多晶硅发射极晶体管的低频噪声特性

本文报导在2～2kHz的频率范围内测得的多晶硅发射极晶体管的低频噪声频谱,并论述低频噪声的产生机理。多晶硅发射极晶体管具有较常规晶体管优异的低频噪声特性而可望成为一种合适的低频低噪声器件。     

DPSA双极器件中的1/f噪声特性研究

在现代高性能模拟集成电路设计中,噪声水平是影响电路性能的关键因素之一。研究了双多晶自对准高速互补双极NPN器件中发射极结构对器件直流和低频噪声性能的影响。实验结果表明,多晶硅发射极与单晶硅界面超薄氧化层以及发射极几何结构是影响多晶硅发射极双极器件噪声性能的主要因素。     

硅低温低频低噪声双极晶体管的分析与设计

对硅双极晶体管低频噪声的本征与非本征两种分量进行了系统的理论分析，并研究了各自的温度特性，在此基础上，设计并研制出一种多晶硅发射极低温低频低噪声晶体管，其等效输入噪声电压。     

光电耦合器件低频噪声特性与可靠性老化研究

在宽的输入偏置电流范围条件下,开展了光电耦合器件低频噪声特性测试与功率老化和高温老化的可靠性试验研究。结果表明,光电耦合器件的低频噪声主要是内部光敏晶体管1/f噪声,并随输入偏置电流的增大呈现先增大后减小的规律,这与器件的工作状态密切相关。功率老化试验后,高输入偏置电流条件下的低频噪声有所增大,这归因于电应力诱发的有源区缺陷。高温老化试验后,整个器件线性工作区条件下的低频噪声都明显增大,说明温度应力能够更多地激发器件内部的缺陷。相对于1/f噪声幅度参量,低频噪声宽带噪声电压参量可以更灵敏准确地进行器件可靠性表征。     

异质结双极晶体管高频噪声建模及分析

提出了一个T等效异质结双极晶体管高频噪声电路模型.该模型是对通常用在硅双极晶体管中的Hawkins噪声模型进行改进得到的,主要的改进包括发射极理想因子、发射极电阻、内部BC结电容、外部BC结电容和其它寄生元素对器件噪声性能的影响.为了从等效噪声电路模型中计算出精确的噪声参数,采用了噪声相关矩阵法来计算噪声参数,从而避免了在等效电路变换中可能产生的简化和复杂的噪声测量.进一步利用该模型分析了等效电路元素对器件最小噪声系数的影响,分析计算结果和物理解释一致.同时通过基于异质结双极晶体管器件物理的公式,给出了器件参数对器件最小噪声系数的影响.     

异质结双极晶体管高频噪声建模及分析

提出了一个T等效异质结双极晶体管高频噪声电路模型.该模型是对通常用在硅双极晶体管中的Hawkins噪声模型进行改进得到的,主要的改进包括发射极理想因子、发射极电阻、内部BC结电容、外部BC结电容和其它寄生元素对器件噪声性能的影响.为了从等效噪声电路模型中计算出精确的噪声参数,采用了噪声相关矩阵法来计算噪声参数,从而避免了在等效电路变换中可能产生的简化和复杂的噪声测量.进一步利用该模型分析了等效电路元素对器件最小噪声系数的影响,分析计算结果和物理解释一致.同时通过基于异质结双极晶体管器件物理的公式,给出了器件参数对器件最小噪声系数的影响.     

73GHz磷掺杂多晶硅发射极自对准SiGe基区双极晶体管

报道了一种用来制作自对准SiGe基区异质结双极晶体管降低热处理周期的磷发射极工艺。短的热处理周期导致极窄的基区宽度,并维持轻掺杂的隔离层不消失,这种隔离层是为了提高击穿特性而制作在发射极-基极和基极-集电极内的。已获得了35nm基区宽度的晶体管,其发射极-基极反向漏电小,峰值截止频率为73GHz,本征基区薄层电阻为16kΩ/□。用这些器件获得的最小NTL和ECL门延时分别为28和34ps。     

