Morphology,size and distribution of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment

This article reports the morphology, size, and distribution evolution of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment. The variation of single large-sized MnS inclusions at high temperature was observed in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). The slender MnS inclusions first changed to pearl-like strings. These small-sized pearls subsequently coalesced and became closer together as the temperature increased. Large-sized MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel samples with different thermal histories were investigated with respect to the evolution of their morphology, size, and distribution. After 30 min of ovulation at 1573 K, the percentage of MnS inclusions larger than 3 μm decreased from 50.5% to 3.0%. After a 3 h soaking period, Ostwald ripening occurred. Most MnS inclusions moved from the grain boundaries to the interior. The present study demonstrates that heat treatment is an effective method of changing the morphology, size, and distribution of MnS inclusions, especially large-sized ones.     

低碳高硫含锡锑复合易切削钢

对复合添加少量Sn和Sb或Sn和Bi的低碳高硫易切削钢做了切削和高温热塑性实验. 结果表明:试样在长时间的高速切削条件下刀具后刀面磨损很小,其易切削性能明显优于SAE1215钢. 含Sn和Sb的钢样在750～950℃温度范围内塑性较差,在1050～1300℃范围内具有良好的塑性. 扫描电镜及能谱分析表明:钢中Sn和Sb元素在晶界、MnS夹杂物内及MnS边界处均存在;大部分的Bi元素附着在MnS夹杂物上,一部分弥散分布在钢的基体中;钢中MnS夹杂主要呈球状和纺锤状.     

Ti-- Mg 复合脱氧和硫含量对钢中夹杂物特征及 MnS析出行为的影响

采用扫描电镜/能谱仪表征了管线钢中夹杂物的形貌、尺寸、成分及数量,考察了不同 Ti/ Mg 比的钢中夹杂物特征、硫含量及脱氧产物数量对 MnS 析出行为的影响,并进行了热力学计算.结果表明：Ti- Mg 脱氧钢中夹杂物以 MgO- Al2 O3-Ti2 O3、MgO- Ti2 O3或 MgO 为核心,表面包裹或局部析出 MnS,粒径小于1.3μm,数量为300~450 mm -2,形貌为圆形、多边形和方形;夹杂物中 Ti/ Mg 原子数比为0.05~0.2时,夹杂物细小且近圆形;随硫含量减少,凝固过程中 MnS 析出倾向减小, MnS 在夹杂物表面由包裹析出向局部析出转变,提高氧化物夹杂数量,有利于细小 MnS 的包裹或局部异质形核;Ti- Mg 复合脱氧产物细小、弥散,可作为 MnS 异质形核核心,可同时降低 MnS 及氧化物的危害.     

原位观察MnS对非调质钢拉伸性能各向异性的影响

利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜原位观察S质量分数为0.065%的非调质钢纵向与横向拉伸过程中MnS的行为,研究MnS形貌与分布对非调质钢各向异性的影响.原位观察表明锻后钢中存在大量长条形MnS,横向与纵向拉伸过程中MnS长度方向与拉力方向取向不同.横向拉伸过程中MnS更易与基体分离产生裂纹,裂纹随MnS长度方向扩展长大,最终导致基体的断裂. MnS在纵向拉伸时不易与基体分离,因此对纵向拉伸性能影响较小.钢中群聚分布的MnS有利于裂纹的聚合长大,会促进基体的断裂.     

定向凝固研究易切削钢中硫化物的生成行为

通过定向凝固实验研究了易切削钢中硫化物的生成过程,并建立了枝晶臂间距、硫化物的平均直径与凝固条件之间的关系.实验结果表明:随着温度梯度和拉速的增大,MnS的平均直径减小,数量增多;定向凝固过程中硫化物的完全析出温度大约在固相线温度下100℃左右,MnS形态的改变,主要受其组成元素的活度影响,即MnS形态的改变受其界面自由能的影响;对定向凝固实验中钢的枝晶臂间距、硫化物的平均直径与凝固条件的关系进行了拟合,拟合结果与前人研究结果相吻合.     

易切削钢中夹杂物及锡的形态

研制了一种新型含锡易切削钢.在锡含量小于0.05%(质量分数)时,钢材具有良好的易切削性能,其力学性能也达到了国家标准.在扫描电镜下观察了钢中夹杂物和断口的形貌,利用能谱分析了夹杂物的成分.结果表明,钢中的复合夹杂物主要由氧化物和Mns组成.多数呈球形或纺锤形,在断口及夹杂物的表面上锡明显偏析.     

