Management of male erectile dysfunction: a review

Male erectile dysfunction is common although some patients are embarrassed and delay seeking medical advice. Recent improvements in the understanding of the anatomy, physiology and pharmacotherapy of penile erections, and the introduction of intracavernosal pharmacotherapy has resolved most of the controversies regarding the aetiology of erectile dysfunction. Impotence is equally divided into organic and psychogenic causes. Arterial insufficiency, alcoholism, venosinusoidal, neurological and endocrine disorders are known to cause organic erectile dysfunction. Two most popular options in the management of erectile dysfunction are intracavernosal injections with vasoactive drugs like papavarine, phentolamine, and prostaglandin EI with discontinuation rates of 40-50%, and the use of external vacuum devices whose limitations include failure to achieve and maintain full erection. The use of inflatable penile prostheses is successful but limited with periprosthetic infection and cylinder erosion through the skin or urethra. Surgical procedures have included revascularisation of penile vessels without good results. Surgical ligation of penile veins for venosinusoidal incompetence has been successful compared to excision and embolisation which has disappointing results. Currently the role of oral medications in the treatment of erectile dysfunction is limited. However, there are now several new agents including sildenafil, a phosphodiasterase inhibitor, which is undergoing clinical trials that appear to be effective.     

药物性阴茎双功能超声检测在外伤性勃起功能障碍中的应用

目的 探讨阴茎双功能超声诊断尿道外伤患者勃起功能障碍的价值.方法 尿道外伤后经IIEF-5评分诊断为勃起功能障碍的患者35例分别于注射罂粟碱及酚妥拉明前后应用多普勒超声测量阴茎背动脉和背深动脉的动脉血流收缩期峰速(peak systolic velocity ,PSV),舒张末期流速(end diastolic velocity,EDV),阻力指数(resistance index,RI);背深静脉流速(V),并进行组间分析.依据骨盆耻骨联合有无分离分为两组,分离组13例,未分离组22例.结果 35例勃起功能障碍的患者中,经超声诊断为血管性勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)的有11例,耻骨联合分离组与未分离组在注射血管活性药物后背深动脉收缩期流速有统计学意义(P《0.05).结论 阴茎血流超声检测在诊断尿道外伤患者勃起功能障碍时可对血管性ED作出诊断,后尿道损伤患者尤其是合并骨盆耻骨联合分离者可能存在较大的血管性ED的风险.     

性功能电脑测评与诊断系统在男性性功能障碍诊疗中的应用

目的：应用性功能电脑测评与诊断系统(SCASF)对男性勃起功能障碍进行诊断治疗,观察其临床应用情况。方法：对88例勃起功能障碍患者进行性功能电脑测评与诊断系统的症状量表检测、阴茎Doppler血流检测、阴茎神经生物震感检测、阴茎海绵体内血管活性药物注射等检测,部分患者加作实验室内分泌检测,将结果输入系统进行综合分析,并根据分析结果进行治疗。结果：SCASF对男性勃起功能障碍患者诊断的符合率为94.32％,治愈及有效率为67．05％。结论：性功能电脑测评与诊断系统是一种操作简便、可靠性和准确性较高的男性勃起功能障碍的诊疗系统。     

雄激素补充对老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体nNOS表达的影响

目的 探讨雄激素补充对老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的影响.方法 20只18个月龄SD大鼠随机均分成A、B两组,10只2个月龄SD大鼠为C组.A组给予十一酸睾酮[20 mg/(kg·d)]灌胃,B、C组给予相同剂量的生理盐水灌胃,均8周.于8周末观察阿朴吗啡(APO)皮下注射与大鼠海绵体...     