SiGe HBT低频噪声PSPICE模拟分析

对SiGe HBT低频噪声的各噪声源进行了较全面的分析,据此建立了SPICE噪声等效电路模型,进一步用PSPICE软件对SiGe HBT的低频噪声特性进行了仿真模拟.研究了频率、基极电阻、工作电流和温度等因素对低频噪声的影响.模拟结果表明,相较于Si BJT和GaAs HBT,SiGe HBT具有更好的低频噪声特性;在低频范围内,可通过减小基极电阻、减小工作电流密度或减小发射极面积、降低器件的工作温度等措施来有效改善SiGe HBT的低频噪声特性.所得结果对SiGe HBT的设计和应用有重要意义.     

73GHz磷掺杂多晶硅发射极自对准SiGe基区双极晶体管

报道了一种用来制作自对准SiGe基区异质结双极晶体管降低热处理周期的磷发射极工艺，短的热处理周期导致极窄的基区宽度，并维持轻掺杂的隔离层不消失，这种隔离层是为了提高击穿特性而制作在发射极0基极和基极－集电极内的，已获得了35nm基区宽度的晶体管，其发射极－基极反向漏电小，峰值截止频率为73GHz，本征基区薄层电阻为16kΩ/□，用这些器件获得的最小NTL和ECL门延时分别为28和34ps。     

关于硅低频低噪声晶体管的研究

系统地概括了晶体管噪声的种类、性质、产生机理和模型,指出了实现晶体管低频低噪声化的途径与工艺技术,简要介绍了国内外低频低噪声器件的近况.     

Low-frequency noise characteristics of UHV/CVD epitaxial Si- andSiGe-base bipolar transistors

We report the first measurements of low-frequency noise in high-performance, UHV/CVD epitaxial Si- and SiGe-base bipolar transistors. The magnitude of the noise power spectral density at fixed frequency for both Si and SiGe devices is comparable for similar bias, geometry, and doping conditions, indicating that the use of strained SiGe alloys does not degrade transistor noise performance. The best recorded values of noise corner frequency were 480 Hz and 373 Hz for the Si and SiGe transistors, respectively, for multi-stripe devices with an emitter area of 0.5×10.0×3 μm². A functional dependence of the noise power spectral density on base current for both device types of I_B^1.90 was observed, and noise measurements as a function of device geometry suggest that the contributing noise sources are uniformly distributed across the emitter of the transistors, not at the emitter periphery     

Optimum emitter aspect ratio for bipolar fiber-optic preamplifiers

Many monolithic fiber-optic preamplifiers use a bipolar transistor as the front-end device due to process restraints, despite the relatively poor noise performance of the bipolar transistor. This paper shows that there is an optimum emitter aspect ratio in a bipolar transistor operated at the optimum collector current for noise performance. An expression for this optimum emitter aspect ratio is developed and shown to agree very well with simulation results.     

高灵敏度穿通型异质结光电晶体管

报导了一种带有独特隔离环结构的宽禁带发射区平面穿通型光电晶体管（ＧＲ－ＰＴＨＰＴ），在弱光信号下具有高灵敏度。器件工作时基区全部耗尽，基极电流基本为零，输出噪声电流大大下降，使光电增益提高了一个量级以上。已研制成的ＧａＡｌＡｓ／ＧａＡｓ穿通型光电晶体管（发射极直径φ＝４μｍ）。在５Ｖ工作电压下，对０．８μｍ，１．３ｎｗ和４３ｎｗ弱光的光电增益分别为１２６０和８１０８。折合到输入端暗电流为０．８３ｎＡ。     

Effects of diffusion-induced dislocations on the excess low-frequency noise

This paper discusses the device characteristics of the emitter-base junction, linearity of the static forward-current transfer ratio, and excess low-frequency noise in bipolar transistors by use of gate-controlled n-p-n transistors fabricated by varying the deposition rate of phosphosilicate glass in the emitter deposition. As a result of increasing the deposition rate of phosphosilicate glass, the following results were obtained. 1) Diffusion-induced dislocations and emitter edge dislocations extended from the emitter through the collector and their densities increased. 2) Diode reverse current of the emitter-base junction increased. 3) Linearity of the static forward-current transfer ratio was reduced at low current level. 4) Excess low-frequency noise increased.     

