用于图像分割的局部区域一致性流形约束MRF模型

针对区域马尔可夫随机场(MRF)模型难以有效描述图像复杂先验知识的问题,提出一种基于局部区域一致性流形约束MRF(LRCMC-MRF)模型.首先,所提模型利用高维数据的低维流形分布表征图像局部区域的复杂几何结构先验,建立图像局部区域的流形先验约束;其次,基于Pairwise MRF模型,建立一种包含更多图像局部信息的局部空间自适应MRF模型;最后,基于贝叶斯理论,将复杂局部区域几何结构先验和局部空间自适应统计特征融合,利用Gibbs采样算法对所提出模型进行优化.实验结果表明,与基于常规区域的MRF模型相比,所提出的分割算法具有较好的分割效果.     

基于局部空间自适应MRF模型的图像分割

针对固定参数的点对马尔可夫随机场(Pairwise MRF)模型不能充分描述图像丰富的统计特征的问题,在研究 Pairwise MRF 模型的基础上,提出一种自适应分割算法.该算法首先建立一种空间自适应的局部区域 MRF 分割模型,并对局部区域的先验知识进行自适应估计;然后通过局部收敛的循环置信度传播(LBP)算法最大化自适应 MRF 模型的全局后验概率.实验结果表明所提出算法具有较好的分割结果.     

基于边缘约束局部区域MRF的图像分割方法

针对常规马尔科夫随机场（MRF）模型对复杂自然图像分割时,存在对噪声敏感且边缘模糊的问题,构建一种基于边缘约束局部区域MRF（ECLRMRF）的图像分割模型。利用欧氏距离度量局部区域内邻接像素的相似度,依据其相似度构建局部空间来约束高斯混合模型,有效描述丰富的局部区域统计特征,并建立MRF模型的局部区域一致性约束项。利用Canny边缘检测算子提取图像的边缘特征,并在分割过程中建立图像分割区域的边缘约束,通过在MRF模型框架下将局部区域统计特征和图像边缘特征相融合,解决局部区域MRF模型对图像分割边缘模糊的问题,再采用Gibbs采样算法实现对复杂自然图像的准确分割。实验结果表明,该模型能够更好地保留图像边缘信息,并且具有更好的分割效果。     

基于多节点拓扑重叠测度高阶MRF模型的图像分割

针对低阶马尔科夫随机场(Markov random field, MRF)模型难以有效表达自然图像中复杂的先验知识而造成误分割问题, 提出一种基于多节点拓扑重叠测度高阶MRF模型(Higher-order MRF model with multi-node topological overlap measure, MTOM-HMRF)的图像分割方法. 首先, 为描述图像局部区域内多像素蕴含的复杂空间拓扑结构信息, 利用多节点拓扑重叠测度建立图像局部区域的高阶先验模型; 其次, 利用较大的局部区域包含更多的标签节点信息能力, 基于Pairwise MRF模型建立基于局部区域的部分二阶Potts先验模型, 提高分割模型的抗噪能力; 再次, 为有效描述观察图像场与其标签场的似然特征分布, 研究利用局部区域内邻接像素的Hamming距离引入图像局部空间相关性, 建立局部空间一致性约束的高斯混合分布; 最后, 基于MRF框架建立用于图像分割的多节点拓扑重叠测度高阶MRF模型, 采用Gibbs采样算法对提出模型进行优化. 实验结果表明, 提出模型不仅能有效抵抗图像强噪声和复杂的纹理突变干扰, 鲁棒性更好, 而且具有更准确的图像分割结果.     

基于图像分割的立体匹配算法

基于马尔可夫随机场（MRF）的立体匹配算法利用MRF模型来对匹配取值进行连续性约束。然而,MRF模型是产生式模型,图像自身特征难以得到准确描述。提出了一种基于图像分割的立体匹配算法SGC。SGC算法预先对图像进行分割,基于图像分割信息建立立体匹配的MRF模型,从而连续性（平滑）约束可以保留视差图中分割的边缘信息;并针对图像的深度连续性约束,定义了一个反映图像自身特征的新能量函数,应用于图割算法,提高了视差计算精度。实验结果表明,与以往算法相比,SGC算法更准确地反映了图像中深度信息,避免了平滑约束所引入的误差,有效提高了视差计算精度。     

基于隐马尔科夫随机场邻域选择的细节保护图像分割

由于马尔科夫随机场（Markov Random Fields,MRF）区域标识模型的滤波效应,在合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像处理过程中,细节结构会被部分保留或者完全丢失。本文提出一种基于散射描述子的自适应邻域系统隐MRF（Hidden MRF,HMRF）图像分割方法,以实现更好地保留图像细节特征和边缘区域,从而改善图像的分割效果。为了提高可靠性和自适应性,将模糊c均值（Fuzzy c-means,FCM）聚类算法与散射变换相结合,实现邻域形状的自适应选择。从不同的邻域形状中,选择具有最高模糊隶属度的邻域形状进行HMRF区域标识过程。实验结果表明,相比较于一般HMRF使用固定形状的邻域系统,本文所提出的算法改善了分割效果,特别是图像细节结构信息得到了很好的保护。     

基于局部区域能量最小化模型的图像分割

在马尔可夫随机场(MRF)和概率理论的基础上,提出局部区域能量最小化模型,将传统基于像素的分割转化为基于区域的分割,能减小均匀区域中的误分类率。在该模型和MRF模型下,使用ICM算法、Gibbs采样算法、Metropolis采样算法对图像进行分割,结果表明该模型能取得更精确的分割结果,可有效拟制图像噪音和纹理对分割的影响。     

基于Markov随机场的运动目标快速分割

提出了一种基于MRF模型自适应运动目标图像分割方法，该法采用高斯混合模型描述视频序列的差分图像，用模拟退火快速EM算法对高斯分布的参数进行估计，在此基础上建立MRF模型，利用此模型构建能量函数，ICM算法把图像用一个能量函数取到最小值的组态来表示。     

基于区域确定的分层马尔可夫模型及其MPM算法

基于四叉树的分层马尔可夫随机场 (Markov random field, MRF) 模型在层间存在因果性, 不需要像非因果马尔可夫随机场模型那样的迭代算法, 但是传统的分层 MRF 模型常常导致分割结果具有块状现象和非连续边缘. 本文提出一种新的基于区域确定的半树分层 MRF 算法, 并推导出它的最大后验边缘概率 (Maximizer of the posteriori marginal, MPM) 算法. 在流域算法过分割结果的基础上, 该模型将层间的点概率转换为区域概率, 采用区域概率实现各层图像分割. 从 SAR 图像的监督分割实验结果来看, 本文提出的模型较好地克服了基于像素分层模型和单分辨率 MRF 模型带来的块现象和非连续边界, 因而具有更好的分割结果.     

结合边界的小波域马尔科夫模型的图像分割算法

针对基于马尔科夫随机场(MRF)的分割算法常存在边界块效应,且对整幅图像进行建模运行效率低等问题,提出了结合边界的小波域马尔科夫模型的图像分割算法,把影像的特征场建立在一系列小波域提取的边界上,并建立相应的边界标号场MRF模型,借助贝叶斯框架和SMAP准则实现分割。利用Matlab GUI实现了分割系统,通过医学图像检验,结果表明:相比于小波域分层随机场模型(WMSRF),该算法在有效区分不同区域的同时很好地保留了边界信息,提高了运行效率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).