不同时速列车振动荷载下衬砌拱圈振动响应传递规律

通过高速铁路隧道衬砌振动响应的现场试验,发现隧道衬砌拱圈在列车荷载作用下,其振动加速度幅值随车速的增大而增大,且拱圈横向振动与竖向振动呈现不同的传递规律。文中开展理论分析与仿真计算,建立ABAQUS有限元平面模型,采用动力隐式算法对不同车速列车荷载作用下的隧道衬砌拱圈振动响应问题进行了理论分析,得出以下结果:有限元数值计算结果与实测结果基本吻合,可用作对实际测量数据的补充与预测;隧道振动响应随列车速度的增加而呈现增大趋势;不同车速引起的衬砌振动加速度响应传递规律一致;不同车速引起的衬砌竖向振动加速度幅值在拱顶位置较小,且随列车时速增大而变化不明显;衬砌拱顶横向振动明显随列车速度的增大而增大,但不同车速引起的衬砌横向振动在隧道圆心水平位置（即0°与180°）随列车时速变化不明显,且振动幅值较低;拟合了不同时速列车引起的隧道衬砌横向与竖向振动加速度的经验公式。     

Some initial experiments with an electrically conducting powder under static and vibrating conditions

An electrically conducting powder was produced by mixing bronze spheres with a small amount of carbon black powder. The potential difference across beds of this powder was measured under static conditions and vibration. The system was very sensitive and monitored changes during vibration cycles at rapid rates. Horizontal and vertical conductances were measured. Above a minimum vertical stress, the ratio of the two was constant. The conductance was related to vertical stress by a linear relationship with hysteresis, for both static conditions and vibration at small accelerations. A simple model has been proposed to describe this system. At high accelerations (< 10 m/s²) changes were much larger. There were permanent changes in conductance and the system was non-linear. The data demonstrate that the internal structure of a particle bed displays great sensitivity, hysteresis and a dependence upon stress history.     

一类机械噪声对全身振动不舒适度的正负掩蔽效应

船舶、车辆或飞机舱室内往往同时存在振动和噪声。振动会引起人体不舒适,而噪声可能会增大或减小振动引起的不适感。通过对比实验,研究了无声波激励（60dB （A）背景噪声）以及舱室内一类典型机械振动噪声激励（幅值为70、85 dB （A））下,低频随机垂直全身振动（加速度均方根值为1.5、2.0和2.5 m·s^-2）引起的不舒适度。每组振动和声波持续时间为2 min,12名被试每隔30 s判断振动不舒适度的幅值。结果表明,相对于无声波激励的条件,幅值为70dB （A）的噪声增大了振动不舒适度,而85 dB （A）的噪声却减小了振动不舒适度。该现象说明噪声对振动引起的不适感具有抑制或者增强的“正负”掩蔽作用：较高幅值的噪声对振动不舒适度具有正掩蔽（抑制）效应,较低幅值的噪声对振动不舒适度具有负掩蔽（增强）效应。该掩蔽效应随人体暴露于噪声和振动环境中的时长增大而逐渐减小。     

某体育馆楼板振动舒适度研究

针对某大学体育馆楼板振动舒适度问题,建立楼板计算模型,计算楼板在不同边界等条件下的自振频率。现场实测楼板自振频率和最不利情况时楼板振动加速度值。楼板自振频率的计算值和四边固定且无活荷载时的实测吻合较好,表明数值计算模型是合理的。基于实测加速度值,利用国际标准ISO 2631-1997对楼板振动舒适度进行评价,评价结果表明楼板满足舒适度要求。所采用的基于国际标准的评价方法可供国内其他工程结构楼板舒适度的评价提供参考。     

考虑轨道弹性时机车轮对的纵向振动研究

在电机轴悬式机车-轨道垂向耦合动力学模型的基础上,考虑了机车的纵向运动自由度,通过对比牵引工况下考虑和不考虑轨道弹性时的轮轨作用力及轮对振动加速度,得到了轨道弹性变形对轮对轮轨切向力及其纵向振动的影响规律。研究结果表明,当轮轨界面无不平顺激扰时,考虑或忽略轨道结构的弹性对轮对牵引力的发挥及纵向振动影响不大;在不平顺激扰下,轨道结构参与轮轨间的耦合振动,由于轨道垂向的弹性及阻尼作用,轮轨垂向力特别是高频力得到缓冲及衰减,致使50Hz以上高频段的轮轨切向力及轮对纵向振动变的缓和,利于轮周牵引力的稳定发挥。总体上,分析模型中若不考虑轨道弹性会造成预测的轮轨切向力及轮对振动加速度偏大。     

