外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断与介入栓塞治疗（附4例报告）

[摘要]目的探讨外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断和血管内治疗。方法对有头部外伤病史及典型临床表现的患者积极行数字减影血管造影（digitalsubtractionangiography,DSA）检查,有4例确诊后经股动脉入路,用可脱性球囊进行栓塞治疗。3例保持了患侧颈内动脉的通畅,1例行瘘口远近端的颈内动脉闭塞术;3例患者应用1个球囊,1例应用2个球囊。结果4例患者瘘I：1完全闭塞,临床症状缓解,1例于首次术后12h症状再发,再次行栓塞治疗后缓解痊愈。结论DSA检查是诊断颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的金标准;可脱性球囊栓塞治疗是颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的首选治疗方法。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（TCCF）的血管内治疗

目的：总结外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（TCCF）治疗方法的选择、栓塞技术及疗效。方法：TCCF检塞治疗26例患者，经动脉入路25例，经静脉入路1例；用可脱性球囊检塞瘘口21例，行颈内动脉球囊闭塞术3例，用微弹簧圈检塞治疗2例。结果；24例患者一次性检塞成功，2例检塞后因球囊早泄复发，再次经球囊检塞后治愈。一次性检塞治愈率92.3%，颈内动脉畅通率88.5%(23/26)。随访2-12个月，有2例并发假性动脉瘤形成，1例症状明显行GDC检塞治疗后治愈，另1例无症状继续随访，本组无死亡及其他并发症。结论：经动脉入路用可脱性球囊检塞瘘口是治疗TCCF的首选方法：对于球囊无法进入的小瘘口TCCF可选 用微弹簧圈检塞；若动脉入路不能或失败可行静脉入路检塞瘘口；对于瘘口在放置多个球囊仍不能将瘘口检塞的患者，可考虑闭塞颈内动脉。     

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗（附78例报告）

目的介绍治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的经验和体会。方法采用Seldinger法插入导管鞘后，用带Bait可脱球囊的magic—BD导管透视下经导引管送达瘘口水平，当球囊突然“低头”或改变方向时，表示球囊已通过瘘口，进人海绵窦。以等渗造影剂交换气体后充盈球囊至杂音消失，造影证实瘘闭塞完全，并保持颈动脉通畅。结果本组78例共进行82次栓塞治疗，66例保持了患侧颈内动脉的通畅，12例闭塞了患侧颈内动脉，其中4例因球囊破裂，症状复发，又进行了二次栓塞治疗后治愈，无术后死亡和症状加重病例，但其中6例自发性患者症状消失4例，症状减轻2例；其余病例均在术后3天－3周内症状消失，经过1个月～5年的随访未见复发。结论血管内栓塞治疗已成为治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的首选方法。     

介入治疗左锁骨下动脉闭塞术中胸膜外血肿1例

患者男,64岁,体检超声发现右颈内动脉闭塞、左颈内动脉狭窄收入院;3年前接受冠状动脉支架植入术,术后规律口服抗凝及抗血小板药;无高血压、糖尿病等病史。入院后查体及实验室检查均未见明显异常。颈动脉CT血管造影:右颈内动脉闭塞,左颈内动脉狭窄(70%~90%),前交通动脉开放。经股动脉插管全脑血管造影:右颈内动脉闭塞,左颈内动脉狭窄约90%,前交通动脉开放,左锁骨下动脉闭塞,左椎动脉盗血。     

血管内球囊阻断和凝血酶注射治疗四肢假性动脉瘤

目的探讨血管内球囊阻断和凝血酶注射联合治疗四肢假性动脉瘤的临床应用。方法 8例四肢假性动脉瘤患者在血管造影基础上,在球囊阻断载瘤动脉并封闭假性动脉瘤漏口的同时,采用头皮针经皮直接穿刺动脉瘤,行瘤腔内注射凝血酶。结果 8例患者均一次性治疗成功,术中及术后造影,漏口闭塞,瘤腔内未见血流;术后无明显并发症,未见载瘤动脉远端急性动脉血栓形成。术后3～6个月随访假性动脉瘤均完全闭塞,无复发。结论血管内球囊阻断和凝血酶注射治疗假性动脉瘤创伤小,安全性高,疗效确切,可作为假性动脉瘤外科修补术的替代治疗方法。     