骨盆骨折后勃起功能障碍

目的：探讨骨盆骨折后阴茎勃起功能障碍（ED）的原因及诊断和治疗方法。方法：对29例骨盆骨折后ED患者采用Rigiscan阴茎硬度监测、彩色多普勒超声等检查来分析出现ED的原因,同时对几种治疗方法进行比较。结果： 29例中心因性ED1例,血管性ED 7例（静脉性3例,动脉性4例）,神经源性ED 15例,混合性ED 6例。23例治疗有效,其中服用万艾可有效的2例,使用前列腺素E1（PGE1）自行阴茎注射的15例,使用前列腺素E1软膏（Befar）的5例,行腹壁下动脉与阴茎背动脉吻合手术1例。结论：后尿道部位支配阴茎的神经受损是骨盆骨折后出现ED的主要原因。PGE1自行阴茎注射是治疗的有效方法之一。     

应用前列腺素E1治疗勃起功能障碍176例

目的 :探讨前列腺素E1 (PGE1 )注射治疗勃起功能障碍 (ED)的疗效。方法 :应用Rigiscan检查筛选出ED患者 176例 ,采用前列腺素E1 ,自行阴茎海绵体注射治疗 ,观察临床疗效。结果 :前列腺素E1 阴茎海绵体注射可使74 .8%的患者性生活得到明显改善 ;2 3.9%的患者注射药物后感阴茎轻微胀痛 ;未发现异常勃起及海绵体纤维化等副作用。结论 :前列腺素E1 是治疗ED患者的一种安全有效和副作用小的药物 ,Rigiscan能帮助确定PGE1 的注射剂量。     

Sildenafil (Viagra) in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction in Nairobi

This prospective open-label extension study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of sildenafil (Viagra) in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction in Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 219 adult male patients with erectile dysfunction were instructed to take 50 mg, 25 mg, or 100 mg of sildenafil orally 1 hour prior to planned sexual activity, but not more than once every 24 hours. Patients were reviewed at 4-week intervals for 16 weeks to assess the efficacy and adverse effects of the drug. The age range was 33-80 years with a mean of 62.5 years and a peak incidence in the 60-69 year age group. The causes of erectile dysfunction were organic (n = 119, 54.34%), psychogenic (n = 85, 38.81%), and mixed (n = 15). 200 patients (91.32%) had improved sexual function after treatment with Viagra. This improvement included improved erectile and orgasmic functions and overall sexual satisfaction. 157 patients responded to the 50-mg treatment regimen; 40, to the 25-mg regimen; and 3, to the 100-mg regimen. No improvement in sexual function was reported in 19 patients (8.68%) after Viagra administration. In addition, 7 patients reported mild and transient adverse effects of the drug, including mild headache, dyspepsia, facial flushing, nausea, and vomiting. In conclusion, oral sildenafil (Viagra) is an effective well-tolerated and simple treatment for male erectile dysfunction in the majority of cases. However, the cost of treatment may prohibit and limit its wide use by many deserving patients in this area.     

Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition and can usually be managed pharmacologically, with drugs delivered by intracavernosal injection (ICI), transurethrally or orally. The cardiovascular status of the patient and his overall fitness for renewed sexual activity must be assessed before treatment for ED is initiated. The efficacy of sildenafil is related to the extent and severity of ED, and is significantly reduced in patients with severe vasculogenic ED, ED associated with diabetes and after radical prostatectomy. Alprostadil (prostaglandin E1) is the drug of first choice in patients treated with ICI; it is effective in 72.6% of men with ED and is associated with a low risk of priapism and cavernosal fibrosis. Transurethral alprostadil is significantly less effective than alprostadil ICI, producing improved erections in 30%-40%, but rigid erections in only 10%, of men with ED. There is Level II evidence that: alprostadil ICI is an effective treatment for ED papaverine ICI is associated with a high risk of cavernosal fibrosis and priapism papaverine ICI should be restricted to informed patients refractory to treatment with alprostadil ICI transurethral alprostadil is less effective than alprostadil ICI sildenafil is an effective treatment for ED.     

SILDENAFIL-ORAL MEDICATION FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION-A REVIEW

Problem of male erectile dysfunction has been better defined, recognised and being treated in the recent times. However, the intracavernosal injection of vaso-active materials and penile prosthesis implantation were only the viable options available. Sildenafil, which is a specific phosphodiesterase type V inhibitor, enhances erection on sexual arousal by increasing the quantity of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the corpora cavernosa. This has revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Though the drug appears very promising with little side effects, many questions regarding efficacy, safety, misuse and overuse need to be addressed.     

