苦瓜提取物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性及NO、H2O2分泌的影响

探讨苦瓜提取物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红以及对在脂多糖（LPS）刺激下巨噬细胞分泌产生一氧化氮（NO）和过氧化氢（H2O2）的影响。将分离提取得到的苦瓜总提取物作用于小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,检测结果表明其能够显著增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红的功能,并显著抑制LPS刺激的巨噬细胞分泌H2O2,而抑制巨噬细胞分泌NO的作用不明显。苦瓜提取物发挥药理作用的有效成分主要分布在水层。结果提示,苦瓜提取物能够增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,抑制LPS刺激下巨噬细胞过量分泌H2O2。     

壳聚糖纳米微粒对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞活力和一氧化氮生成的影响

为了研究壳聚糖纳米微粒对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞活力和一氧化氮(NO)生成的影响,探讨壳聚糖纳米微粒的免疫作用及机制。试验采用中性红吞噬试验法检测不同浓度(3.75,7.50,15.00,30.00μg/mL)的壳聚糖纳米微粒及30.00μg/mL壳聚糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞细胞活力的影响,采用硝酸还原酶法测定不同浓度(3.75,7.50,15.00,30.00μg/mL)的壳聚糖纳米微粒及30μg/mL壳聚糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成量的影响。结果表明:各壳聚糖纳米微粒组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞活力与对照组和壳聚糖组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05),各壳聚糖纳米微粒组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO的生成量与对照组和壳聚糖组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。说明壳聚糖纳米微粒的浓度对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞活力和NO的生成量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

黄芪多糖对细菌脂多糖诱导仔猪腹腔巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、NO及IL-1的影响

目的:研究黄芪多糖(APS)对细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导仔猪腹腔巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)基因表达、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)及一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法:取仔猪腹腔巨噬细胞进行体外培养,用APS和LPS处理,分完全培养液组、APS组、APS LPS组和LPS组四个处理。采用实时定量PCR方法检测TNF-α基因表达,TNF-α和IL-1蛋白含量采用放免法,NO含量采用Griess法测定。结果:完全培养液组、APS组、APS LPS组TNF-α mRNA的表达显著或极显著低于LPS组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。完全培养液组、APS组、APS LPS组上清液中TNF-α、IL-1和NO的含量显著或极显著低于LPS组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:APS抑制仔猪巨噬细胞TNF-α表达及分泌炎性因子,这可能是APS维持仔猪健康的重要机制之一。     

灵芝多糖对长期运动大鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能及NO和IL-1β表达的影响

探讨灵芝多糖(GLP)对长期运动大鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能及NO、IL-1β表达的影响。分别用低剂量(4.5mg/mL)、中剂量(9mg/mL)、高剂量(18mg/mL)的GLP灌胃大鼠模型并给予持续30d游泳运动训练,正常组和对照组用生理盐水灌胃,正常组不进行运动训练。检测贴壁巨噬细胞分泌NO、IL-1β水平,Western blot检测巨噬细胞中iNOS水平,并检测巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力及巨噬细胞活性。结果表明,对照组中NO含量和巨噬细胞吞噬率显著低于正常组(P0.05),中剂量组和高剂量组NO水平显著高于对照组(P0.05);对照组巨噬细胞iNOS水平极显著低于正常组(P0.01),低、中、高剂量组巨噬细胞iNOS水平极显著高于对照组(P0.01);低、中剂量组巨噬细胞吞噬率显著高于对照组(P0.05),高剂量组巨噬细胞吞噬率显著高于对照组(P0.01);中剂量组巨噬细胞吞噬指数极显著高于对照组(P0.01);对照组巨噬细胞活性极显著低于正常组(P0.01),低、中、高剂量组巨噬细胞活性均极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。说明GLP能促进巨噬细胞分泌NO、IL-1β,提高巨噬细胞吞噬功能和巨噬细胞活性。     

松针多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫调节作用的研究

本试验旨在研究松针多糖对正常状态及脂多糖(LPS)刺激状态下小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用。试验采用不同浓度的松针多糖作用于正常的和经LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,设空白对照组(加入100μL RPMI-1640培养基)、阳性对照组(加入100μL终浓度为5μg/m L的LPS)、松针多糖组(分别加入100μL 25、50、100、200μg/m L的松针多糖)和LPS+松针多糖组(加入与松针多糖组相同浓度的松针多糖和终浓度为5μg/m L的LPS,液体终体积为200μL)。噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞活力,中性红吞噬试验检测巨噬细胞吞噬能力,Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)的分泌量,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测巨噬细胞培养上清液中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的分泌量。结果表明:1)对空白对照组相比,各松针多糖组巨噬细胞相对增殖率均显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞中性红吞噬率显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),各LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞中性红吞噬率均极显著提高(P0.01),200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞NO分泌量极显著提高(P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β分泌量显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞IL-10分泌量极显著降低(P0.01)。2)与阳性对照组相比,各松针多糖组巨噬细胞相对增殖率均极显著降低(P0.01),100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞中性红吞噬率极显著升高(P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞NO分泌量极显著提高(P0.01),各LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞TNF-α分泌量显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞IL-1β分泌量显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞IL-10分泌量极显著降低(P0.01)。由此可见,松针多糖通过发挥其促炎作用调节巨噬细胞的免疫功能,进而增强机体抗疾病的能力。     