经动脉栓塞治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效

目的分析颈内动脉海绵窦瘘患者经动脉栓塞治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院经动脉栓塞治疗的52例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘患者资料,分析其治疗的成功率、复发率及并发症,并随访其短期及长期疗效。结果 52例患者中,48例(48/52,92.31%)栓塞成功,4例栓塞失败后行外科手术治疗。48例栓塞成功患者中,41例(41/48,85.42%)成功闭塞瘘口且保持颈内动脉通畅。4例(4/52,7.69%)术后复发,分别经压颈、球囊、液态胶栓塞及闭塞颈动脉的方法治疗成功。44例无复发患者短期内所有患者眼部症状缓解,长期随访中无复发病例。结论经动脉栓塞治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘成功率高、复发率低,并发症少。可脱球囊栓塞为其首选方法,辅以弹簧圈、液态胶栓塞,其短期及长期疗效均可肯定。     

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘病人行可脱性球囊栓塞术的护理

对42例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘病人行可脱性球囊血管内栓塞治疗,结果栓塞成功40例.提出术前进行颈动脉压迫试验为栓塞患侧颈内动脉作准备,做好眼部护理、出血情况的观察及皮肤准备,术后积极预防并发症,可提高其栓塞成功率.     

可脱性球囊在颅内血管性病变介入栓塞中的应用价值研究

目的总结可脱性球囊栓塞的技术要点,并评价其在当今神经介入治疗中的应用价值。方法对A组36例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)及B组24例颅内动脉瘤应用可脱性球囊闭塞瘘口或闭塞1侧颈内动脉。结果A组36例中31例闭塞瘘口且保留颈内动脉(ICA)通畅,另5例瘘口及ICA被同时闭塞,ICA通畅率为86.1%,治愈率为100%。B组24例均成功的闭塞了载瘤动脉,其中病情恢复良好者22例;并发脑缺血和脑梗死各2例,其中1例术后死亡,治愈率95.8%。结论可脱性球囊在当今TCCF及某些不可手术夹闭或因故不能行瘤腔内栓塞的颅内动脉瘤患者的介入治疗中仍然具有重要的应用价值。     

血管内治疗外伤性颈内动脉损伤

目的探讨血管内治疗对外伤性颈内动脉损伤的临床价值。方法16例外伤性颈内动脉损伤患者,经DSA造影证实为假性动脉瘤3例、岩部巨大蛇性动脉瘤及颈内动脉起始部动脉瘤各1例以及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘11例,分别采用可脱落球囊、电解可脱式弹簧圈（GDC）或带膜内支架对损伤部位进行动脉内栓塞治疗。结果对3例假性动脉瘤及1例岩部巨大蛇性动脉瘤患者以可脱落球囊闭塞患侧颈内动脉成功。9例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）在保持颈内动脉通畅的情况下采用球囊成功栓塞瘘口,1例CCF予以GDC填塞海绵窦;其余1例CCF两次球囊栓塞均失败,但术后24h患侧凸眼明显回缩,间断按压患侧颈内动脉1周后患者临床症状和体征消失。1例颈内动脉起始部动脉瘤行带膜内支架成功植入,动脉瘤被旷置,颈内动脉保持通畅。结论血管内治疗是外伤性颈内动脉损伤安全有效的治疗方法。     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的　探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊治方法。　方法　 3 2例采用微导管超选择性插管 ,将微导管前端送入硬脑膜动静脉瘘瘘口处 ,经微导管造影证实并无危险吻合支 ,然后经微导管注入微粒行瘘的供血动脉及瘘口栓塞 ,其中 12例同时并经岩上、下窦采用钨丝微螺旋圈行海绵窦内栓塞。　结果　 2 8例栓塞后造影瘘口完全闭塞 ,4例栓塞后造影瘘口有少许显影 ,术后采取压迫患侧颈总动脉 ,1周后造影瘘口消失。经 6个月～ 8年的随访未见瘘口再通。　结论　血管内栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是行之有效的方法。     

False aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery — Report of 7 cases

