳强度,并开展了相关断口分析.结果表明:应力集中系数由K_t=1增大到K_t=3时,疲劳极限由446 MPa降低为311 MPa,说明DD11单晶合金疲劳性能存在应力集中敏感性;疲劳寿命由10~5提高到10~7时,光滑状态由600 MPa降低为420 MPa,疲劳强度降低幅度为180 MPa,而缺口状态由370 MPa降低为290 MPa,降低幅度为80 MPa,说明应力集中条件下DD11单晶合金的疲劳寿命对于外载变化较敏感.断口分析表明,光滑试样断口(应力500 MPa/疲劳寿命9.7×10~5)由几个相交的光滑晶体学平面组成,疲劳源萌生在距表面100μm左右的铸造孔洞;缺口试样断口(应力340 MPa/疲劳寿命8.1×10~5试样)呈平面状,与应力轴垂直,为多源疲劳模式,疲劳源观察到小刻面,在加工刀痕不连续位置萌生.