铝/乙醇基纳米浆体燃料的着火燃烧特性研究

为了明确纳米铝粉从低浓度到高浓度变化对液体碳氢燃料着火燃烧特性的影响,采用液滴悬挂法研究了不同温度下(700~800℃)乙醇液滴和添加不同浓度(2.5wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%和20wt%)纳米铝粉的铝/乙醇基纳米浆体燃料液滴的着火燃烧特性。利用高速摄影系统捕捉了液滴整个燃烧过程,分析了其液滴寿命。通过热电偶对液滴附近气相温度的测量,获得了其着火性能参数。结果表明,添加纳米铝粉可以改善乙醇液滴的着火性能。不同铝粉浓度改善效果不同,低浓度时效果较好,着火延迟时间显著缩短,点火温度明显降低。随温度升高,乙醇及添加纳米铝粉的铝/乙醇基纳米浆体燃料液滴着火延迟时间及着火温度均明显降低。纳米铝粉(S2)对乙醇(S1)着火延迟时间和液滴寿命的降幅在750℃最大,其降幅分别达42.20%和18.43%。纳米铝粉(S3)着火温度降低,其最大降低幅度也出现在750℃,相对于乙醇(S1)降低幅度达28.57%。一定铝粉浓度范围内,液滴微爆炸程度和微爆炸时长随铝粉浓度升高而增大,但铝粉浓度超过10wt%后趋势变得平稳。     

铝–油酸/正庚烷基纳米浆体燃料液滴着火燃烧特性

采用液滴悬挂法研究了正庚烷液滴、油酸/正庚烷混合燃料液滴、含20wt%纳米铝粉的铝–油酸/正庚烷基纳米浆体燃料液滴在不同温度下(600~800℃)的着火燃烧特性。用高速摄像机观测液滴进入管式电阻炉后的着火燃烧过程,使用热电偶记录液滴周围的气相温度变化,同时通过对应的温度曲线计算液滴的着火延迟时间。结果表明,纳米铝粉和油酸的添加均能降低正庚烷液滴的着火延迟时间。随温度升高,正庚烷、油酸/正庚烷混合燃料、铝–油酸/正庚烷基纳米浆体燃料液滴的着火延迟时间显著降低,但变化趋势逐渐趋于平缓。铝–油酸/正庚烷基纳米浆体燃料液滴的着火延迟时间与环境温度满足阿累尼乌斯方程。与纯正庚烷、油酸/正庚烷混合液滴的燃烧过程相比,铝–油酸/正庚烷基浆体燃料液滴的燃烧过程有显著差异,其燃烧经历3个阶段：正庚烷稳定燃烧阶段、正庚烷微爆炸阶段和表面活性剂微爆炸阶段。铝–油酸/正庚烷基浆体燃料液滴燃烧时间延长,火焰熄灭后又复燃,且燃烧过程中发生剧烈的火焰形变和铝颗粒溅射现象,大部分铝以团聚体形式在第三阶段完成氧化还原反应。     

含不同粒度铝粉的铝/冰燃料的燃烧特性

用微米铝粉逐级取代部分纳米铝粉制备铝/冰燃料,采用表面接触法和高速摄影技术研究了不同粒度铝粉改善铝/冰燃料燃烧特性的效果. 结果表明,随微米铝粉取代量增加,铝/冰燃料燃烧反应速率和剧烈程度均先提高后降低,微米铝粉取代量为30%(w)时,铝/冰燃料最高升温速率达6062.24℃/s,是纯纳米铝/冰燃料的3.8倍. 用微米铝粉取代部分纳米铝粉均不同程度提高铝/冰燃料的燃面传播速率,微米铝粉取代量约为20%(w)时燃烧性能最佳,燃面传播速率较纯纳米铝/冰燃料提高57.8%. 在分析实验结果的基础上,建立了铝/冰燃料的燃烧火焰模型.     

