鱼种和亲水胶体对鱼糜制品凝胶性质的影响

考察了添加复合亲水胶体对鲢鱼、带鱼、金线鱼等鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响。结果发现,添加亲水胶体后,带鱼鱼糜制品凝胶强度从58.38 g·cm提高至107.27 g·cm,金线鱼鱼糜制品从328.68 g·cm下降至137.55 g·cm,但鲢鱼鱼糜制品没有明显变化。另一方面,添加亲水胶体后鱼糜制品的硬度、粘结性、咀嚼性等发生下降,但水分含量、持水性、蒸煮吸水率均有显著提高。而且,添加亲水胶体后带鱼鱼糜制品中肌球蛋白重链的降解受到一定的抑制。SEM结果发现亲水胶体可以填充到带鱼和鲢鱼鱼糜制品中,但在金线鱼鱼糜凝胶结构中容易形成胶体块状,导致凝胶强度下降。      

复合亲水胶体对带鱼鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响

本文研究了六种亲水性胶体对带鱼鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响,以凝胶特性、持水力和白度等为指标,结合扫描电镜观察微观结构,应用响应面法开发鱼糜制品复合型凝胶增强剂。结果表明:在带鱼鱼糜中加入褐藻胶、魔芋胶、沙蒿子胶、卡拉胶、热凝胶多糖均可提高带鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度,加入瓜尔豆胶降低带鱼鱼糜制品凝胶强度。响应面分析得到添加0.1%热凝胶多糖、0.19%魔芋胶、0.1%沙蒿子胶的带鱼鱼糜凝胶制品能够形成均匀、致密的三维网状结构,其凝胶强度是不添加亲水性胶体的3.58倍。      

亲水胶体对大头狗母鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

由于外观和易于腐败的特点,大头狗母鱼在东南亚地区被认为是一种低值鱼类。有关蛇鲻(Saurida)的凝胶特性的研究很多,但是有关大头狗母鱼(Trachinocephalus myops)的凝胶特性鲜有研究。本实验主要采用质构分析法和动态流变学法,研究了亲水胶体对大头狗母鱼的凝胶特性和流变性质的影响。结果表明,添加不同种类的亲水胶体对大头狗母鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性有不同的影响。卡拉胶和琼胶能够提高鱼糜凝胶的破断强度,黄原胶降低鱼糜凝胶的破断强度,海藻酸钠和魔芋胶对破断强度有轻微的降低作用。所有这些胶体均降低大头狗母鱼鱼糜凝胶的凹陷度。     

亲水胶体在鱼糜制品中的应用研究进展

鱼糜制品是以鱼糜为主要原料,经过斩拌、擂溃、成型、凝胶化等过程制成的高蛋白、低脂肪的产品。亲水胶体是从植物和海藻中提取或由微生物合成的高分子多聚糖。亲水胶体可改善鱼糜制品中的凝胶特性。亲水胶体对不同鱼种的鱼糜凝胶强度的影响与亲水胶体的种类及其作用方式密切相关。本文综述了鱼糜制品及其凝胶形成的机理、亲水胶体的种类和功能特性,阐述了亲水胶体对鱼糜凝胶特性的作用机理及其在鱼糜制品中的应用现状,并提出未来的研究方向。     

淀粉和鱼糜品质对鱼糜凝胶性质的影响

本文探讨了糯玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和变性淀粉对不同品质鱼糜凝胶形成能力的影响。结果发现,添加糯玉米淀粉后鱼糜制品的破断强度从266.57 g下降至175.00 g,硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性也发生下降,而添加马铃薯淀粉可以使鱼糜制品的破断强度和部分质构得到显著提高。另一方面,冻融变性鱼糜制备的产品其破断强度、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性出现下降,添加马铃薯淀粉能提高其产品的凝胶性质。不论鱼糜是否发生冻融变性,添加三种淀粉后鱼糜制品的持水力和蒸煮时的吸水率都显著提高,但鱼糜制品的色泽变差。根据SDS-PAGE结果,可以发现添加糯玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和变性淀粉都不会影响鱼糜蛋白之间的交联。SEM结果表明添加马铃薯淀粉可以使鱼糜凝胶网络结构变得更加致密有序,从而增强鱼糜制品的凝胶强度。以上结果表明,马铃薯淀粉比糯玉米淀粉和变性淀粉更适合作为鱼糜制品的辅料和添加剂。      

亲水胶体对植物蛋白凝胶影响的研究进展

凝胶性作为植物蛋白重要的功能特性之一，对改善食品加工品质具有重要影响。但多数植物蛋白凝胶对pH、温度和离子强度等环境因素敏感，导致其凝胶制品存在黏结性不强、纹理结构差、成品率低等问题，在食品加工中的应用受到限制。亲水胶体具有较好的凝胶性、增稠性和稳定性，利用亲水胶体对植物蛋白凝胶进行改性，日益受到广泛关注。本文综述了植物蛋白和亲水胶体的凝胶机制，离子型、非离子型亲水胶体、复配亲水胶体与植物蛋白共混凝胶的性质，及温度、pH、离子强度、亲水胶体与蛋白比例及混合方式对亲水胶体-植物蛋白共混凝胶体系稳定性的影响，以期对植物蛋白凝胶制品加工与利用提供理论依据。     

