含有不凝气体的蒸汽滴状冷凝传热实验研究

本文对饱和水蒸气和空气的混合物在垂直表面上滴状冷凝传热特性进行了实验研究。考察了不同的压力条件下不凝气对冷凝传热的影响。与膜状冷凝实验结果对比表明,滴状冷凝对含有不凝气的蒸汽冷凝传热有强化作用;在较高的冷凝压力下不凝气体对传热的影响相对较小。     

超亲水乳突对冷凝传热的影响

为强化冷凝传热,促使冷凝液快速脱离是重要途径。以微米级电解铜粉为材料,烧结制备了超亲水乳突结构,测试了超亲水乳突在不同角度下的吸液性能,并通过蒸汽冷凝实验,研究了超亲水乳突对冷凝传热的影响。实验结果表明,超亲水乳突表面的针状凸起增大了乳突的粗糙度,进而增大了超亲水乳突内的毛细吸力,吸液性能优越。因此应用超亲水乳突后,促进了冷凝表面冷凝液的脱离,从而强化了蒸汽冷凝传热。其中,应用超亲水乳突的超疏水表面表现出最高的传热系数。当过冷度ΔT=2.5 K时,传热系数是亲水铜表面的5.6倍。     

水蒸气在超疏水表面上的冷凝传热

用高温裂解法在紫铜基底上制备了疏水性碳纳米管膜,通过对此碳纳米管膜进行氟化处理,改善了表面的疏水性.在室温下,实验测得水在这种表面上的接触角在90°～130°之间.以水蒸气为冷凝介质的冷凝传热实验表明,水蒸气在超疏水纳米材料表面上能形成较好的滴状冷凝,冷凝传热膜系数可达40000 W/(m2·K).与纯粹膜状冷凝相比,冷凝传热系数提高3～4倍.分析表明,此碳纳米管膜所产生的附加热阻只占冷凝传热热阻的千分之一,对冷凝传热膜系数的影响可以忽略.     

新型制冷机冷凝器壳侧的传热强化研究

针对现行制冷机冷凝器的不足 ,设计了适用于冷凝传热的新型折流杆冷凝器的壳程内部结构 ,并分析了其传热强化机理。在重力控制条件下 ,对不同内部支承结构与管束组合的冷凝器进行了传热实验研究 ,得到了水蒸汽在冷凝器壳侧的冷凝传热特性曲线。采用冷凝传热强化因子的概念 ,建立了预测该种折流杆冷凝器壳侧冷凝传热膜系数的计算公式 ,为折流杆冷疑器在制冷系统中的设计应用提供了理论依据。     

蒸汽冷凝过程的分子团聚模型及其对不凝性气体影响传热性能的解释

根据相变过程的微观物理机理和热力学特性,提出了冷凝传热过程中,近壁面蒸汽分子经由团聚阶段进而冷凝成宏观液滴的物理模型.并将团聚体分布与滴状冷凝传热性能相联系,从而研究不凝性气体对滴状冷凝传热过程的影响.在改进的Dillmann和Meier(DM)模型基础上,将分子团聚过程中的临界过饱和度与冷凝过程中的过冷度相联系,以及将团聚体的能量特性与液固界面物理化学特性相联系,将团聚模型与考虑固液界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型相联系,建立了近壁面条件影响的分子团聚模型.利用模型计算了近壁面蒸汽中团簇体尺寸和分布,以及不凝性气体存在导致的蒸汽冷凝团聚体分布的变化,并结合滴状冷凝传热模型,定量解释了少量不凝性气体的存在,极大影响了冷凝传热性能的现象.模型计算结果与实验结果及文献中含不凝气的蒸汽冷凝传热实验数据进行了比较,两者符合较好,验证了所提出模型的合理性.     

有限空间内气液相变传热特性的实验研究

与常规温差发电器相比,气液相变式温差发电器利用相变腔的结构灵活性和相变介质的高效传热特性提升发电性能。然而,目前已有的对于相变腔内复杂的沸腾–冷凝耦合传热问题的研究较少,基于此,本文试图通过开展相关实验探究有限空间内的沸腾–冷凝耦合相变传热特性。本实验搭建了沸腾和冷凝耦合相变传热实验台,主要研究了加热功率、相变介质充液率、冷凝换热面积等参数对相变传热特性的影响。结果表明：相变腔的总热阻随加热功率的增大而减小;相变腔存在最优相变介质充液率,相变介质充液率过高或过低均不利于整体的相变传热性能,在本实验条件下,最佳充液率为50%;当沸腾换热面积不变时,减小冷凝换热面积有利于强化相变腔的传热性能。     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了不同水蒸气压力条件下的滴状冷凝传热特性。10 kPa、40 kPa和70 kPa时的传热系数分别是常压下的56%,68%和81%。随着水蒸气压力的下降,液滴脱落直径变大,液滴生长周期延长,冷凝传热系数下降。通过液滴的动力学特性分析和基于界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了低压对水蒸气冷凝传热的主要影响因素,压力变化主要影响了分子扩散率和气-液相际传热热阻,导致总冷凝传热系数随压力下降。     