Experience with the oral iron chelator deferiprone in transfusion-dependent children

OBJECTIVE: To establish efficacy and safety of deferiprone. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: The Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo. PATIENTS: Transfusion-dependent children in the age group 1 to 15 years. INTERVENTION: Patients were given 75 mg/kg/day of deferiprone orally in divided doses. MEASUREMENTS: Efficacy of deferiprone therapy was assessed by 4 to 6 monthly serum ferritin (SF) assays. Safety of therapy was assessed by 4-weekly white cell counts and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The Z-score was used to assess the significance of the difference between the mean initial and final SF level. RESULTS: 82 patients received deferiprone therapy for a mean duration of 30 +/- 14 months. Initial SF levels ranged from 1115 to 12,165 micrograms/l with a mean of 5156 +/- 2631 micrograms/l. Final SF levels ranged from 312 to 15,285 micrograms/l with a mean of 2809 +/- 2380 micrograms/l (Z score 5.99; p < 0.001). Two (2.4%) children developed agranulocytosis which reverted to normal on discontinuation of treatment. 41 (50%) developed arthropathy and in 17 this was severe enough to require discontinuation of therapy. Serum ALT levels were raised in 35 (43%) patients but reverted to pretreatment values or lower despite continuation of deferiprone therapy. There was one death in a 9-year old child who developed diabetes mellitus and heart failure despite deferiprone therapy for 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: A final SF level < 2500 micrograms/l was achieved in 52% children. Severe arthropathy and agranulocytosis may necessitate permanent discontinuation of therapy.     

阴茎异常勃起16 例的诊断与治疗

目的正确选择阴茎异常勃起的诊治方案。方法阴茎异常勃起患者16例，其中血管活性药物所致11例，会阴外伤所致1例，原因不明4例。经体检、阴茎彩色超声、海绵体血气分析等检查后给予阿拉明海绵体注射及海绵体减压等治疗。结果14例为低流量型异常勃起，2例为高流量型，经及时处理后，异常勃起均缓解。随访1～36个月，勃起功能减退5例，11例患者勃起功能无显著改变，无明显阴茎海绵体纤维化。结论彩色超声和海绵体血气分析等检查有助于阴茎异常勃起准确及时的诊断。海绵体减压和阿拉明注射适用于大多数患者。     

温肾疏肝汤治疗维持性血透患者勃起功能障碍的疗效观察

[目的]观察中药温肾疏肝汤对维持性血透患者勃起功能障碍(ED)的临床疗效。[方法]收集23例患有ED的维持性血透患者,在一般治疗基础上,予温肾疏肝汤治疗8周,观察治疗前后血红蛋白、甲状旁腺激素、IIEF评分、一氧化氮、性激素等变化。[结果]治疗后,血红蛋白、甲状旁腺激素水平没有明显变化,而IIEF评分有明显改善,血清睾酮水平、一氧化氮水平升高,血清雌二醇水平降低。[结论]温肾疏肝汤可以改善维持性血透患者ED,同时可以改善性激素紊乱。     

Safety of treatment for subclinical osteomalacia in the elderly

Forty one elderly patients admitted to hospital for acute illnesses were also found to have subclinical osteomalacia. Immediately before discharge, therefore, all were randomised to receive either vitamin D2 25 micrograms daily, alfacalcidol 0.5 micrograms daily, or placebo. Treatment was given for at least three months, those allocated to placebo then being switched to an active drug. Within the first three months of treatment with either of the active drugs most patients had exhibited a fall to normal in osteoid values. In only four treatment periods was there a mild increase in serum calcium concentration, and in no patient was this accompanied by deterioration in renal function. Any increase in serum creatinine concentration was invariably attributable to the underlying disease for which the patient had been admitted in the first place. Subclinical osteomalacia in the elderly may be corrected by relatively low doses of alfacalcidol (0.5 micrograms daily) or vitamin D2 (25 micrograms daily) given for three months. Such treatment is safe and not accompanied by a serious risk of hypercalcaemia or renal impairment.     