Gallium-arsenide E- and D-MESFET device noise characteristicsoperated at cryogenic temperatures with ultralow drain current

The low-frequency noise characteristics of GaAs MESFETs operating at very low power and at cryogenic temperatures of 77 and 10 K as well as at room temperature are discussed. A self-aligned gate and a buried p-layer were incorporated to maximize device gain and minimize low-frequency noise. Measurements at 77 K show a noise voltage spectral density of 1.0-2.0 μV/√Hz at 1.0 Hz (referred to the transistor input) with a drain current of 1.0 μA     

Noise in SiGe HBT RF Technology: Physics, Modeling, and Circuit Implications

This paper presents an overview of the physics, modeling, and circuit implications of RF broad-band noise, low-frequency noise, and oscillator phase noise in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) RF technology. The ability to simultaneously achieve high cutoff frequency (f/sub T/), low base resistance (r/sub b/), and high current gain (/spl beta/) using Si processing underlies the low levels of low-frequency 1/f noise, RF noise, and phase noise of SiGe HBTs. We first examine the RF noise sources in SiGe HBTs and the RF noise parameters as a function of SiGe profile design, transistor biasing, sizing, and operating frequency, and then show a low-noise amplifier design example to bridge the gap between device and circuit level understandings. We then examine the low-frequency noise in SiGe HBTs and develop a methodology to determine the highest tolerable low-frequency 1/f noise for a given RF application. The upconversion of 1/f noise, base resistance thermal noise, and shot noises to phase noise is examined using circuit simulations, which show that the phase noise corner frequency in SiGe HBT oscillators is typically much smaller than the 1/f corner frequency measured under dc biasing. The implications of SiGe profile design, transistor sizing, biasing, and technology scaling are examined for all three types of noises.     

The effect of emitter-current density on popcorn noise in transistors

It was found experimentally that the pulsewidth of popcorn noise has a dependence on the emitter current density. Experimental results show that, when a transistor having popcorn noise is operated at the emitter current density less than about 1.56 × 10^-1A/cm², the popcorn-noise characteristic is scarcely in the frequency range higher than 15 Hz, well below the audible frequency limit.     

Current gain in polysilicon emitter transistors

The common-emitter current gain β in a shallow polysilicon emitter transistor is derived by solving the minority-carrier transport equation in the silicon-polysilicon structure. Coupled With the majority-carrier transport, an equation for the current gain is obtained which depends on the physical properties of the polysilicon as well as the silicon emitter and base doping profiles. The calculations are based on the carrier trapping model proposed in the literature and ignore any minority-carrier recombinations. The model predicts the current gain of a polysilicon emitter transistor increases at low current and high temperature and approaches that of a conventional metal contact transistor at high current and low temperature. This is due to the potential barrier across the grain boundaries, while impeding the majority-carrier flow, inject minority carriers as a bias is developed across the grain boundaries. It also predicts a decrease in cutoff frequency fTdue to minority carriers stored in the polysilicon.     

Modeling the variation of the low-frequency noise in polysiliconemitter bipolar junction transistors

The variation of the low-frequency noise in polysilicon emitter bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) was investigated as a function of emitter area (A_E). For individual BJTs with submicron-sized A _E, the low-frequency noise strongly deviated from a 1/f-dependence. The averaged noise varied as 1/f, with a magnitude proportional to A_E^-1, while the variation in the noise level was found to vary as A_E^-1.5. A new expression that takes into account this deviation is proposed for SPICE modeling of the low-frequency noise. The traps responsible for the noise were located at the thin SiO₂ interface between the polysilicon and monosilicon emitter. The traps' energy level, areal concentration and capture cross-section were estimated to 0.31 eV, 6×10⁸ cm^-2 and 2×10^-19 cm ², respectively