金线莲多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外分泌NO的影响

为了研究金线莲多糖(Anoectochilus roxburghii polysaccharide,ARP)对小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌一氧化氮(NO)的影响并探讨其作用机制。利用MTT法检测细胞活性,Griess法检测NO的分泌水平,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA表达量,Western blot技术检测iNOS蛋白的表达量。结果显示,ARP在50~400mg/L明显促进脾淋巴细胞增殖,无细胞毒性;与空白对照组比较,ARP可促进NO分泌,上调iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达。ARP能增强小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌NO,其作用机制可能与增加iNOS蛋白水平,诱导iNOS mRNA的表达有关。     

葎草乙醇提取物对小鼠淋巴细胞转化率和巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

为了研究不同剂量的葎草乙醇提取物对小鼠血液淋巴细胞转化率和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性的影响,试验将48只健康昆明小鼠随机分为对照组(灌胃生理盐水),葎草提取物低剂量(100 mg/kg)组、中剂量(200 mg/kg)组及高剂量(300 mg/kg)组,每组3个重复,每个重复4只,低、中、高剂量组小鼠每天分别按体重灌胃葎草提取物100,200,300 mg/kg,每天1次,连续灌胃30 d。肌肉注射植物血细胞凝集素用以检测血液淋巴细胞转化率;腹腔注射鸡红细胞,取腹腔液,检测巨噬细胞吞噬百分率和吞噬指数。结果表明:葎草提取物中剂量组小鼠的淋巴细胞转化率和巨噬细胞吞噬百分率、吞噬指数均极显著高于低剂量组和高剂量组(P0.01)。说明葎草提取物能提高血液淋巴细胞转化率和巨噬细胞吞噬活性,提高机体免疫功能。     

灵芝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬力和分泌活性的影响

研究灵芝多糖(GLP)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力和分泌活性的影响。40只SPF级ICR成年小鼠,随机分为5组,每组8只,公母各半。分别设为生理盐水组、环磷酰胺(Cy)组(80 mg/kg)、灵芝多糖(GLP)低剂量组(50 mg/kg)、中剂量组(100 mg/kg)、高剂量组(200 mg/kg)。连续灌胃给药7d后,通过称重检测小鼠免疫器官指数,镜检腹腔巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的吞噬能力,ELISA试剂盒检测血清和腹水中炎性细胞因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α的含量。与生理盐水组相比,Cy组免疫器官指数和小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬能力明显下降,腹水中IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α和血清中IL-6、TNF-α的含量均降低。GLP以浓度梯度依赖性方式促进免疫器官指数上升,增强腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力。GLP低、中、高剂量组均能增加腹腔液中IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α的含量,且随GLP浓度增加而逐渐上升。仅有GLP高剂量可增加血清中IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α的含量。GLP可明显促进小鼠免疫器官发育,增强腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。此外,其促进小鼠体内炎性细胞因子IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌。说明灵芝多糖可通过调节小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活性,增强机体免疫力。     

蒲公英提取物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放一氧化氮的影响

用MTT法测定蒲公英提取物对脂多糖(LPS)激活小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的毒性作用,以确定无细胞毒性剂量范围,并在该剂量范围内采用Griess试剂比色法测定蒲公英提取物对LPS激活小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌一氧化氮(NO)的影响,为蒲公英提取物药理作用的进一步研究提供依据.结果表明,蒲公英提取物≤1mg/mL剂量范围内对巨噬细胞无细胞毒性作用.其在0.25～1 mg/mL浓度范围内对LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌NO具有明显的抑制作用,且呈剂量和时间依赖关系.     

桑黄水提物对小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎的防治效果及作用机制

桑黄是一种寄生于桑树等阔叶树上的药用真菌,具有抗炎、调节免疫、抗肿瘤等功效.以3％葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠产生急性溃疡性结肠炎,研究桑黄水提物对结肠炎的治疗效果及作用机制.结果发现,添食桑黄水提物能够缓解结肠炎引起的小鼠体质量下降及结肠变短,改善结肠基底层炎性细胞浸润,降低血液中炎症因子白细胞介素IL-6、IL-1β以及肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α的含量.另外,添食桑黄水提物缓解了结肠炎导致的血液白细胞数量升高,主要是降低了白细胞中的中间细胞数量,并且降低了结肠炎小鼠腹腔中促炎表型(M1)巨噬细胞的比率.体外试验显示,桑黄水提物处理显著降低了巨噬细胞系RAW264.7炎症激活标志物一氧化氮(NO)的水平,降低了诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的基因表达,这与桑黄水提物处理降低iNOS上游激活基因IFN-γ和提高iNOS抑制基因FXR的表达有关.研究结果初步表明,桑黄水提物可通过调节单核巨噬细胞的M1极化来发挥抗结肠炎作用.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.