高硼钢中夹杂物形成热力学及实验研究

高硼钢冶炼过程中,洁净度的控制是提高冶炼质量的重要环节。分析了高硼钢熔体中氧化物和氮化物等夹杂物的形成条件。计算结果表明,硅的脱氧能力要强于硼,冶炼温度越低,氧含量越少;硼的脱氮能力要强于硅,同样冶炼温度越低,氮含量越少。通过高温实验,制备了高硼钢样品。夹杂物检测结果表明,1~4μm的夹杂物占总量的37%;4~8μm的夹杂物占总量的55%;大于8μm的夹杂物占总量的8%,主要是硅酸盐类夹杂,渣洗吸收了大部分夹杂物。探讨了提高高硼钢洁净度的方法,对实际冶炼高硼钢具有重要指导意义。     

Effects of elemental Sn on the properties and inclusions of the free-cutting steel

A new environment-friendly free-cutting steel alloyed with elemental Sn (Y20Sn) was developed to meet the requirements of machinability and mechanical properties according to GB/T8731-1988. The machinability of the steel is enhanced by the segregation of elemental Sn at grain boundaries. The effect of Sn segregation on intergranular brittle fracture at normal cutting temperature from 250℃ to 400℃ is confirmed. The formation mechanism of main inclusions MnS is influenced by the presence of Sn and the attachment of Sn around MnS itself as a surfactant, and this mechanism also explains the improvement in machinability and mechanical properties of the steel. In the steel, the relevant inclusions are mainly spherical or axiolitic, and are uniformly distributed in small volume. Such inclusions improve the machinability of the steel and do not impair the mechanical properties as well. Experimental results demonstrate that the appropriate content of Sn in the steel is 0.03wt% to 0.08wt%, and the remaining composition is close to that of standard Y20 steel.     

氮化硼先驱体的合成与研究

以三氯化硼，三乙胺为原料，在氮气保护气下，经低温反应合成了配位键化合物Et3NBCl3，再与（Me3Si2)NH反应，得到了中间产物（Me2Si)2NBC2和（Me2Si)2NB(Cl)NHSiMe3，进而通过热缩合成环和高分 子化后，获得了具有B、N六元环结构的BN先驱体，合成的BN先驱体，软化点为40－50℃左右，且热处理后软化点的温度可提高至60－70℃左右，可纺性能良好，获得的淡黄色，半透明且表面光滑的先驱体丝，在氮气中热分解至1500℃，获得了含有不量Si3N4和SiC的BN粉体，陶瓷转化率为38％。     

Characteristics of Al2O3, MnS,and TiN inclusions in the remelting process of bearing steel

The Al2O3, MnS, and TiN inclusions in bearing steel will deteriorate the steel's mechanical properties. Therefore, elucidating de-tailed characteristics of these inclusions in consumable electrode during the electroslag remelting process is important for achieving a subse-quently clean ingot. In this study, a confocal scanning violet laser microscope was used to simulate the remelting process and observe, in real time, the behaviors of inclusions. The obtained images show that, after the temperature exceeded the steel solidus temperature, MnS and TiN inclusions in the specimen began to dissolve. Higher temperatures led to faster dissolution, and the inclusions disappeared before the steel was fully liquid. In the case of an observed Al2O3 inclusion, its shape changed from angular to a smooth ellipsoid in the region where the solid and liquid coexisted and it began to dissolve as the temperature continued to increase. This dissolution was driven by the difference in oxygen potential between the inclusion and the liquid steel.     

TZP-BN-10%Si3N4可加工复合材料的制备及其性能研究

利用热压烧结制备出TZP(四方氧化锆多晶体) BN 10%Si3N4复合材料,BN的体积分数分别为0,5%,10%,15%,20%,30%,40%.当BN的体积分数不小于15%时,复合材料可用硬质合金钻头钻孔.在固定轴向压力下,钻孔速率随BN含量呈线性增长,同时,抗弯强度与断裂韧性则随BN含量的增加而下降,当BN的体积分数小于20%时下降缓慢,当BN的体积分数大于20%时下降迅速.当BN的体积分数等于20%时,复合材料具有最佳的综合性能:抗弯强度为637MPa,断裂韧性为9 22MPa·m1/2,钻孔速率大于2mm/min.     

钢中硫化物夹杂的产生及其形态控制

通过研究影响钢中硫化物形态的因素 ,提出了控制钢中硫含量和硫化物夹杂的措施。     

Effects of cooling rate and Al on MnS formation in medium-carbon non-quenched and tempered steels

The effect of Al on the morphology of MnS in medium-carbon non-quenched and tempered steel was investigated at three different cooling rates of 0.24, 0.43, and 200℃·s-1. The formation mechanisms of three types of MnS were elucidated based on phase diagram information combined with crystal growth models. The morphology of MnS is governed by the precipitation mode and the growth conditions. A monotectic reaction and subsequent fast solidification lead to globular Type I MnS. Type II MnS inclusions with different morphological characteristics form as a result of a eutectic reaction followed by the growth in the Fe matrix. Type III MnS presents a divorced eutectic morphology. At the cooling rate of 0.24℃·s-1, the precipitation of dispersed Type III MnS is significantly enhanced by the addition of 0.044wt% acid-soluble Al (Al_s), while Type II MnS clusters prefer to form in steels with either 0.034wt% or 0.052wt% Al_s. At the relatively higher cooling rates of 200℃·s-1 and 0.43℃·s-1, the formation of Type I and Type II MnS inclusions is promoted, and the influence of Al is negligible. The results of this work are expected to be employed in practice to improve the mechanical properties of non-quenched and tempered steels.     