氟化物包覆纳米铝粉对HTPB燃料燃烧性能的影响

为研究氟化物包覆纳米铝粉对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)燃料燃烧性能的影响,采用真空浇注法制备了含氟化物包覆纳米铝粉和不含添加物的两种HTPB燃料,并测试了在氧气流中的燃烧性能。利用NASA-CEA程序计算了两种燃料的理论比冲和绝热火焰温度。结果表明,两种燃料的退移速率都随着氧气质量密流的增加而增大,两种燃料的退移速率与氧气的质量密流关系均满足幂函数,幂函数指数分别为0.704±0.003和0.688±0.002;氟化物包覆纳米铝粉对燃料的退移速率有一定的促进作用,且这种作用不随氧化剂质量密流的变化而变化;在氧化剂质量密流研究范围内,含氟化物包覆纳米铝粉燃料的退移速率比不含添加物的燃料的退移速率高13%左右。氧气与燃料的质量比为2.0时,两种燃料在真空中的理论比冲和绝热火焰温度都达到最大值;氧气与燃料的质量比为0.4~8时,铝粉未能显著提高真空中HTPB燃料的比冲。     

质量浓度对TiO2-导热油基纳米流体比热容的影响

本文利用HC2100流体比热测试系统,测量了3种不同质量浓度的TiO_2-导热油基纳米流体的比热容,研究了纳米颗粒质量浓度对比热容的影响规律,得到了纳米流体比热容与质量浓度和温度之间的关系式。实验结果表明:在导热油中加入TiO_2纳米颗粒,相同温度下与基液相比,导热油的比热容会有明显的增大。且随温度的升高,纳米流体的比热容也会随之升高。纳米流体的比热容随纳米颗粒质量浓度的增加,会出现先增大后减小的情况。TiO_2-导热油基纳米流体比热容与温度和质量浓度之间有十分显著的线性关系。     

金纳米流体的制备及其性能研究

本文以不同浓度的金纳米流体为研究对象,从性能表征、导热性、黏度和润湿性四个方面探索其热物性能。结果显示,金纳米流体的导热系数均高于基液水的导热系数,且随着其浓度的增加不断增大;金纳米流体的黏度随温度的升高降低较为显著,随浓度的增大呈现增加趋势;与基液水相比,金纳米流体的表面张力均为不同程度的降低,浓度为0. 05～0. 2 g/L的金纳米流体,在25℃时其表面张力比基液水最大降低9. 3%,最少降低6. 5%;金纳米流体在玻璃片、铜片上均表现为润湿特性,其中在玻璃片上的润湿性比在铜片上好。     

三氧化二铝纳米流体粘滞度的实验研究

使用直接混合法制备三氧化二铝纳米流体,探讨三氧化二铝纳米流体在不同浓度(0%,0.1%,0.5%,1.0%,ω)和温度(10～40 ℃)下粘滞度的变化规律.使用Brookfield DVⅢ 流变仪进行测量,发现添加入纳米粒子于去离子水中所得三氧化二铝纳米流体符合牛顿粘性定律,为牛顿流体.任一纳米流体的粘滞系数随着温度的上升而下降,呈反比关系,而随浓度上升而增加,呈正比关系,在温度40 ℃和浓度为1.0%(ω)时粘滞度增大比率可达到25.2%.而压降在任何浓度的纳米流体均与去离子水相差大约5 MPa,显示加入纳米粒子对压降的影响不明显.当温度愈高时,压降也随着降低,代表未来可将纳米流体应用层面推向更高温的领域.     

油基CuO纳米流体的制备及热稳定性实验研究

选用改进后的"两步法"制备CuO/导热油纳米流体,并通过实验得到最佳分散剂为油酸、最佳油酸量为1 mL/0.3 g CuO、最佳超声振动时间为1.5 h.对于该纳米流体在中温(80～150℃)下的热稳定性进行试验探究,结果表明温度的升高、加热次数和时间的增加都会加剧纳米流体的团聚.随后提出了四点改进措施,并设计了正交试验验证,得到了各因素的影响程度主次以及提高纳米流体热稳定性的最佳措施.     

添加KNO_3对Al与CO_2热反应特性及点火燃烧性能的影响

采用热分析仪和可视化管式炉研究了添加KNO3对纳米铝粉在CO2气氛中的热反应特性和点火燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,随KNO3添加量增加,纳米铝粉着火点降低.添加1%和5%(?)KNO3可分别使着火点温度降低18.3和37.9℃,并使燃烧特性指数增加,但增加程度逐渐降低.添加KNO3可加速纳米铝粉在CO2气氛中的点火过程,使铝粉氧化反应更剧烈.添加KNO3后纳米铝粉的燃烧产物中除有大量?-Al2O3与少量单质Al外,还存在部分?-Al2O3.     