蒸汽滴状冷凝液滴表面温度分布及演化

利用红外热成像技术研究了蒸汽滴状冷凝中液滴合并过程表面温度分布及演化机制,并基于此分析了不同尺寸液滴表面温度随传热通量变化的分布规律。实验结果表明:与蒸汽在微小液滴表面发生连续冷凝不同,液滴合并过程中蒸汽通过四个阶段实现在大液滴表面的周期性冷凝传热;其中,在液滴吸收蒸汽冷凝放热阶段和向壁面传热阶段之间存在一个平衡,高热通量时,蒸汽向液滴表面传热过程占主导,液滴表面温度随尺寸增加而升高;低热通量时,液滴向冷凝壁面传热过程占主导,液滴表面温度随尺寸增加而降低。液滴运动引起的蒸汽在大液滴表面直接冷凝过程为强化低压蒸汽冷凝传热提供了新思路。     

空气-水蒸气流经扰流圈的冷凝传热强化

本文对含高浓度不凝组分存在条件下水蒸汽冷凝传热强化进行了机理分析和实验．结果表明,扰流圈能大大增加气液边界层的湍动强度,具有优越的强化传热、传质效果．在实验范围内,其冷凝传热膜系数是光滑管的１．９～３．５倍．     

烧结多孔表面强化冷凝传热的实验研究

实验研究了不同粒径金属粉末烧结制备的多孔涂层表面对垂直管外水蒸气冷凝传热的强化作用。发现:粒径为50μm的细粉覆盖一层及两层的多孔管的传热效果反而不如光管,使冷凝传热效果恶化;而粉末粒径为250μm的烧结表面的强化传热特性比光管提高10％～15％,而且也明显优于粒径为50μm的表面。同时,两种不同粒径表面,两层粉末错落堆积烧结表面的传热效果也优于单层粉末烧结表面。基于孔隙微观结构变化对冷凝液流动与导热的影响分析讨论了多孔烧结表面强化膜状冷凝传热的机理。     

珠状凝结换热的数学物理模型及数值模拟

首次应用随机分形模型建立了珠状凝结液滴的空间和尺度分布,然后利用已有的单个液滴的传热规律,得到了冷凝壁面的换热边界条件,进而求解冷凝壁的温度分布,最后得到了平均的珠状凝结换热系数.应用上述模型对铜表面以水为介质的冷凝壁换热进行了直接数值模拟,并与各种压力条件下的试验数据进行了比较.     

CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER OF STEAM ON VERTICAL DROPWISE AND FILMWISE COEXISTING SURFACES WITH A THICK ORGANIC FILM PROMOTING DROPWISE MODE

This article describes an experimental investigation of the condensation heat transfer of steam on dropwise and filmwise coexisting (DFC) surfaces, on which dropwise and filmwise exist simultaneously at adjacent positions. A fluor-containing organic film with thickness of more than 1 μm was coated on the dropwise regions of the external surface of a brass tube to promote dropwise condensation. The surfaces were divided horizontally into many regions according to the designed dropwise and filmwise condensation area ratio. The area ratio of dropwise regions and filmwise regions in the present study was fixed at 50%:50% for all the six surfaces, while the numbers of dropwise and filmwise regions ranged from 2 to 16. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and the treated tube was oriented vertically in the condensing chamber. It was found that the heat transfer performance for DFC surfaces increases with increasing number of dropwise and filmwise regions, and an enhancement ratio of 1.27 to 1.96 is realized compared with the results for bare surface. Visual observation revealed that the appearance of condensation near the boundary region between the dropwise and filmwise regions was dependent on the relative positions of the two condensation regions. The condensate flowed smoothly across the boundary for dropwise condensation in the upper region. With filmwise condensation in the upper region, a condensate ring was formed at the interface and was retained at the interface for a short period of time before collapsing and then continued to flow downward through the dropwise condensation region. The condensate ring made a remarkable contribution to the condensation heat transfer enhancement for DFC surfaces. Finally, the results also showed that the heat transfer enhancement for dropwise and filmwise coexisting surfaces depends not only on the area ratio on DFC surfaces, but also on the surface subcooling degree. An optimal coordinating condition between these two factors might realize a maximum heat transfer enhancement ratio.     