Flowability measurement of pulverized and granulated materials using vibrating tube method

To develop a method for measuring the flowability of MOX (mixed oxide of uranium and plutonium) particles used in the simplified MOX pellet fabrication process, the flowability of model particles has been investigated by the vibrating tube method. As model particles, pulverized ZrO₂ and granulated WO₃ were used. To prepare a variety of samples, coarse particles of 106–250 μm in diameter were mixed with fine particles smaller than 45 μm in diameter in different concentrations. The prepared particles were put into the vibrating tube and the amplitude of vibration was increased at a constant rate for a period of time and then decreased. The mass of particles discharged from the tube was measured at constant time intervals. From the experimental data, the relationships between the mass flow rate and the vibration acceleration (i.e. flowability profiles) were obtained. Two factors (i.e. ‘critical vibration acceleration’ to make the particles flow and ‘characteristic mass flow rate’) were selected to analyze the flowability profiles. The hysteresis of the flowability between increasing and decreasing vibration accelerations was also evaluated.     

志高小区变压器结构噪声分析与控制

为解决志高小区变压器噪声扰民问题,通过对该小区地下室干式变压器分布的研究,并结合对变压器噪声传播机理的分析,得出由变压器振动引起的结构噪声是扰民的主要原因。采取安装隔振装置等隔振措施,有效地降低了变压器噪声对居民的影响,并通过对居民室及变压器隔振前后的振动加速度进行测量,同一测点振动级降低均在10 d B以上,同一测点的加速度值降低60%以上,基本解决了由变压器结构噪声引起的噪声扰民问题。     

Wireless Measurement System for Ground-borne Vibration and Vibration Amplifications in Buildings

The environmental impact on residents of buildings, such as adverse effect on sleep and physical discomfort is caused by ground-borne vibration sources such as rail transit systems, road traffic, construction sites, and industrial plants. To estimate the impact of these vibrations on the residents, it is necessary to measure the tri-axial vibrations in the vertical and horizontal directions of the buildings as specified in the international standard regulated by ISO 2631-2:2003. A wireless measurement system for simple and accurate measurement of building vibration was developed. Five wireless vibration measurement devices (installed together with a data recorder in the building) are controlled simultaneously by an outdoor mobile PC or a laboratory PC via wireless local area network and an Internet connection. It sends the vibration acceleration waveforms recorded in buildings over the wider internet communication system to the laboratory PC. The wireless measurement system was used for measuring vibration in two- and three-story detached houses of wooden or steel construction. The impact on the residents may be caused by the vibration amplifications associated with building structural resonances. The vibration amplifications in 120 houses were evaluated as ratios and level differences in 1/3 octave band vibration accelerations measured at the ground near the substructure and floors.     

高层隔震结构减震机理探讨

从时域和频域两个角度分别研究了高层隔震结构的减震机理。采用ETABS软件建立了高层框剪隔震建筑模型和多层框架隔震建筑模型,输入单向地震波,后提取隔震层的加速度时程,将其视为地震动,输入原抗震结构中。文中对比了两者隔震前后的加速度反应谱,发现无论是高层隔震结构还是多层隔震结构都存在多振型减震的作用,但在高层结构中,高阶振型反应谱加速度的减少量相对于第一阶振型反应谱加速度的减少量要大很多,而在多层结构中,高阶振型的减少量与第一阶振型差不多,使得多振型减震在高层结构当中的效应要远大于多层结构;对比两者隔震前后基底最大剪力的减震率,发现对于高层隔震结构,叠加上高阶振型后,基底最大剪力的减震率有较大的提高,而对于多层隔震结构,减震率变化不大。从以上两个方面可以说明,多层隔震结构的高阶振型减震效应很小,且以第一振型减震为主,而高层隔震结构存在较大的高阶振型减震的效应,从而产生了其多振型减震的效应     