亲水胶体对低脂肉糜性质的影响

将几种不同的亲水胶体复配后应用于低脂肉糜中，通过对肉糜凝胶强度和持水性的测定，筛选出一种复配型亲水胶体作为脂肪替代品。结果表明：复合亲水胶体的最佳配方为大豆分离蛋白2．5％，魔芋精粉1.0％，黄原胶0．2％，卡拉胶0.3％。按此最佳配方添加于肉糜中，添加水量35％，在100℃下加热1．5h，肉糜综合性质较佳。     

添加亲水胶体制备低强度的鱼糜制品及其特性的研究

添加瓜尔豆胶、大豆蛋白、蛋清蛋白等亲水胶体制备低强度鱼糜制品,通过正交实验筛选最佳配比。结果表明:最佳配比为0.3%瓜尔豆胶、0.5%大豆蛋白、1.0%蛋清蛋白。在该条件下制备的鱼糜制品,其凝胶强度从155.17 g·cm降至125.19 g·cm,硬度从14.20 N降至9.61 N,咀嚼性从82.79 m J降至60.86 m J,蒸煮吸水率从3.85%提高至15.40%。SDS-PAGE和微观组织结构的结果表明亲水胶体会阻碍鱼糜肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白之间的相互交联,结果形成疏松多孔的低强度鱼糜制品。      

糖基化凝胶增强剂对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响

以新鲜蛋清、刺槐豆胶和瓜尔豆胶为原料,采用湿法糖基化法制备凝胶增强剂,并加入到冷冻鱼糜中,研究糖基化凝胶增强剂对红娘鱼鱼糜制品的凝胶强度、质构、白度、持水性和化学作用力等的影响。结果表明,凝胶增强剂经湿法糖基化改性后可显著提高鱼糜制品的凝胶强度（P＜0.05）。最佳改性条件为反应温度55?℃、加热时间12?h。在此条件下,凝胶增强剂接枝度为（23.37±1.62）%,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳显示蛋白聚集体的形成,表明蛋清蛋白与刺槐豆胶和瓜尔豆胶复配胶显著发生糖基化反应,添加到冷冻鱼糜中可明显改善鱼糜制品的凝胶强度、白度和持水力等。与未添加凝胶增强剂的鱼糜制品相比,凝胶强度提高64%;与添加同等含量的新鲜蛋清的鱼糜制品相比,凝胶强度提高26.9%;与添加未发生糖基化反应的凝胶增强剂的鱼糜制品相比,凝胶强度提高4.7%。实验表明,糖基化改性后的凝胶增强剂具有显著提高鱼糜制品凝胶特性的作用,在鱼糜产业中具有广阔的应用前景。     

亲水胶体对淀粉理化性质影响的研究进展

亲水胶体在食品中的添加与应用,有助于提升食品品质、降低生产成本以及延长保存时间等。大量研究结果表明,亲水胶体对淀粉理化性质的影响存在一定的差异性。综述了亲水胶体对淀粉理化性质的影响和相关机理的研究进展,为应用于各种食品提供理论基础。     

Effects of vegetable oils on gel properties of surimi gels

The objective of this study was to determine effects of vegetable oils (soybean, peanut, corn, and rap oils) on the textural, color, microstructural, sensory and rheological properties of surimi gels. As the vegetable oil concentration increased in surimi gels, breaking force of gels was decreased (P < 0.05), while expressible water and whiteness values were increased (P < 0.05). Surimi gels with peanut oil had higher breaking force values, comparing to those with other vegetable oils. Transmission electron microscope shows the similar-size droplets of peanut oil and corn oil in surimi gels. Sensory evaluation indicated that fish balls with 10 g/kg vegetable oils were accepted in term of taste, color and overall likeness by the panelists. Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) decreased along with increasing vegetable oil concentration. Results demonstrated that vegetable oils could be used potentially to modify the qualities of surimi-based products, such as color and taste.     

The properties of surimi and kamaboko gels from nine British species of fish

This paper describes the preparation and properties of surimi and derived kamaboko gels from a range of British-caught species of teleost (or bony) fish including white fish (fillets, trimmings and skeletons), fatty fish and an elasmobranch (or cartilaginous) fish. The data include yields, moisture and fat contents, water-binding capacities, pH values and Hunter L,a,b colour values as well as sensory and instrumentally measured indices of texture.
Cod, haddock and whiting fillets and trimmings of haddock and whiting yielded surimi and derived gels with functional properties most closely approaching those of the Alaska pollack surimi used as a standard. Saithe gave a gel which was firm and elastic but which had a low water-binding capacity and was dark in colour. The fatty fish yielded surimi with some potentially useful functional properties but colour and water-binding capacity were inferior to pollack surimi.     

不同淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为确定磷酸酯双淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,以鱼糜的凝胶强度、硬度、凝聚性、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性为测定指标,初步探究3种淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶的影响。结果表明,添加3种淀粉均可以显著提高淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性,但是对淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝聚性和弹性影响不显著。3种淀粉中,磷酸酯双淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度影响最大,添加量为20%时,淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度提高了70.75%;马铃薯淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性影响最大,添加量为20%时,淡水鱼糜凝胶的硬度提高了71.77%,胶黏性增加至28.45N,咀嚼性提高了2.7倍。     

Effects of hydrocolloids and high-pressure-heating processing on minced fish gels

Multivariate statistical methods were applied to data sets of measured gelling properties of blue whiting mince with several hydrocolloids added (locust bean gum, guar gum, xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, 1-carrageenan, 3-carrageenan or alginate) induced under different pressure-time-temperature gelling conditions. The main differences between gels were attributed to the process; all the gels were classified in three clusters on the basis of gelling treatment: (1) high-pressure at moderate heating, (2) high-pressure at cold temperature and (3) heating at atmospheric pressure. Cluster 1 was characterized by very elastic, light gels with high water holding capacity. In cluster 2, gels presented high puncture test properties (breaking deformation, breaking force, work of penetration) and high cohesiveness and water holding capacity. Cluster 3 gels presented low penetration test properties and cohesiveness; high adhesiveness and hardness; high lightness and yellowness. Each cluster was subdivided to describe the gel properties between the hydrocolloid groups, attributing the differences mainly to yellowness (b*), breaking deformation, breaking force and work of penetration.     

Effects of adding fish gelatin on Alaska pollock surimi gels

Fish gelatin is a food additive obtained after hydrolysis of collagen from fish skin. The importance of fish gelatin as a food additive is increasing due to its increased commercial availability. Surimi is washed minced fish meat used as the raw material for seafood analogs like crabmeat substitutes. The most important attributes of surimi are gelling and whiteness. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of using fish gelatin as an additive in surimi to improve the mechanical and functional properties of gels. Surimi gels were prepared by mixing grade A or FA surimi (Alaska pollock) with salt (20 g/kg w/w) and commercial fish gelatin at 0 (control), 5, 7.5, 10, or 15 g/kg (w/w) previously dissolved in water (200 mL/kg surimi). The solubilized paste was incubated at 40 °C for 30 min followed by cooking at 90 °C for 15 min. Changes in mechanical properties (torsion test), a functional property (expressible water content) and color attributes of surimi gels were measured. Grade FA surimi gels containing 7.5–15 g/kg of fish gelatin showed an improved expressible moisture. However, gelatin added at 15 g/kg showed a disruptive effect detrimental to the mechanical properties. Color parameters were modified slightly. Whiteness attribute as affected by increasing the fish gelatin was instrumentally detected but not observed by sensory panelists. Gelatin did not change the overall color attributes and all gels remained in the grayish region. These results indicated that fish gelatin did not have an advantage for using as a functional additive in Alaska pollock surimi grades A or FA. However, it can be used at up to 10 g/kg without a negative effect on the mechanical properties.     

罗非鱼与海水鱼制备混合鱼糜的凝胶特性研究

通过研究罗非鱼、五种海水鱼(海鲈鱼、黄花鱼、金鲳鱼、红三鱼、马鲛鱼)、鸢乌贼鱼糜的凝胶特性,筛选凝胶特性强的鱼糜与罗非鱼鱼糜复配,以提高罗非鱼混合鱼糜的凝胶特性。通过比较五种海水鱼和鸢乌贼鱼糜的凝胶特性(凝胶强度,白度,盐溶性蛋白含量,巯基含量),得到海鲈鱼的凝胶特性较好,凝胶强度为4569.27 g·mm,盐溶性蛋白含量为48.17 mg/mL。将海鲈鱼与罗非鱼混合,当海鲈鱼添加量为25%时,混合鱼糜的凝胶强度、盐溶性蛋白含量、白度分别为2585.10 g·mm、29.73 mg/mL、72.62%,比单一的罗非鱼鱼糜分别提高了27.3%、63.8%、5.2%,而巯基含量无显著影响。因此,添加25%海鲈鱼能够较大程度地提高罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,为罗非鱼混合鱼糜制品的开发奠定了基础。     

虾肉和鱼肉混合肉糜凝胶特性的研究

以冷冻虾仁和冷冻鱼糜为主要原料,以破断力和凹陷深度为指标,探索了虾肉糜和鱼糜的最佳混合比例,及添加鱼糜对混合肉糜的白度和失水率的影响。在此基础上还研究了混合肉糜的凝胶化条件,木薯淀粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆油及乳酸钙对混合肉糜质构的影响。结果表明,虾肉和鱼肉的最佳混合比例为7∶3;添加鱼糜对混合肉糜的白度影响不显著(p>0.05),但可以降低肉糜的失水率;混合肉糜的最佳凝胶化条件为30℃90min;木薯淀粉和大豆分离蛋白可以显著提高混合肉糜的硬度(p<0.05);添加10%大豆油可以提高混合肉糜的硬度和弹性;乳酸钙在添加量为0.25%时,可以提高混合肉糜的硬度。