Summary We present 7 cases of false intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms. Four occurred after trauma and three were caused iatrogenically. Two of the latter occurred in patients with pituitary adenomas, one after transsphenoidal microsurgery and the other after yttrium [YI⁹⁰] seed implantation into the sella. The third iatrogenic aneurysm was seen shortly after transcavernous tumour surgery.In five of our seven patients massive, delayed, lifethreatening epistaxis was the leading symptom. All traumatic cases were associated with immediate unilateral blindness or blurred vision and with skull base fractures. One of these had a concomitant carotid cavernous fistula. Treatment of choice of our 5 recent cases was permanent balloon occlusion of the intracavernous carotid artery at the level of the lesion. Collateral circulation was evaluated prior to definitive carotid occlusion using a balloon test occlusion. During the balloon test adequate collateral circulation was defined as symmetric angiographic filling of both hemispheres. Awake patients were neurologically examined continuously. In unconscious patients transcranial Doppler sonography, electroencephalographic and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring was used in addition. Intra-operative heparin administration was not reversed with protamin. A postoperative continuous heparin infusion was not found necessary.In our two early cases this technique was not available: In the first case we accomplished aneurysm occlusion by a surgically introduced Fogarty balloon catheter. Our second patient needed surgical trapping of the involved carotid after early unsuccessful attempts of selective aneurysm occlusion, After treatment no further epistaxis occurred. Follow-up angiography showed persistent aneurysm occlusion. The results were excellent in 5 cases and good in 1 case. One patient with bilateral lesions suffered a stroke after occlusion of the second, remaining carotid artery, despite functioning bilateral extra-intracranial bypasses. Four years later there is a mild dysphasia still present in this patient. The mean follow-up time was 75.6 months.     

Massive epistaxis due to traumatic internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm: a case report

We present a case of traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery (ICA) accompanied by skull base fracture, which was treated by endovascular trapping of the internal carotid artery. A 70-year-old woman met with a traffic accident and was admitted to our institution with epistaxis and accomapanied with shock. Angiography on day 2 showed carotidcavernous fistula. The patient had no eye symptom and was treated conservatively. A second angiography, two weeks aftrer the trauma, revealed development of a pseudoaneurysm on the C3-4 portion. We attempted balloon test occlusion (BTO) of the right internal carotid artery, and if torelated, the ICA may have been occluded. The day before BTO, she rebleed massively. Endovascular trapping of the ICA was performed. Although epistaxis was controlled completely, she suffered left hemiparesis due to an embolism during the procedure. Epistaxis from a traumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery may be fatal and emergency occlusion is proposed.     

Basilar bifurcation aneurysm associated with internal carotid artery occlusion. Report of two cases

Two cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by rupture of a basilar bifurcation aneurysm associated with occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) at the neck are presented. Case 1, a 71-year-old female, was hospitalized in a coma. Angiography demonstrated occlusion of the bilateral ICA, collateral blood supply through the branches of the foramen rotundum or vidian artery from the maxillary arteries and right posterior communicating artery, and a saccular aneurysm at the basilar bifurcation. The patient died 1 month later following rerupture of the aneurysm. Case 2, a 64-year-old male, was hospitalized for drowsiness. Angiography showed occlusion of the right ICA, collateral blood supply through a tortuous artery (a vidian artery), and a large aneurysm at the basilar bifurcation. Posterior circulation supplied anteriorly through the right posterior communicating artery. The patient died 1 month later because of rerupture of the aneurysm. Laminar thrombosis of the right ICA and an anastomotic vessel, seemingly a branch of the foramen rotundum or a vidian artery, were demonstrated by autopsy. The combination of cerebral aneurysm and collateral circulation is extremely rare in cases of occlusion of the ICA. The two cases described here suggest that hemodynamic stress is an important factor in the formation of cerebral aneurysms.     

Multimodal endovascular treatment for traumatic carotid- cavernous fistula

bjective：To present our experience in treating traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula （TCCF） by multimodal endovascular treatment.Methods：The management of 28 patients with TCCF between January 2004 and October 2012 in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed.According to imaging charateristics,24 cases were categorized into Type Ⅰ,3 Type Ⅱ and 1 Type Ⅲ.Totally 30 endovascular treatments were performed：Type Ⅰ TCCFs were obliterated via transvenous approach （7/25）,or transarterial approach （18/25） including 6 by detachable balloon occlusion,6 by microcoil embolization,3 by Hyperglide balloon-assisted coil embolization and 3 by a combination of detachable balloon and coil embolization.Two patients were treated with closure of internal carotid artery （ICA）.Type Ⅱ TCCFs were treated with transvenous embolotherapy （2/3） or carotid artery compression therapy （1/3）.The Type Ⅲ patient underwent detachable balloon embolization.Results：Immediate postoperative angiography showed recovery in 26 cases.One recurrent TCCF was found 2 weeks after detachable balloon embolization,and then reobliterated by transarterial coils.Reexamination found balloon deflation and fistula recanalization in 1 patient one month after combination of detachable balloons and coil embolization,which was cured by a second treatment via transvenous approach.The immediate angiography revealed residual blood flow in 4 patients.Among them,2 patients with delayed symptoms at follow-up needed a second treatment,1 patient recovered after carotid artery compression therapy,and the remaining patient＇s symptoms disappeared on digital subtraction angiography at five-month follow-up.CT angiography revealed anterior communicating artery aneurysm in the patient who was treated with closure ofICA 4 years later.Conclusion：According to results of images,characteristics of the fistula and type of drainage,proper treatment approach and embolic material can maximally heal pathological changes,retain the ipsilateral ICA patency and reduce long-term complications.     

Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of infected pseudoaneurysm after carotid endarterectomy. Case report

A 67-year-old male presented with a rare pseudoaneurysm caused by infection after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) performed for stenosis of the left internal carotid artery (ICA). Wound infection and recurrent bleeding from the operated ICA developed 1 month after surgery. Serial angiography showed that the post-CEA pseudoaneurysm gradually increased in size. The carotid balloon occlusion test revealed that the patient could not tolerate permanent ICA occlusion because of poorly developed collaterals. Direct surgical exposure of the aneurysm was impossible due to tight adhesion of the surrounding tissue, so common carotid to middle cerebral artery bypass using a radial artery graft was performed followed by ligation of the distal common carotid artery. Subsequently, retrograde blood flow from the ICA to the aneurysm was interrupted by embolization of the external carotid artery coil through the facial artery. Combined surgical and endovascular treatment is a therapeutic option for patients with post-CEA pseudoaneurysm, if either direct or endovascular surgery is unfeasible.     

Retrograde suction decompression of a large internal carotid aneurysm using a balloon guide catheter combined with a blood-returning circuit and STA-MCA bypass: a technical note

It is difficult to treat large internal carotid aneurysms with simple surgical clipping. Here, we present a retrograde suction decompression (RSD) procedure for large internal carotid aneurysms using a balloon guide catheter combined with a blood-returning circuit and a superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass.All patients underwent an STA-MCA bypass before the temporary occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). A 6-French sheath was inserted into the common carotid artery (CCA), and a 6-French Patrive balloon catheter was placed into the ICA 5 cm past the bifurcation. Aneurysm exposure was obtained; temporary clips were placed on the proximal M1, A1, and posterior communicating (Pcom) segments; and an extension tube was then connected to the balloon catheter. A three-way stopcock was placed, and aspiration was performed through the device to collapse the aneurysm. The aspirated blood was returned to a venous line with an added heparin to prevent anemia after aspiration. During the decompression, the blood flow to the cortical area was supplied through the STA-MCA bypass. After the aneurysm collapse, the surgeon carefully dissected the perforating artery from the aneurysm dome or neck, and permanent clips were then placed on the aneurysm neck. Our procedure has several advantages, such as STA-MCA bypass without external carotid artery occlusion for preventing ischemic complications of the cortical area, anemia may be avoided because of the return of the aspirated blood, and a hybrid operation room is not required to perform this method.     

Internal carotid artery occlusion for cavernous segment aneurysm

We review our recent experience with occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) in 15 patients with symptomatic aneurysms of the cavernous segment. All the patients were women and ranged in age from 38 to 74 years. Ten patients sought treatment initially for ophthalmoplegia, 9 for retro-orbital pain, 8 for facial paresthesia, and 3 for loss of vision. Two patients had symptoms of transient ocular or brain ischemia. The diameter of the aneurysm was greater than 3 cm in 10 patients. Ten patients underwent gradual occlusion of the ICA by Selverstone clamp under anticoagulation and monitoring of neurological status. One patient underwent ligation of a severely stenotic ICA under general anesthesia and electroencephalographic monitoring. Four patients underwent trapping of the aneurysm (after attempts at direct obliteration) under electroencephalographic and cerebral blood flow monitoring. Two patients with incompetent circle of Willis collaterals underwent prophylactic superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass surgery prior to ICA occlusion. There was no postoperative clinical change in 9 patients. Ophthalmoplegia improved in 2 patients, and facial pain improved in 3. Three patients developed new extraocular muscle palsies within hours of ICA occlusion; these resolved in all patients by 1 week postoperatively. No change in aneurysm size was documented by serial postoperative computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging scans. After a follow-up of 5 to 6 years (range, 6 months-9 years), 11 patients have remained neurologically stable. Two patients experienced delayed transient worsening of visual or facial symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Management of giant intracranial ICA aneurysms with combined extracranial-intracranial anastomosis and endovascular occlusion

