厄多司坦胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究厄多司坦胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学,评价其生物等效性。方法 20名男性志愿者随机分为2组,按照两制剂两周期的随机交叉试验设计,分别单剂量口服厄多司坦试验或参比制剂各1粒(0.3 g),采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中厄多司坦及其代谢产物M1的浓度,用DAS2.0药动学软件分别计算厄多司坦及其代谢产物M1药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析。结果试验及参比片的厄多司坦的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(1570.7±488.3)和(1447.8±449.9)ng·ml-1;Tmax分别为(1.1±0.5)和(1.2±0.5)h;t1/2分别为(1.3±0.3)和(1.3±0.4)h;AUC(0-10h)分别为(3444.7±1242.4)和(3229.9±1225.6)ng·h·ml-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(3485.0±1233.7)和(3279.6±1233.7)ng·h·ml-1;双单侧t检验结果表明,厄多司坦受试制剂Cmax的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的94.1%~124.4%范围内,AUC(0-10h)的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的90.7%~123.9%范围内;受试制剂对参比制剂厄多司坦的相对生物利用度F为(116.6±36.6)%。试验及参比片的M1的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(396.5±177.6)和(385.0±192.7)ng·ml-1;Tmax分别为(1.7±0.8)和(1.9±0.7)h;t1/2分别为(2.6±0.9)和(2.6±1.1)h;AUC(0-10h)分别为(1259.2±609.8)和(1331.3±694.0)ng·h·ml-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(1372.4±607.3)和(1451.7±719.0)ng·h·ml-1;双单侧t检验结果表明,M1受试制剂Cmax的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的89.2%~121.1%范围内,AUC(0-10h)的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的80.9%~111.6%范围内;受试制剂对参比制剂M1的相对生物利用度F为(103.2±39.6)%。结论对厄多司坦及其代谢产物M1的主要药动学参数进行评价,按照生物等效性判定标准,认为2种制剂生物等效。     

麦考酚酸酯在中国健康受试者体内的药动学

目的研究麦考酚酸酯在中国健康人体内的药动学。方法12名健康受试者口服麦考酚酸酯1.0g后,用HPLC法测定血浆中麦考酚酸浓度;用3P97药动学程序拟合计算药动学参数。结果口服麦考酚酸酯后麦考酚酸的药-时曲线符合一级吸收二室模型,药动学参数Tmax为(0.75±0.18)h,Cmax为(30.81±10.75)mg·L-1,t1/2β为(16.3±11.7)h,AUC0~12h和AUC0~∞分别为(41.16±10.45)、(69.42±20.62)mg·h·L-1。结论麦考酚酸个体间药动学差异大,与国外文献报道基本一致。     

替硝唑在蒙古族和汉族健康人体的药代动力学研究

目的研究蒙古族和汉族健康志愿者单剂量口服替硝唑片的药代动力学。方法健康志愿者20名(其中蒙古族10名,汉族10名,男女各半),单剂量口服替硝唑片剂1g;采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中替硝唑的含量;用DAS软件程序进行数据处理并采用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果蒙古族受试者单剂量口服1g替硝唑的主要药动学参数为:Cmax(19.22±4.93)mg·L-1,Tmax(2.20±0.59)h,t1/2(16.39±1.79)h,AUC0-72h(444.93±82.19)mg·h·L-1,Ke(0.043±0.0052)h-1。汉族受试者的主要药动学参数:Cmax(19.04±2.42)mg·L-1,Tmax(2.15±0.47)h,t1/2(16.94±2.40)h,AUC0-72h(454.37±59.74)mg·h·L-1,Ke(0.042±0.0060)h-1。结论经统计学分析,替硝唑在蒙古族和汉族健康志愿者体内药动学过程不存在显著种族差异,而存在显著的性别差异。     

单剂量口服奥美拉唑在中国蒙古族和汉族健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究蒙古族和汉族健康受试者单剂量口服奥美拉唑肠溶片的药代动力学。方法健康蒙古族和汉族受试者各10名,男、女各半,单剂量口服奥美拉唑肠溶片40mg后,于不同时间点采集静脉血,经血浆样品处理后用反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度。用DAS2．0药动学软件进行数据处理,SPSS11．5软件进行统计分析。结果蒙古族受试者的主要药动学参数分别为Cmax为（942．54±297．46）mg·L^-1。;Tmax为（3．05±1．21）h;t1/2（1．8±1．01）h;AUC0-12为（2325．08±1322．42）mg·h·L^-1;AUC0-∞为（2381．40±1355．00）mg·h·L^-1。汉族受试者的主要药动学参数分别为Cmax为（760．49±581．23）mg·L^-1;Tmax为（2．70±0．82）h;t1／2（1．60±1．28）h;AUC0-12为（1437．61±798．05）mg·h·L^-1;AUC0-∞为（1470．09±769．48）mg·h·L^-1。结论蒙古族受试者、汉族受试者的Cmax,AUC（0-12）,AUC（0-∞）个体间差异较大,但统计学分析结果显示两民族主要药动学参数无统计学意义。     

头孢克洛片在健康受试者体内的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究头孢克洛片在健康人体内的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法20名健康受试者随机双交叉试验方法,单计量口服受试及参比制剂500mg,用HPLC法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数。结果受试制剂头孢克洛片t1/2(0.931±0.247)h、Cmax(6.654±1.378)μg·ml-1、Tmax(0.775±0.138)h、AUC0-t(10.038±2.074)μg·h·ml-1;参比制剂头孢克洛片t1/2(0.888±0.218)h、Cmax(6.895±1.326)μg·ml-1、Tmax(0.725±0.138)h、AUC0-t(10.175±2.544)μg·h·ml-1。以AUC0-t计算,受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(100.3±9.5)%。结论两制剂生物等效。     