高氯酸铵包覆纳米铝粉在CO_2气氛中的热反应特性及点火燃烧特性

采用热分析仪和可视化管式炉研究了包覆剂高氯酸铵(AP)对纳米铝粉(nAl)在CO_2中热反应特性及点火燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,由于热分析仪及可视化管式炉中升温速率不同导致AP分解过程不同,使nAl的点火燃烧特性有一定差别;升温速率较慢时,包覆AP的nAl着火温度比未包覆nAl升高,但由于AP分解产生的O_2能促进nAl反应,所以包覆的nAl增重率大于未包覆的nAl,且随包覆剂浓度升高,样品增重率增大;升温速率较快时,包覆AP的nAl着火温度比未包覆的nAl均有明显降低,包覆10%与15%AP的nAl由于AP剧烈分解对着火影响明显,使着火温度下降约200℃.     

Combustion of Nanoaluminum and Water Propellants: Effect of Equivalence Ratio and Safety/Aging Characterization

The deflagration and combustion efficiency of 80 nm aluminum/ice (ALICE) mixtures with equivalence ratios of ϕ=1.0, 0.75, and 0.67 were experimentally investigated. We find that pressure exponent and burning rate vary little between these three mixtures, with the exponent varying only from 0.42 to 0.50 and burning rate at 6.9 MPa varying from 2.05 to 2.10 cm s⁻¹. However, reducing the equivalence ratio from 1.0 to 0.67 surprisingly increases combustion efficiency from 70 % to 95 % with unburned aluminum agglomerates visible in electron microscopy photographs of 70 % combustion efficiency (ϕ=1.0) products. Our findings suggest that nanoaluminum/water combustion is diffusionally limited for all conditions considered. Aging tests on the propellant show that storage at −30 °C essentially stops the Al/H₂O reaction such that little nanoaluminum degradation occurs after 200 days. Electrostatic discharge (ESD), shock initiation, and impact sensitivity tests indicate that the propellant is insensitive to ignition by these stimuli. Specifically, while neat nanoaluminum powders are highly ESD sensitive (ignition threshold 0.3–14 mJ), nAl/H₂O mixtures are insensitive to ESD and have ignition thresholds in excess of 400 mJ. Likewise, nAl/H₂O mixtures are insensitive to impact ignition, having an ignition threshold in excess of 2.2 m. Propellants containing 80 nm or larger average particle size aluminum were also found to be insensitive to shock initiation.     

含能液滴着火过程的实验研究

应用光学层析和计算机多媒体技术研究了含能液滴LP1846在大气压下的着火过程。动态显示液滴从受热、分解到着火燃烧的时间序列干涉图,并算出液滴着火温度。该方法为研究含能液滴着火燃烧特性提供了新的实验手段。     

Effects of NTO Oxidizer Temperature and Pressure on Hypergolic Ignition Delay and Life Time of UDMH Organic Gel Droplet

Organic gel propellants are promising candidates for a variety of rocket motor and scramjet applications, since they are intrinsically safe and provide high performance. It is well known that organic gel fuel droplets exhibit distinct combustion characteristics compared with conventional liquid fuel droplets, and furthermore an understanding of the ignition delay and lifetime of these droplets is critical to the improvement of combustor design. In this work, investigations of the combustion of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) organic gel droplets in different nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) oxidizing atmospheres were conducted using two sets of experimental apparatus. The combustion characteristics under different conditions of temperature and pressure were compared and analyzed based on the flame shapes observed during experimentation. From these trials, an unsteady combustion model was developed and used for the numerical simulation of spray‐sized UDMH organic gel droplet combustion in an NTO atmosphere. The hypergolic ignition and burning characteristics of the organic gel droplets under conditions simulating either engine startup or steady state combustion were compared, and changes in ignition delay and droplet lifetime with ambient temperature and pressure were analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that the UDMH organic gel droplets exhibit periodic swell‐burst behavior following the formation of an elastic film at the droplet surface. Each droplet burst results in fuel vapor ejection and flame distortion, the intensity of which declines with increasing ambient pressure. However, the swell‐burst period is extended with increasing ambient pressure, which results in potential flameout. Under conditions of low temperature and pressure similar to those at engine startup, the ignition delay and lifetime of spray‐sized gel droplets decrease with increasing temperature or pressure, although there is a sharp increase in droplet lifetime when the ambient pressure reaches a critical value associated with flameout. The ignition delay was found to be a rate‐limited phenomenon linked to the droplet heating rate. The proportion of ignition delay and droplet lifetime due to droplet heating‐up decreased with increasing temperature or decreasing pressure. Conversely, at high temperatures and pressures simulating the engine’s steady state operating conditions, the droplets were observed to flameout after several swell‐burst periods and both ignition delay and lifetime decreased monotonically with increasing temperature or pressure. The ignition delay time was determined to be rate‐limited by gas phase chemical reactions and contributed very little to the overall droplet lifetime compared with the engine startup condition.     

