闭合复位穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法应用克氏针经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折16例。结果16例均获随访,时间3～15个月,平均8个月。无骨折不愈合、骨髓炎、肱骨头坏死等并发症。骨折愈合后按Neer标准评分,优良率81．3％。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折具有操作简单、创伤小、利于骨折愈合、住院时间短等优点,是治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的一种有效方法。     

逆行入路带锁髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折

目的 :总结逆行入路带锁髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折的临床经验 ,提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法 :使用逆行入路带锁髓内针的方法治疗肱骨干骨折 11例 ,新鲜骨折 8例 ,其中开放性骨折GustiloⅡA型 1例。陈旧性骨折钢板内固定术后不愈合 3例。手术采用从鹰嘴窝上向近端逆行穿针 ,7例闭合新鲜骨折采取闭合复位穿针 ,余 4例断端切开显露 ,3例陈旧性骨折 ,术后取髂骨植骨。结果 :11例骨折全部愈合 ,最短愈合时间 3个月 ,最长愈合时间为 6个月 ,平均 4.5个月。肩肘关节活动度 :优 9例 ,良 2例。 1例术后出现桡神经麻痹 ,经保守治疗 4月后恢复。结论 :逆行入路穿刺针避免了对肩袖的干扰。髓内针能有效地稳定骨折 ,肩肘关节功能恢复快     

闭合复位穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法肱骨近端骨折患者32例，均在C臂X光机透视下行闭合复位、经皮克氏针内固定治疗。结果32例均获随访，平均8（3～15）个月，骨折均愈合。克氏针松动9例，脱出3例，针孔感染4例。无神经损伤、骨髓炎、肱骨头坏死等并发症。疗效按Neer肩关节功能评分：优19例，良7例，可5例，差1例，优良率81．2％。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定具有操作简单、创伤小、利于骨折愈合等优点，是治疗肱骨近端骨折的有效方法之一。     

闭合复位经皮穿针治疗肱骨近端移位骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮穿针固定治疗肱骨近端移位骨折的临床疗效。方法2004年6月～2006年6月,采用闭合复位、经皮穿针治疗15例肱骨近端移位新鲜骨折。结果15例随访12～24个月,平均15.8月,肩关节功能评分采用Neer评分法,优9例,良4例,可2例,优良率86.7%（13/15）。所有骨折在术后8～12周愈合,无固定失效,未出现肱骨头坏死。术中1例断针,术后1例针游移穿出,1例腋神经部分损伤。结论闭合复位经皮穿针固定治疗肱骨近端移位新鲜骨折手术固定可靠,术后可早期功能锻炼,疗效满意。     

闭合复位穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折的疗效。方法C臂X线机透视下闭合复位克氏针经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折27例。结果27例均获得随访,时间315个月,无骨折不愈合、骨髓炎、肱骨头坏死等并发症。肩关节功能评估按Neer标准评分：优16例,良6例,可4例,差1例。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折,操作简单,创伤小,利于骨折愈合,医疗费用低,是治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折的有效方法。     

逆行穿带锁髓内针治疗新鲜肱骨干骨折

目的 总结使用逆行穿带锁髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折的临床经验以提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法 1999年2月－2000年6月使用逆行穿带锁髓内针的方法治疗肱骨干新鲜骨折32例,骨折均为闭合型,手术采用从鹰嘴窝上向近端逆行穿针法。结果 32例3个月时全部骨性愈合,肩肘关节活动恢复95％以上。1例出现术后桡神经麻痹。结论 逆行穿针避免了对肩袖的干扰,髓内针能有效地稳定骨折,软组织进一步破坏小,肩肘关节功能恢复快。     

逆行髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折体会

目的 总结使用逆行髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折的临床经验，提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法2001年2月～2002年12月使用逆行髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折9例，骨折均为闭合型，手术采用从鹰嘴窝上向近端逆行穿针法。结果 9例病人3个月时全部骨性愈合，肩肘关节活动恢复95％以上。结论 逆行穿针避免了对肩袖的干扰，髓内针能有效地稳定骨折，软组织进一步破坏小，肩肘关节功能恢复快。     

经皮锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床效果

目的 探讨经皮锁定钢板内固定在治疗肱骨近端骨折的应用和临床效果.方法 应用经皮锁定钢板内固定治疗32例肱骨近端骨折,其中二部分骨折12例,三部分骨折14例,四部分骨折6例,记录手术时间、出血量、切口长度、术后并发症、骨折愈合时间,采用肩关节Constant评分标准评价疗效.结果 手术时间平均45min;出血量平均85ml;近端切口长度平均4cm;远端切口长度平均2cm;平均随访时间14.5个月,骨折愈合时间平均7周,无腋神经损伤,无复位丢失,随访结束时未发现肱骨头坏死病例.根据肩关节Constant评分标准,优良率84.4%.结论 经皮锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折对血运破坏小,固定牢靠,允许术后早期功能锻炼,在正确掌握手术操作技巧的前提下,是治疗肱骨近端骨折的较好方法 .     

闭合复位经皮穿针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位经皮穿针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法自2002年1月至2008年6月应用C型臂X线机透视下闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折53例,骨折分型:GartlandⅡ型31例,Gart-landⅢ型22例。其中闭合性骨折48例,开放性骨折5例。合并神经损伤9例,其中桡神经损伤3例,正中神经损伤4例,尺神经损伤2例,术前检查均为不完全损伤。结果53例均获得随访,随访时间6~18个月,平均11个月。所有骨折均于术后4~6周愈合,平均愈合时间4.5周,未发生骨折延迟愈合。未出现内固定物松动、脱出和骨折再移位,无发生Volkmann挛缩、针眼或深部感染、骨化性肌炎等并发症。合并不完全神经损伤的9例,经对症治疗全部恢复。按疗效标准评定,结果优36例,良12例,可3例,差2例,优良率90.6%。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折,手术损伤小,不切开组织,减少了对骨周围组织的损伤,使骨折易于愈合,又减少患者痛苦及感染机会,而且可预防Volkmann挛缩和肘内翻的发生,是目前治疗儿童移位型肱骨髁上骨折较好的治疗方法。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨近端骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位经皮穿针治疗移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效. 方法 2007年4月至2011年8月共收治22例有移位的肱骨近端骨折患儿,男14例,女8例;年龄6～18岁,平均9岁.采用手法闭合复位,透视C型臂X线机监控下经皮克氏针内固定治疗,采用Constant-Murley评分方法评定疗效. 结果 所有患儿术后获6 ～36个月(平均15个月)随访.21例患儿骨折均愈合良好,时间为6～12周,平均8周,无骨折延迟愈合或不愈合及针道感染患者,1例患儿因术后过早、过度负重活动出现克氏针松动及骨折断端成角,及时给予夹板外固定矫正后,推迟行功能锻炼时间,12周后骨折愈合良好.按照Constant-Murley评分方法:优19例,良2例,可1例,优良率为95.4％. 结论 闭合复位经皮穿针治疗移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折具有手术创伤小、对骨折愈合干扰小、固定可靠及并发症少,是一种治疗儿童肱骨近端移位不稳定骨折的理想方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.