拉杆疲劳裂纹导致的组合转子性能退化研究

 组合转子作为燃气轮机等的核心部件,其性能退化机理并不明确,揭示其性能退化机理并有效地进行性能退化评估对燃气轮机等长期安全运行具有重要意义.为此,从结构损伤导致性能退化的角度出发,分析拉杆裂纹引起的组合转子性能退化特性.分别建立了组合转子有限元模型和弯曲、扭转刚度模型,利用有限元模型对拉杆上含初始裂纹的组合转子进行裂纹扩展分析,得到拉杆裂纹扩展速率;利用弯曲和扭转刚度模型分析了不同深度的裂纹对组合转子振动的影响,得到组合转子固有频率随裂纹尺寸的变化规律;并提出了衡量由微裂纹导致的组合转子性能退化的度量指标,实现了拉杆裂纹引起的组合转子性能退化的定量评估.研究表明：随着拉杆裂纹尺寸的增大,裂纹的扩展速率变快;拉杆裂纹的存在对组合转子的弯振影响较大,对扭振影响相对较小.     

基于离心-振动复合装置的加速度计整流误差校准

通过对加速度计传统整流误差校准方法的分析研究,提出了基于离心-振动复合加速度输入的加速度计整流误差校准方案。并通过建立加速度计的非线性耦合模型,给出恒加速度和振动加速度复合作用下加速度计整流误差计算方法。利用研制的离心-振动复合校准装置,进行了恒加速度和振动加速度复合作用下加速度计的整流误差试验,结果验证了基于恒加速度和振动加速度复合输入的加速度计整流误差校准方法的合理性和可行性。     

Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) analysis of the effect of residual stress on fatigue crack propagation rate

In this research, both residual and applied stresses are converted to stress intensity factors independently and combined using the superposition principle. The fatigue crack propagation rates are predicted. Experiments using two different loading modes, constant applied stress intensity factor (SIF) range, and constant applied load modes are done for samples with and without initial tensile residual stresses. The samples with initial tensile residual stresses exhibit accelerations of the crack propagation rates. The results show that the weight function method combined with the three-component model provides a good prediction of fatigue crack propagation rates in tensile residual stress fields.     

基于3-RPC并联机构的三维振动隔离系统的动力学建模与控制研究

基于车体振动的特点提出一种应用于车载设备的三维隔振系统,建立了该系统的半主动模糊最优控制模型,并通过实验验证了该多维隔振系统的性能。该系统通过使用磁流变(MR)阻尼器与弹簧组成的隔振子系统代替3-RPC(旋转副-平移副-螺旋副)并联机构中的驱动器实现空间三维振动隔离。控制模型结合了H∞状态反馈控制方法和MR阻尼器的工作原理得到阻尼器的可输出控制力,并通过模糊模型计算得到MR阻尼器的输入电流。设计制造了一套振动隔离实验平台,并采用正弦信号和随机信号进行振动实验完成了对平台的隔振性能的验证。通过测量上平台的振动加速度表明此隔振系统具有良好的隔振效果。     

牵引电机转子振动对高速列车动力学性能的影响

为了分析牵引电机转子振动对车辆动力学性能的影响,建立了包括驱动系统的动车非线性动力学模型,模型中考虑了转子-轴承系统的非线性力.通过数值仿真,研究了转子-轴承系统非线性反力对牵引电机振动的影响,对比分析了考虑与不考虑转子轴承非线性反力时车辆在驱动、匀速和惰行工况下的动力学特性.结果表明,电机转子的振动是由轴承变刚度频率...     

拉萨河特大桥动力测试与车桥耦合振动分析

为检验桥跨结构的动力性能,对主跨径108m,梁拱组合体系拉萨河特大桥进行动力试验。测试其自振频率和振型;激振试验中,测试桥跨结构在列车以不同速度通过桥跨和在桥上特定位置制动时桥跨结构的应变、位移、振幅以及加速度等动力响应,并将实测结果与车桥耦合振动计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,该组合体系具有良好的竖向刚度、横向刚度;列车在桥上运行时对桥跨结构有一定的冲击作用但并不明显,列车在桥上行车时具有良好的安全性与舒适度。该新型结构的设计理论和计算方法是合理性的,为今后设计该类组合体系铁路桥梁提供理论依据和技术参考。     

新型组合式道床系统低频振动控制研究

针对组合式道床系统道床板低频域振动增大的现象,基于被动式阻尼吸振原理设计道床板上阻尼减振器,根据车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论建立有限元模型,对比分析普通道床及安装阻尼减振器前后组合道床系统的振动特性,研究结果表明:由于普通道床轨道结构与地面基础刚性连接,普通道床道床板的振动加速度级要低于组合道床道床板的振动加速度级,但道床板与基础之间没有隔振措施,使得普通道床地基的振动水平明显高于组合道床地基的振动水平;在20 Hz~40 Hz,组合式道床系统安装道床板阻尼减振器可有效降低道床板的振动加速度级;且随着质量比增大,减振效果逐渐增强,当质量比为0.3时,最大插入损失可达15 d B。     