Dropwise Condensation of Steam on a Small Tube Bundle at Turbine Condenser Conditions

Application of dropwise condensation to utility turbine condensers is investigated by comparing the thermal performance of dropwise and filmwise bundles at industrially relevant conditions. Steam and steam-air mixtures were condensed on bundles of in-line, titanium tubes. The row-by-row heat transfer coefficients are presented against bundle position. They show the expected behavior for filmwise condensation but demonstrate a different one for dropwise. In air-free steam, the dropwise heat transfer coefficients are much larger and do not vary significantly with bundle position. In air-steam mixtures the dropwise values decrease similarly to their filmwise equivalents. The findings are in accord with those found for other geometries. The findings indicate that significant reductions in condenser size can be obtained if permanent dropwise condensation can be produced at industrially relevant conditions.     

ON THE ENHANCEMENT OF FILMWISE CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER BY MEANS OF THE COEXISTENCE WITH DROPWISE CONDENSATION SECTIONS

This article describes work aimed at obtaining higher filmwise condensation heat flux by distributing dropwise condensation surfaces of optimal width promoted by an organic coating among filmwise surfaces, and to get higher mean overall heat transfer coefficients in condensing systems. Several different spacings were examined for the horizontal orientation, arranging a dropwise section above a filmwise one, to make clear the effect of the drops falling down to the filmwise section. The heat flux of the filmwise part increased with increasing the height of the dropwise part up to 2 mm, but then decreased above that. The extent of the filmwise part that was augmented by drops was also tested by changing the width of the filmwise section sandwiched between dropwise sections of constant width. The heat flux of the filmwise part increased abruptly at a width between 5 and 3 mm. Consequently, it was shown that there exists an optimum width for each section for enhancing condensation heat transfer in the filmwise sections.     

滴状冷凝传热的多尺度规划与最佳接触角

滴状冷凝传热过程具有典型的多尺度特征,一方面体现于壁面上液滴尺寸分布的空间多尺度特征以及液滴生长过程的时间多尺度分布,另一方面体现于冷凝壁面物理化学特性以及液固相互作用特性的描述和量度上的多尺度特征.本文基于包含界面效应影响的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了液滴尺寸分布的多尺度特征及其对滴状冷凝传热性能的影响,并通过分析液滴尺...     

水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热系数

本文在均质表面的单个球缺形液滴换热模型和液滴通用尺度分布规律的基础上,结合梯度表面能材料表面的液滴分布和凝结换热特性,得到了一维水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热计算式。在此基础上,研究了壁面过冷度、接触角梯度、工质物性等参数对梯度表面能材料表面滴状凝结换热性能的影响。结果表明:随着过冷度的增加和凝结工质汽化潜热的增大和表面张力的减小和接触角梯度的增大,平均表面凝结换热系数会增大。     

热交换器表面镀层对传热性能的影响

采用化学镀的方法对热交换器表面进行表面改性,使其换热表面沉积一层表面能不同的均匀镀层。传热实验表明,随着磷含量的增大,凝结传热系数增大。进一步可视化实验研究表明,镀层换热表面均表现为珠膜共存状态,增大镀层的磷含量,换热表面促进珠状凝结的效果更加明显。这归于镀层降低了传热表面的表面能值。     

表面纳米结构及其自由能对滴状冷凝传热的影响

通过抛光和氧化刻蚀方法在基体壁面形成微米和纳米尺度的微观结构,然后制备十八烷基硫醇分子自组装膜,从而得到空气中表观接触角为160°的SAM-1表面和空气中表观接触角为116°的SAM-2表面.实验研究了常压条件下两类表面的滴状冷凝传热特性.结果表明两种表面都能够有效提高冷凝传热效果.但是,具有表面纳米结构的SAM-1表面的滴状冷凝传热特性低于SAM-2表面.分析了纳米结构和液固自由能差效应对滴状冷凝传热影响的共同作用机理.     

镀层微观结构对凝结换热的影响

通过研究Ni-P化学镀层管不同微观结构对凝结传热的影响,表明用化学镀表面改性的镀管相对于普通的碳钢管,具有明显促进珠状凝结的效果,在凝结过程中表现为珠膜共存状态,可以获得较好的换热性能。同时镀层对换热性能的改善与镀层中纳米相的含量相关,随着纳米相含量的降低,镀层的表面能也随着降低,换热效率得到增强。增加镀层的非晶度可以获得更好的珠状凝结的效果。