Nine patients with giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms (greater than 2.5 cm in diameter) were subjected to a combined extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass procedure and endovascular ICA occlusion during 1987 and 1988. The procedures were performed under one anesthetic. In all cases the collateral circulation had been judged insufficient on the basis of a strict preoperative testing protocol including: cerebral panangiography, electroencephalography, somatosensory potential recording, and cerebral blood flow monitoring during manual compression of the ICA in the neck. There were four intracavernous ICA aneurysms, four carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms, and one supraclinoid ICA aneurysm. All patients showed symptoms and signs of compression of the surrounding nervous structures. In the five cases of intradural lesions, the artery was occluded at the level of the aneurysm neck, so the ophthalmic artery had to be occluded. There was, nevertheless, no case of worsening of vision following surgery, and all nine patients showed significant improvement following the combined procedure. A combined EC-IC bypass procedure and endovascular ICA occlusion allows for immediate verification of the surgical results and appears to be a worthwhile method for treating giant intracranial aneurysms.     

A combined microsurgical skull-base and endovascular approach to giant and large paraclinoid aneurysms

BACKGROUND The treatment of giant and large paraclinoid aneurysms remains challenging. To improve exposure, facilitate the dissection of aneurysms, assure vascular control, reduce brain retraction and temporary occlusion time, enable simultaneous treatment of associated lesions, and achieve more successful treatment of “difficult” (atherosclerotic and calcified) aneurysms, we combined the skull-base approach with endovascular balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and suction decompression of the aneurysm.

METHODS Sixteen female patients were treated, eight with giant aneurysms and eight with large aneurysms. Eight aneurysms occurred on the right side and eight on the left. Eight patients had an additional aneurysm; five were clipped during the same procedure. Three patients had infundibular arterial dilation. One patient had an associated hemangioma of the ipsilateral cavernous sinus. The cranio-orbital-zygomatic approach was used for all patients. The anterior clinoid was drilled, and the optic nerve was decompressed, dissected, and mobilized. Transfemoral temporary balloon occlusion of the ICA in the neck was followed by placement of a temporary clip proximal to the posterior communicating artery. Suction decompression was then applied. All aneurysms were then successfully clipped, except one that had a calcified neck and wall that could not be collapsed. Intraoperative angiography performed in 13 of 15 patients with clipped aneurysms confirmed obliteration of the aneurysm and patency of the blood vessels.

RESULTS Postoperative results were good in 14 patients. One patient had right-sided hemiplegia and expressive aphasia, which improved after rehabilitation. One patient with an additional basilar tip aneurysm clipped simultaneously died on the fifth postoperative day because of intraventricular hemorrhage. The origin of bleeding could not be determined on autopsy. Surgical difficulties and morbidity stemmed mainly from a severely calcified or atherosclerotic aneurysmal neck.

CONCLUSION The combination of skull-base approaches and endovascular balloon occlusion coupled with suction decompression is a successful option for the treatment of these challenging aneurysms.     

External carotid endarterectomy: indications, technique, and late results

In the past 14 years, 22 patients (25 operated sides), with occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), underwent ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) endarterectomy at our institution. Operative indications were amaurosis fugax in 13 sides and nonlateralizing transient ischemic attacks in the remaining 12. There were no operative deaths. One patient suffered a minor stroke after operation. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 110 months (median 36 months). In 16 cases, simple endarterectomy with or without vein patch closure was performed (type I). In two cases the ostium of the ICA was occluded with interrupted sutures after endarterectomy (type II). In the remaining seven cases the ICA was transposed as a patch over the endarterectomized ECA after endarterectomy (type III). All but six patients (six sides) underwent duplex scanning or angiography during follow-up. Four of nine patients with previous nonlateralizing symptoms had persistent symptoms after operation, whereas none of those with previous amaurosis fugax did. Recurrent occlusive disease was more common in type I reconstructions (p less than 0.05). Proper ECA reconstruction results in long-term patency. In the patient with ipsilateral ICA occlusion, transposition of the ICA as a patch over the endarterectomized ECA offers a valid hemodynamic solution. Objective parameters are needed to identify patients with nonlateralizing symptoms who will benefit from operation.