轨道交通减振扣件对列车稳定性影响对比测试

为研究GH-1轨道交通新型减振扣件对列车稳定性的影响,进行轨道行车稳定性试验,测试列车通过不同轨道减振扣件区时转向架及车厢的横向和垂向振动加速度,与现行国际规范及国家标准规定的列车运行安全性和平稳性指标进行对比,并比较分析列车在不同扣件区的振动加速度响应。结果表明,列车通过GH-1新型轨道减振扣件区时,列车安全性和平稳性能够满足标准规定的限值,且车体的横向和垂向振动响应以及转向架的横向振动响应相对于列车通过国内常用的DT系列某型号扣件区时更小,列车稳定性更好。该结果对GH-1轨道交通新型减振扣件的使用安全具有参考价值。     

A parametric investigation of the seismic capacity for masonry arches and portals of different shapes

Masonry arches are typical components of historic buildings throughout the world, and their damage or collapse is very often caused by earthquakes. The first-order seismic assessment of masonry structures can be represented by the equivalent static analysis method, which does not capture all of the dynamics, but provides a measure of the lateral loading that the structure can withstand before collapse. This study aims to understand the stability of unreinforced masonry arches and portals (i.e. buttressed arches) subjected to constant horizontal ground accelerations, combined with the vertical acceleration due to gravity. An analytical model based on limit analysis is developed to describe the relative stability of pointed and basket-handle arches and portals with respect to circular ones, for varying geometry parameters. The equivalent static analysis determines the value of the constant lateral acceleration needed to cause collapse of the structure, which coincides with the minimum peak ground acceleration needed to transform the vaulted system into a mechanism. Predictions of the analytical model are compared with results of numerical modelling by the Discrete Element Method (DEM). This numerical model considers masonry as an assemblage of rigid blocks with no-tension frictional joints, and is based on a time stepping integration of the equations of motion of the individual blocks. The satisfactory agreement between predictions of the two approaches validates the analytical model and verifies the potentials of the discrete element framework as a method of evaluating the quasi-static behavior of unreinforced masonry structures.     

An improved time-varying mesh stiffness algorithm and dynamic modeling of gear-rotor system with tooth root crack

When a tooth crack failure occurs, the vibration response characteristics caused by the change of time-varying mesh stiffness play an important role in crack fault diagnosis. In this paper, an improved time-varying mesh stiffness algorithm is presented. A coupled lateral and torsional vibration dynamic model is used to simulate the vibration response of gear-rotor system with tooth crack. The effects of geometric transmission error (GTE), bearing stiffness, and gear mesh stiffness on the dynamic model are analyzed. The simulation results show that the gear dynamic response is periodic impulses due to the periodic sudden change of time varying mesh stiffness. When the cracked tooth comes in contact, the impulse amplitude will increase as a result of reductions of mesh stiffness. Amplitude modulation phenomenon caused by GTE can be found in the simulation signal. The lateral–torsional coupling frequency increases greatly within certain limits and thereafter reaches a constant while the lateral natural frequency nearly remains constant as the gear mesh stiffness increases. Finally, an experiment was conducted on a test bench with 2 mm root crack fault. The results of experiment agree well with those obtained by simulation. The proposed method improves the accuracy of using potential energy method to calculate the time-varying mesh stiffness and expounds the vibration mechanism of gear-rotor system with tooth crack failure.     

正弦扫频及随机激励颗粒阻尼器减振效果比较

用多组颗粒阻尼器对航天器上某工程结构进行减振实验研究,并用两种指标（共振峰处传递函数和测点与激振台加速度均方根之比）分别评价了正弦扫频和随机激励作用下颗粒阻尼器减振效果,发现采用正弦扫频、随机激励两种激励条件时,得出的减振效果有明显差异。为此,对差异机理进行了研究、分析。结果表明：颗粒阻尼器作为一种强非线性的被动阻尼器,其减振效果的评价不宜基于某种特定的激励条件和采用单一的评价指标,而应根据具体的使用环境选择合适的激励条件和评价指标。