Particle formation mechanism in radical polymerization in miniemulsion based on in situ surfactant formation without high energy homogenization

Conventional radical polymerization of styrene at 70 °C in aqueous miniemulsion generated using the in situ surfactant technique, without use of high energy mixing, has been investigated in detail. The surfactant potassium oleate was formed in situ by reaction between oleic acid and potassium hydroxide at the styrene/water interface. The particle formation mechanism was investigated by use of pyrene as a probe, revealing that under suitable conditions with an oil-phase initiator, particle formation occurs primarily via monomer droplet nucleation. The droplet/particle stability is however inferior to that in a typical miniemulsion generated employing ultrasonication, as manifested by a marked increase in droplet/particle size with conversion and a bimodal droplet/particle size distribution by weight. The droplet/particle stability increases with increasing amount of oleic acid, hexadecane, water, and the ratio potassium hydroxide:oleic acid, respectively.     

Droplet ignition of coal–water slurries prepared from typical coal- and oil-processing wastes

The requirements for stable ignition (and subsequent combustion) of fuel suspensions prepared from typical coal- and oil-processing wastes are studied experimentally. Attention focuses on the differences between the ignition characteristics of coal–water slurries (containing petrochemicals) obtained on the basis of filter cakes containing T, K, SS, Zh, D, and G coal. To eliminate the influence of the droplet holder (traditionally, thermocouple junctions, ceramic rods, or metal wire) on the ignition characteristics of the fuel droplet, the experiments employ a special model combustion chamber and a device for introducing a single drop of suspension. The ignition time and the minimum temperature of stable ignition of a droplet of coal–water slurries suspended in an oxidant flux are established. The influence of the following factors on the initiation of fuel combustion is determined: the oxidant temperature, the droplet size, the size of the coal dust, and the properties and concentrations of the components. The compositions of the coal–water slurries corresponding to optimal ignition (minimum inertia) are identified.     

乙醇溶液液滴降压蒸发过程传热传质特性

针对单个乙醇溶液液滴在降压环境下蒸发的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型基于液相的能量守恒和 传质扩散理论,利用经典拓展模型计算液滴的质量蒸发率,并引入活度系数考虑液滴表面的蒸气分压。采用液 滴悬挂法进行实验,分别记录了乙醇溶液液滴和乙酸溶液液滴在降压蒸发过程中的液滴内温度变化。将实验数 据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴内部温度分布以及浓度分布随时间的变化。 结果表明:快速降压阶段空气流动较快,加之乙醇工质易挥发,液滴表面温度下降迅速,液滴内部温差和乙醇 浓度梯度较大;压力稳定后,空气流速为零,液滴内部温差和乙醇浓度梯度逐渐减小。由于液滴内部的热扩散 速率大于传质扩散系数,内部温度随时间的变化比浓度随时间的变化更快。     

包覆油酸的Fe_3O_4纳米粒子的制备

用FeSO4和FeCl3在氨水和油酸作用下,共沉淀制备了包覆油酸的Fe3O4纳米粒子,考察了沉淀温度、油酸加入前反应时间及总铁离子浓度对其粒径的影响。结果显示,沉淀温度的升高和油酸加入前反应时间的延长,均可使Fe3O4粒径增大。沉淀温度从20℃增加到80℃,粒径从大约5 nm增加到8 nm;油酸加入前反应时间从10 min延长到30 min,粒径从大约3 nm增加到8 nm。c(总铁离子)=0.1~1.1 mol/L时对粒径没有显著影响,Fe3O4粒径均为8 nm左右,c(总铁离子)>1.1 mol/L时,粒径明显减小。     

Ignition of droplets of coal–water–oil mixtures based on coke and semicoke

To permit expansion of the resource base and utilize industrial waste, coal–water–oil fuels may be prepared on the basis of coke and semicoke, as well as common petroleum derivatives (fuel oil and spent compressor, turbine, and transformer oils). The minimal oxidant temperature corresponding to stable ignition of coal–water–oil slurries is established. Typical variation in fuel temperature in the course of reaction is determined, as well as the delay time of ignition and the total combustion time for individual droplets of such fuel suspensions. For droplets of initial size 0.5–1.5 mm, the influence of the various factors (droplet size, oxidant temperature, and concentration of the components) on the threshold (minimum) temperature and inertia of ignition is studied. It is shown that stable ignition of coke and semicoke in such fuel is possible at moderate oxidant temperatures: 700–1000 K.