阴茎负压吸引治疗血管性勃起功能障碍42例疗效观察

目的：探讨真空负压吸引治疗男性血管性勃起功能障碍(ED)的有效性。方法选取2013年1月至2015年5月我院收治的42例血管性ED患者,其中17例动脉性,25例静脉性,均采用真空负压吸引治疗6个月,在治疗前后进行国际勃起功能指数(IIEF-5)评分,并通过彩色多普勒超声检测治疗前后阴茎海绵体动脉血流峰值速度(PSV),舒张末期速度(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)。结果动脉性ED组经治疗后左右两侧PSV、RI及IIEF-5评分均较治疗前提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而左右两侧EDV与治疗前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗有效率及对性生活满意率均为64.7%(11/17);静脉性ED组经治疗后左右两侧PSV与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),EDV较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),RI及IIEF-5评分较治疗前提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗有效率及对性生活满意率分别为52%(13/25)和48%(12/25);此外,治疗后动脉性ED组患者的IIEF-5评分为（17.47±3.97）分,高于静脉性ED组的(14.35±3.98)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阴茎真空负压吸引治疗血管性勃起功能障碍有效,其中治疗动脉性ED效果更好,患者对性生活的满意度更高。     

海绵体内注射shIGFBP-3对糖尿病性勃起功能障碍大鼠勃起功能的影响

目的:观察海绵体内注射shIGFBP-3后大鼠阴茎海绵体内压和海绵体平滑肌密度的变化,评价其对大鼠糖尿病性勃起功能障碍的治疗效果.方法:30只SD大鼠随机分为3组,每组10只.造模成功后,各组分别海绵体内注射pGPU6/GFP/Neo shIGFBP-3,pGPU6/GFP/Neo-randomer shRNA和生理盐水.注射3个月后测量大鼠海绵体内压评价大鼠勃起功能,Masson法检测大鼠阴茎海绵体平滑肌密度的变化,Western blot检测阴茎海绵体中IGFBP-3蛋白的表达.结果:shIGFBP-3组大鼠海绵体内压为(112±16) mmHg,高于randomer shRNA组(63±11) mmHg和对照组(59±12) mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与randomer shRNA组和对照组相比,shIGFBP-3组大鼠阴茎海绵体平滑肌的密度明显上升,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Western blot显示shIGFBP-3组中IGFBP-3蛋白表达较其他两组明显减少.结论:shIGFBP 3基因注射可能提高糖尿病性勃起功能障碍大鼠的阴茎海绵体内压及改善阴茎海绵体平滑肌的密度.     

Physician attitudes and behaviour regarding erectile dysfunction in at-risk patients from a rural community

Erectile dysfunction affects many men in the United States. A 34% prevalence is estimated among male family practice patients. It is associated with a loss of self-image, self-confidence, and even chronic anger. Several risk factors increases the risk of erectile dysfunction. Prevalence is increased by 20-40% in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and those over 65 years old. While erectile dysfunction is generally acknowledged as an important health problem, misconceptions remain as to the need for clinician-initiated discussion regarding the issue. A retrospective chart review of patients at three health clinics in a predominately rural area was conducted. Subjects (n=102) were those at risk of erectile dysfunction who had undergone a complete physical exam between October 1995 and December 1996. All physician encounters were examined for documentation of physician inquiry about erectile dysfunction. A survey of physician perceptions on initiating discussions of erectile dysfunction was also conducted. Physician-initiated discussion of erectile dysfunction was documented in 17% of patients with hypertension, 18% with diabetes mellitus, and 30% of patients > 65 years. The physician survey (11 respondents) showed 27% reported asking all male patients about erectile dysfunction at routine physical, while 45% reported asking 80% of their male patients. A `lack of time'' or belief that the `patient will initiate discussions'' was cited by several practitioners as reasons why inquiries were not initiated. All physicians in the study agreed that sexual function is an integral part of overall health. They either overestimated the percentage of patients asked about erectile dysfunction or they had not documented results consistently.     

启阳胶囊联合小剂量5-磷酸二酯酶抑制剂治疗2型糖尿病性勃起功能障碍

目的 探讨启阳胶囊联合小剂量5-磷酸二酯酶抑制剂治疗糖尿病性勃起功能障碍的疗效。方法 在就诊的糖尿病性勃起功能障碍患者中随机抽取90例,将患者按照单双号分组方式分为研究组和对照组各45例,对照组患者给予口服小剂量5-磷酸二酯酶抑制剂治疗,研究组在对照组治疗基础上给予启阳胶囊联合治疗,比较2组间患者的临床疗效、治疗前后IIEF-5量表评分变化、不良反应发生率。结果 研究组总有效率95.56%,对照组总有效率75.56%,研究组总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前,组间患者IIEF-5量表评分无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后均有明显改善(P<0.05),其中,研究组患者治疗效果显著高于对照组(P<0.05);不良反应总发生率研究组为6.67%,对照组为11.11%,组间无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 采用启阳胶囊联合小剂量5-磷酸二酯酶抑制剂治疗糖尿病性勃起功能障碍,临床效果明显,并具有较高安全性。     

东升扶桑饮对痰湿型勃起功能障碍患者内皮功能保护作用的临床研究

目的 探讨东升扶桑饮对痰湿型勃起功能障碍患者内皮功能的保护作用。 方法 选取2018年3—7月来江苏省中医院就诊的痰湿型勃起功能障碍患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各30例,对照组口服他达那非治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加入东升扶桑饮,比较2组治疗前后的临床疗效、内皮功能相关指标和不良反应发生率。 结果 治疗前,2组患者国际勃起功能评分表(IIEF-5)评分、中医症状评分和最大勃起硬度比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),治疗后,2组的IIEF-5评分、中医症状评分和最大勃起硬度明显优于治疗前(均P<0.05),且观察组的上述指标明显优于对照组(均P<0.05)。治疗前,2组的血管扩张功能(FMD)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素-1(ET-1)水平比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),治疗后,2组的FMD和NO水平明显高于治疗前(均P<0.05),且观察组的FMD和NO水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.05),2组的ET-1水平明显低于治疗前(P<0.05),且观察组的ET-1水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患者治疗期间均未出现头痛、视线模糊及药物过敏等明显不良反应,观察组仅有1例患者出现轻微胃肠道不适症状,2组患者不良反应发生情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 东升扶桑饮能够显著改善痰湿型勃起功能障碍患者的临床症状,并对患者的内皮功能具有一定的保护作用,且安全性较高。      

Inducing labour with vaginally administered prostaglandin E2

In 50 consecutive pregnant women at a 125-bed community hospital with 1000 deliveries annually, labour was induced with prostaglandin E2 administered intravaginally. There were no stillbirths or neonatal deaths, and complications in the mothers were few. In nine women (18%) oxytocin was subsequently administered because of a failure of labour to progress; in spite of this, cesarean section was required in two (4%) of the patients. The overall cesarean section rate was 6%. Prostaglandins have been used routinely to induce labour in the United Kingdom for several years. This noninvasive method is safe, effective and well received by women in a community hospital setting, including those wanting "natural childbirth".     

Enprostil and ranitidine in prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse: one year double blind comparative trial

One hundred and forty two patients with duodenal ulcer who after a short term study had relief of pain and healed ulcers proved endoscopically were allocated at random to double blind maintenance treatment with enprostil (a synthetic dehydroprostaglandin E2) 35 micrograms or ranitidine 150 mg at bedtime for up to 12 months. Patients were monitored every third month and examined by endoscopy at three, six, and 12 months, or more often if warranted. The cumulative relapse rates in the enprostil group at three, six, and 12 months were 37% (25/67), 56% (37/66), and 62% (41/66), respectively. The corresponding rates in the ranitidine group were 8% (6/71), 19% (13/69), and 29% (20/69). These differences were highly significant and further enhanced by life table analysis adjusting for withdrawals and by an "intention to treat" analysis in which absence of proof of non-recurrence was counted as failure, more patients in the enprostil group having been withdrawn because of adverse events or recorded as non-compliant with the protocol. Enprostil 35 micrograms at bedtime cannot be recommended for preventing relapse of duodenal ulcer. Furthermore, the results challenge the clinical relevance of using so called "cytoprotection" for preventing recurrence.