稀土处理C-Mn钢显微组织和夹杂物演化

对稀土处理C-Mn钢的夹杂物和显微组织进行分析,统计稀土处理C-Mn钢中针状铁素体形核核心尺寸,并将稀土处理钢在不同温度下淬火,研究稀土夹杂物生成和长大过程. 实验结果表明:C-Mn钢加入少量稀土后钢中夹杂物从MnS﹢硅铝酸盐夹杂转变为La2 O2 S﹢LaAlO3 ﹢MnS﹢硅铝酸盐夹杂,尺寸得到细化,显微组织也从马氏体﹢贝氏体组织变成侧板条铁素体、针状铁素体和块状铁素体组织;稀土处理C-Mn钢中针状铁素体有效形核核心的尺寸集中在1~4μm,主要是在钢液中形成,冷却和凝固过程形成的数量较少;稀土夹杂物在钢液温度和冷却及凝固过程容易碰撞黏合长大,上浮从钢液中去除, MnS能在稀土夹杂物颗粒间析出.     

圆珠笔头用环保超易切削不锈钢的组织与性能

通过复合添加易切削元素S、Bi和Te,开发了一种圆珠笔头用新型无铅环保超易切削不锈钢,并对材料的组织和性能与同类进口材料进行了对比分析。结果表明,新研发钢中易切削相有MnS、Bi、MnTe及其所形成的复合夹杂物,夹杂物的种类、分布及力学性能与同类进口材料相似。经实际测试,该钢具有良好的切削加工性和书写使用性能,可以替代同类进口材料。     

热处理对高硫钢硫化物形态及性能的影响

研究淬回火热处理工艺对高硫钢的基体组织和硫化物形态的影响,分析了其力学性能和磨损性能.结果表明,热处理后高硫钢中硫化物主要为FeS,其形态趋于球化;淬火温度由880 ℃升至900 ℃,高硫钢的抗拉强度由460 MPa提高到590 MPa,伸长率由1.7%变化到3.0%,但其仍为脆性材料,这与组织中含有大量硫化物有关;由于硫化物的自润滑作用,热处理后高硫钢的耐磨性随连续磨损时间的延长而改善,并明显优于淬火后低温回火的GCr15钢.     

低碳低硅SPHC钢精炼渣优化研究

为改善SPHC钢LF精炼效果,本研究首先利用FactSage热力学计算软件,分析了SPHC钢LF精炼渣系的理化特性,提出相应的精炼渣优化方案,并进行了工业实验验证.研究结果显示,通过对LF精炼渣系的优化,出站时钢中全氧T[ O]由优化前的24×10-6下降至优化后的20×10-6,显微夹杂物总数去除率由优化前的56.57%增加至优化后的71.54%,大型夹杂物数量也由原来的85.42 mg/10 kg下降至42.45 mg/10 kg.     

超低氧车轮钢中TiN夹杂析出的热力学分析及控制

通过对高速车轮钢中TiN夹杂物析出进行热力学分析,得到了车轮钢的液相线和固相线温度及1873K时Ti、N的活度.对TiN生成反应和钢中Ti、N溶度积进行了计算.结果表明:TiN只能在固相中生成,但在本车轮钢Ti、N含量下,固相中也没有TiN生成的条件,只有在钢液凝固前沿,由于Ti、N在两相区的富集,TiN夹杂物的生成反应得以进行.因此,在生产中,适当提高连铸二冷的冷却速率,使钢液快速凝固,减少凝固前沿Ti、N的富集时间,可减少纯TiN的析出.对本实验车轮钢中TiN夹杂的检测结果进行计算分析可知,在正常生产时铸坯冷却速率条件下,将钢中Ti的质量分数控制在3.5×10-5以下、N的质量分数控制在3.1×10-5以下,理论上可以消除TiN夹杂物的析出,改善车轮钢的疲劳性能,提高车轮的使用寿命.     

非调质钢中钛氧化物冶金行为

通过热力学计算及实验,研究了含钛汽车用非调质钢在液态和凝固过程中含钛夹杂物的析出规律.研究表明,通过调整非调质钢中O,Al和Ti的含量,可以控制夹杂的形态和尺寸,从而得到细小、弥散非金属夹杂物作为针状铁素体的形核核心,细化钢的组织,提高钢的强度和韧性.     

硼含量及其分布对40MnB钢冲击韧性的影响

为了保证硼在钢中均匀分布且收得率稳定 ,本文采取不同加硼方式进行比较 ,结果表明采用炉中加硼方式可保证硼的收得率稳定 ;通过不同热处理工艺和金相组织观察发现 ,析出硼化物的增加与aκ 值下降的规律是一致的 ;对aκ 值不合格的钢料进行一定热处理可使aκ值回升 ,而不致报废 .