普卢利沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的 评价口服普卢利沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性.方法 采用随机、交叉试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者交叉空腹口服两种普卢利沙星制剂264.2mg(相当于活性成份200mg).用HPLC法测定普卢利沙星代谢产物NM394体内的血药浓度.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂其主要药动学参数T1/2分别为(8.88±2.85)、(9.08±3.07)h;c…分别为(1.04±0.39)、(0.94±0.30)mg·L-1,Tmax分别为(0.66±0.15)、(0.64±0.15)h,AUCO-t分别为(6.89±2.18)、(6.66±1.93)mg·L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(7.73±2.56)、(7.57±2.19)mg·L-1·h,MRT分别为(9.82±1.51)、(9.65±1.90)h,经方差分析和双单侧t检验,主要药动学参数无显著性差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(105.7±24.2)%.结论 两种普卢利沙星制剂在健康人体内具有生物等效性.     

更昔洛韦分散片在健康人体的相对生物利用度与生物等效性

目的 建立测定血浆更昔洛韦浓度的HPLC-UV法并研究更昔洛韦分散片的相对生物利用度及其生物等效性.方法 按两制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服更昔洛韦分散片(受试制剂)和更昔洛韦胶囊(丽科乐,参比制剂),用HPLC法测定血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数,并评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服更昔洛韦分散片和更昔洛韦胶囊1g后的主要药代动力学参数:受试制剂更昔洛韦分散片的T1/2(6.33±1.84)h、Cmax(0.53±0.06)μg·ml-1、Tmax(1.53±0.12)h、AUC0-t(3.57±0.64)μg·h·ml-1;参比制剂更昔洛韦胶囊T 1/2(7.28±2.36)h、Cmax(0.50±0.04)μg·ml-1、Tmax(1.92±0.35)h、AUC0-t(3.52±0.65)μg·h·ml-1.以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比受试制剂中更昔洛韦的平均相对生物利用度为(102.3±8.2)%.结论 更昔洛韦分散片和更昔洛韦胶囊具有生物等效性.     

阿莫西林-舒巴坦匹酯片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究阿莫西林-舒巴坦匹酯片在中国健康志愿者体内的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法选择20名男性志愿者,随机交叉口服单剂量阿莫西林-舒巴坦匹酯片试验或参比制剂各2片,采用HPLC法测定血浆中阿莫西林（AMO）的浓度,用LC/MS/MS法测定舒巴坦匹酯的代谢物舒巴坦（SUL）的浓度,用3P97药动学软件计算药动学参数,利用方差分析及双单侧t检验分别对试验和参比制剂的AMO和SUL两种成分进行生物等效性评价。结果试验及参比片的AMO的Cmax分别为（9.61±2.00）、（10.40±2.87）mg·L^-1;Tmax分别为（1.20±0.28）、（1.21±0.36）h;T1/2分别为（1.46±0.86）、（1.13±0.48）h;AUC0～8分别为（23.38±4.04）、（23.04±6.04）mg·h·L^-1;AUC0～∞分别为（25.28±4.37）、（24.48±5.98）mg·h·L^-1;试验片的相对生物利用度为（109.3±19.4）%。试验及参比片的SUL的Cmax分别为（7.72±1.43）、（7.85±1.93）mg·L^-1;Tmax分别为（1.71±0.61）、（1.65±0.52）h;T1/2分别为（1.93±0.80）、（2.08±0.71）h;AUC0-8分别为（26.29±6.62）、（27.54±7.83）mg·h·L^-1;AUC0-∞分别为（28.51±7.25）、（29.85±8.32）mg·h·L^-1;试验片的相对生物利用度为（98.0±4.6）%。结论阿莫西林-舒巴坦匹酯片试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的生物等效性

目的 考察奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊人体药动学和比较两种制剂的生物等效性及尿中主要代谢物含量.方法 采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,24例男性健康志愿者随机分为2组,分别单剂量交叉口服奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂40 mg,以反相高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间点奥美拉唑血浆中浓度和尿中代谢物5'-羟基奥美拉唑、奥美拉唑砜,采用DAS房室模型法和生物等效性计算程序进行统计分析.结果 经DAS软件处理后表明受试制剂和参比制剂血药浓度-时间曲线符合一室开放模型.达峰时间分别为(1.94±0.86)、(2.11±0.73)h,峰浓度分别为(796.57±336.63)、(776.30±341.55)ng·ml-1,曲线下面积分别为(1 755.86±1 169.44)、(1749.90±1 241.73)ng·h·ml-1.受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(105.00±30.08)%.结论 证明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

黄杨宁分散片人体生物利用度和生物等效性研究

目的:在中国健康成年男性志愿者中比较研究黄杨宁分散片与黄杨宁片的相对生物利用度,评价二者的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服黄杨宁分散片与黄杨宁片3 mg,采用高效液相-质谱-质谱法分别测定血浆中环维黄杨星D的浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,评价这两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:受试制剂及参比制剂环维黄杨星D的Cmax分别为(90.17±45.19)和(99.95±50.06) ng/L,Tmax分别为(5.3±4.1)和(4.9±3.9) h,t1/2分别为(51.45±33.40)和(39.70±20.59) h;AUC0-tn分别为(3 625.79±1 619.20)和(3 608.21±1 320.07) ng·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(4 459.28±1 965.11)和(4 113.58±1 560.08)ng·L-1·h,试验制剂黄杨宁分散片的相对生物利用度F0-tn, F0-∞分别为(102.03±22.79 )%, (109.94±28.08 )%.统计学分析显示,药代动力学参数AUC、Cmax、Tmax等的差异无显著性.结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme