青岛地区闪电活动气候特征

利用10 a TRMM卫星的总闪电资料和3 a的地闪定位资料,研究青岛地区闪电的时空分布特征及其规律.结果表明:青岛地区逐月闪电次数差异较大,闪电的季节变化明显,8月闪电最多.闪电活动日分布呈现双峰形式,最高峰值出现在17:00-19:00之间.从空间分布来看,闪电多发生在靠近青岛市的四个边缘地带,而青岛市中部闪电发生较少.青岛地区的平均总闪电密度为5.95次·km-2a-1,地闪平均密度为1.077次·km-2a-1.青岛地区的云闪与地闪比值平均为4.52,正地闪占总地闪的5.9%.正地闪的平均强度为51.63 kA,最大值为561 kA;负地闪的平均强度为34.53 kA,最大值为481 kA.     

雷暴闪电活动特征研究进展

从一般雷暴、灾害性雷暴和台风的闪电活动特征以及雷暴闪电尺度特征四个方面对相关研究进行梳理.一般雷暴通常具有正常极性电荷结构,云/地闪比例在3左右(中纬度地区),地闪中正地闪占比为10％左右,负地闪位置往往更集中于对流区.灾害性雷暴倾向具有活跃的云闪,低比例的地闪,易出现反极性电荷结构,正地闪比例偏高.闪电活动与灾害性天...     

中国区域闪电分布和闪电气候的特点

利用1998年1月1日到2003年12月31日TRMM卫星探测到18～38°N、74～123°E闪电资料,对中国区域年、季、日发生闪电频数和随经纬度变化,闪电密度分布和闪电气候特征进行了计算分析。结果表明:中国陆地区年均日发生总闪电数约54600次,白天占到54.47%,夜间占到45.53%,昼夜比为1.2。日闪电频数的年变化是双峰值,闪电主要发生在4～9月,占年总闪电的92%。4月中到5月中旬为次峰值,主峰值在7月中到8月中旬,占年总闪电的43.4%,夏季6～8月占到60%,11月到次年2月发生闪电很少,仅占年总闪电的0.4%以下。日变化以单峰值为主,峰值范围宽,年均每小时达到2275次左右,傍晚18时达到最高峰值,占到日出现闪电的9.1%,上午9～11时达到日变化的最低谷,仅占日出现闪电总的3%,闪电峰值是低谷的12倍,说明中国区域闪电高发时间主要在傍晚。中国区域年均发生闪电频数随纬度的变化要比随经度的变化大,沿海的陆地区出现闪电频数比内陆区高,内陆区比海区高,东部比西部高的特点。4个季节发生闪电峰值的日变化时间表明,不同季节出现闪电峰值的日时段不同,冬季主要在中午,秋季主要在下午,春季主要在晚间,夏季主要在傍晚。中国区域年均白天、夜间和昼夜不同闪电密度分布表明,东部比西部高,闪电高密度区相对较集中。区域对比说明,白天发生闪电     

闪电发生的环境场特征及闪电活动的预报

利用2006—2015年6—8月章丘探空站逐日探空资料,计算了K指数、抬升指数、对流稳定度指数等6个环境参数,探讨了单个环境参数和多个环境参数组合与闪电活动的关系。结果表明：1）单个环境参数在一定数值范围内可作为闪电活动预报的指标,且较强的闪电活动更容易由大气的不稳定状态来预报;2）多个环境参数的组合可在一定程度上反映闪电活动的特征,闪电出现的概率随着达到大气不稳定临界值物理量参数个数的增多而增大,预报效果比单个参数更好;3）应用事件概率回归方法建立了闪电概率潜势预报方程,方程通过了α=0.01的显著性水平检验,通过检验和评估,闪电概率预报的TS评分达到78%,该方法的建立为闪电潜势预报提供了参考依据。     

青藏铁路沿线区域闪电分布和闪电气候

用1998年1月1日～2003年12月31日TRMM卫星探测到的25～38°N,75～100°E闪电资料,对青藏高原地区年、季、日发生闪电频数和随经纬度变化,闪电密度分布的气候特征进行了计算分析。结果表明:青藏铁路沿线区域年均日发生闪电数约7 600次,白天占到66.47%,夜间占到33.53%,昼夜比为2.0,明显高于中国其它区域昼夜闪电比1.2。日闪电频数的年变化是多峰值,闪电主要发生在4～9月,占年总闪电的94.75%。5月上中旬和9月中下旬为次峰值,主峰值在夏季6～8月占到年总闪电70.23%,最高出现在7月占到年总闪电25.19%。10月到次年3月发生闪电很少,仅占年总闪电的5.25%,特别是11月到次年2月只占总闪电0.83%。青藏高原发生闪电的日变化以单峰值为主,年均达到346.75次/h左右,傍晚18时达到最高峰值,占到日出现闪电的12.1%,19～21时每小时达到日闪电值的9%以上,21～22时为快速下降时段,午夜24～01时出现维持时段,每小时达到日闪电值的3%,凌晨4～5时有小起伏,每小时达到日闪电值的1%,上午8～11时达到日变化的最低谷,4 h仅占日出现闪电的1.3%,闪电峰值是低谷的100倍以上,说明青藏高原区域闪电高发时间主要在傍晚。4个季节发生闪电峰值的日变化时间表明,不同季节出现闪电峰值的日时段不同,春季主要在晚间,夏季主要在傍晚,秋季主要在傍     

热带气旋闪电活动特征研究综述

针对热带气旋（tropical cyclone,TC）闪电已有研究,首先从闪电活动分布特征、眼壁闪电爆发对TC强度和路径的指示、外雨带闪电活动与雨带对流结构的关系三个方面进行了总结;其次从动力一微物理方面对TC闪电的形成原因和特征机理进行了梳理;最后提出当前研究中存在的两个关键问题,并对后续研究内容进行了展望。基于地基和空基相结合的综合闪电探测得到的闪电属性特征参量,有望建立一个明确的、具有代表性的闪电活动一TC强度变化关系。利用沿海地区架设的三维闪电定位系统结合地基双偏振霄达,针对登陆台风强对流过程开展的综合观测研究,将有助于推进闪电观测资料在台风中小尺度强对流监测、预警和资料同化中的应用。     

凉山州闪电活动特征分析

凉山州位于四川省西南部,由于特殊的地理因素和大气环流季风气候,是全省雷暴日数最多的地区,每年所造成的损失严重。本文基于2005~2014年的闪电监测资料,分析了凉山州地区闪电的年、月、时变化及闪电密度和强度时空分布特征。分析结果,凉山地区闪电活动以负闪为主,占94.43%,正闪仅占5.57%;各县市正、负闪次数差异明显;闪电密度分布呈明显的地域性差异,相对较高区域主要分布自北向南以雅砻江、安宁河谷沿线的冕宁、越西、喜德、西昌、盐源、德昌、会理等县区域为主;6~9月为发生闪电的集中高发区月份,发生闪电数占全年闪电总数的86.53%,6月为闪电最高频发峰值,部分县闪电活动月分布存在一定的差异性;闪电时频度也存在一定差异变化;总闪强度主要集中5~30KA以下,累积概率为86.14%,其中5~20KA的闪电强度概率最高,平均为76.24%。      

青藏铁路沿线闪电活动的时空分布特征

利用搭载于卫星上的闪电探测仪所获取的8年闪电资料,对青藏铁路沿线闪电活动的时空分布进行了研究。结果表明,青藏铁路沿线的闪电活动呈现出明显的季节变化和日变化。青藏铁路沿线的闪电活动主要发生在4～9月,其中以5～7月最为频繁,到10月份迅速消亡,而且闪电分布在南北向上变化较明显;青藏铁路沿线闪电活动在12：00～16：00(地方时,下同)最易发生。日闪电密度峰值出现在15：00左右。闪电密度的空间分布以那曲为最大,分别向南、北减小。另外,2003年夏季的地面观测资料还表明,那曲地区在傍晚还有一闪电活动峰值。     

西藏羊八井地区的闪电活动特征

利用2009年夏季在西藏羊八井国际宇宙线观测站获取的快、慢天线闪电电场变化资料,分析了该地区闪电活动的基本特征。结果表明,闪电主要发生在6～9月,其中8月最多,占闪电总数的58.2％。就日变化而言,主要发生在下午,发生于17：00～19：00的闪电个数占闪电总数的65.1％。闪电频数最大值为9 f1·min-1,平均值...     

闪电气象学研究进展

闪电气象学是随着现代闪电探测和定位技术的发展与应用而不断发展起来的一个学科,也是大气电学和气象学的重要交叉学科分支。综述了近年来中国在闪电气象学方面的发展和研究进展,主要从5个方面进行阐述和回顾：在闪电气象学研究中发挥了重要作用的现代闪电探测和定位技术,不同类型强对流天气系统的闪电活动特征,闪电活动与雷暴的动力、微物理结构的关系,雷暴电荷结构探测和数值模拟,以及闪电资料同化方法及其在强对流天气中的预警预报作用和闪电的预报等,并指出了中国闪电气象学今后的努力方向。     

Anomalous lightning activity over the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo due to urban effects

A significant enhancement in the number of negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and a decrease in the percentage of positive CG flashes are observed over the city of São Paulo, similar to observations in other large urban areas. Strong evidence indicates that this anomalous behavior results from several mechanisms related to the urban effect. In this paper, we investigated the importance of the air pollution using CG lightning data provided by the Brazilian lightning detection network (BrasilDAT) for a 6-year period (1999–2004). Due to the large variations in the CG lightning activity in response to different meteorological processes, it is not an easy task to infer the contribution of air pollution to the enhancement in the lightning activity. In order to overcome such difficulty, two approaches were considered: (1) the weekly variation of the number of days with lightning in comparison to the mean concentration of particulate matter (PM₁₀), as well as other thermodynamical parameters; (2) the variation of the number of CG flashes and the maximum storm flash rate per individual thunderstorm for different levels of pollution. The results of both analyses suggest that: first, the enhancement in the CG lightning activity during the week days over São Paulo metropolitan region is related to the PM₁₀ concentration (pollution); second, the PM₁₀ concentration tends to increase the lifetime of the storms and, in consequence, the number of flashes per storm, and not the flash rate of the thunderstorm; and third, the effect of the pollution in the enhancement of the CG lightning activity is probably less significant compared to the effect of the urban heat island.     

古建筑雷电灾害及防雷技术研究综述

古建筑是宝贵的历史文化遗产,雷电灾害是威胁古建筑安全的主要因素之一.本文首先较完整地介绍了古建筑雷电灾害的总体研究进展,分别综述了古建筑构件的雷击破坏特征和机理,以及古建筑雷击起火灾害成因、方式和影响因素等方面研究现状,建议在雷击模拟试验基础上利用数值模拟分析方法研究雷击破坏基础性问题.分析了古建筑绝缘避雷与采用防雷装...     

A comparison of lightning activity and convective indices over some monsoon-prone areas of China

Using 10-year lightning localization data observed by the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), the relationship between lightning activity and a series of convective indices was investigated over nine monsoon-prone areas of China in which high-impact weather (HIW) events are frequently observed.Two methods were used to verify and reconstruct LIS lightning data. First, LIS lightning flash data were verified by both surface thunderstorm reports and ground-based lightning detection data. Seasonal, monthly, and 5-day distributions of LIS observed lightning activity agree well with the surface reports and ground-based lightning observations. Second, due to LIS's low sampling frequency, a data reconstruction and compensation scheme for LIS lightning observations was designed using both LIS lightning seasonal diurnal cycles and surface thunderstorm reports. After data reconstruction, five lightning products were derived: daily mean and maximum LIS flash rate, daily mean and maximum LIS lightning cell rate, and number of lightning days per five day period.Then, a series of convective indices describing convection conditions were derived from radiosonde data according to atmospheric instability and convective potential analysis. Correlation analysis for each study region was done between 10-year lightning derived products and corresponding convective indices by 5-day periods. The correlation analysis results show that higher lightning flash rate and lightning probability are associated with more unstable air and smaller vertical wind shear in a nearly saturated lower layer in most of the study regions. But the correlation varies from region to region. The best correlation between lightning activity and convective indices was found in eastern and southern China, whereas the correlation is lowest in some inland or basin topography regions in which topographic effects are more significant. Moreover, ambient moisture plays a much more important role in the convective development of thunderstorms in southern China than other regions. Thunderstorm development mechanism differences among regions were also discussed.Based on the close relationship between lightning activity and convective indices, some regression equations for forecasting 5-day mean or maximum LIS lightning flash rate and lightning area (a thunderstorm cell) rate, and 5-day lightning days for the study regions were developed using convective indices as predictors. The verifications show that the convective index-based lightning forecast methods can provide a reasonable lightning outlook including probability and lightning flash rate forecasts for a 5-day period.     

The implications of climate policy for the impacts of climate change on global water resources

This paper assesses the implications of climate policy for exposure to water resources stresses. It compares a Reference scenario which leads to an increase in global mean temperature of 4 °C by the end of the 21st century with a Mitigation scenario which stabilises greenhouse gas concentrations at around 450 ppm CO₂e and leads to a 2 °C increase in 2100. Associated changes in river runoff are simulated using a global hydrological model, for four spatial patterns of change in temperature and rainfall. There is a considerable difference in hydrological change between these four patterns, but the percentages of change avoided at the global scale are relatively robust. By the 2050s, the Mitigation scenario typically avoids between 16 and 30% of the change in runoff under the Reference scenario, and by 2100 it avoids between 43 and 65%. Two different measures of exposure to water resources stress are calculated, based on resources per capita and the ratio of withdrawals to resources. Using the first measure, the Mitigation scenario avoids 8-17% of the impact in 2050 and 20-31% in 2100; with the second measure, the avoided impacts are 5-21% and 15-47% respectively. However, at the same time, the Mitigation scenario also reduces the positive impacts of climate change on water scarcity in other areas. The absolute numbers and locations of people affected by climate change and climate policy vary considerably between the four climate model patterns.     

黑龙江省闪电活动特征及其与地面相对湿度的响应关系

利用2006-2017年黑龙江省闪电定位资料和日平均地面相对湿度资料,采用数理统计、Pearson相关分析、GIS空间分析技术,研究了闪电密度和强度对地面相对湿度（R_H）的响应关系。结果表明：地面R_H过小或过大都不利于闪电活动产生;当R_H < 25%时,几乎无闪电发生,当R_H < 77%时,R_H增加有利于闪电活动发生,当R_H>79%时,随着R_H增加,闪电活动减少;当R_H < 77%时,闪电密度与之呈正相关,闪电强度与之呈负相关;当R_H>79%时,闪电密度与之呈负相关,闪电强度与之呈正相关;地面R_H的临界值域约为77%-79%;70%≤ R_H ≤ 90%区间为闪电易发湿度区间,在闪电密度与湿度相关度高的区域,闪电更趋于集中发生在闪电易发湿度区间。     

Comparison of lightning activity and radar-retrieved microphysical properties in EULINOX storms

A combined analysis of microphysical thunderstorm properties derived by C-band polarimetric Doppler radar measurements and lightning observations from two ground-based systems are presented. Three types of storms, a multicell, a supercell, and a squall line, that were observed during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides project (EULINOX) are investigated. Correlations are sought between the mass of rain, graupel, hail, and snow derived form radar observations at different height levels and the electrical activity, represented either by cloud-to-ground or intracloud flashes. These relationships are explained by connecting the radar-derived properties with the non-inductive charging process. For the multicell and the supercell storm, the lightning activity can be linearly correlated to both the hydrometeor total mass and class specific mass in the upper part of the storm. It is shown that the fractions of graupel and hail above the −20 °C-level in these storms positively correlate with the intracloud flash activity in the supercell, and negatively for the cloud-to-ground lightning frequency in the multicell. No such relation can be established for the squall line, indicating that the convective organization plays a crucial role in the lightning development. The analysis of the masses in the different storms shows that lightning activity cannot be parameterized by total mass alone, other parameters have to be identified. The results provide important information for all lightning studies that rely on bulk properties of thunderstorms, e.g., the parameterization of lightning in mesoscale models or the nowcasting of lightning by radar.     

中国典型区域雷电活动气候特征及其机制分析

选取不同纬度不同下垫面的四川省、山东省和黑龙江省,利用2005-2010年地闪资料,研究了三个典型区域雷电活动气候特征及其物理机制.在不同时间尺度上,三省地闪变化呈现不同的年际、月际及日际变化特征.地闪极性上,四川省西部高原及黑龙江省正地闪比例较四川省东部盆地和山东省高,这是由于高海拔、高纬度地区雷暴云顶高度及南北方雷暴云电荷结构差异造成的.地面盛行风系与地形对雷电活动影响很大,迎风坡为雷电活动频发区域,且直接热力环流圈迎风坡地闪比例较间接热力环流圈高.雷电活动具有较大的区域性,其对气温及不稳定参量有较好的响应,雷暴过程中黑龙江省北部对流有效位能(CAPE)及对流抑制能量(GIN)远小于四川省东部及山东省中部,中层相对湿度及700 hPa相当位温四川省东部最大,山东省中部次之,黑龙江省北部最小.     

某银行大楼电梯机房雷击事故分析与防雷对策

通过对某银行大楼顶层的电梯机房内设备的雷击电磁脉冲引起的感应电压的分析,找出建筑物遭受雷击的主要原因,并提出电梯机房需要完善的防雷保护措施.     

大连地区闪电活动时空特征分析及雷击风险度综合指数预测研究

本文利用辽宁省大连市2007年1月—2011年12月连续5 a的闪电监测数据,分析了大连地区闪电频数和强度的时空分布特征,并基于雷电频次和强度构建雷电危险度综合指数预测模型。研究结果表明,大连地区闪电高发期集中在6—8月,该段时间内闪电数超过全年闪电总数的80%;6、7月雷电明显集中于午后和夜间,而从8月开始雷电发生时间向凌晨时段集中,午后明显减少,夜间闪电次数略高于白天。大连地区大部分区域的平均雷击密度值低于10次·km-2,两个极大值中心位于长海县和普兰店市;大连地区大部分区域的平均雷击强度值介于5~30 k A之间,平均雷击强度的极大值中心位于主城区、金州区、瓦房店市西部及庄河市东部,最大可达98 k A。本文依据模糊函数法综合闪电频次与雷击电流,构造雷电危险度综合指数预测模型,并以2011年4月14日雷击灾害为例,预报雷电危险度等级为4级。该模型可对大连地区的雷电危险度等级进行预测并发布预警,更加直观、方便、高效地为公众提供气象服务信息。