电业职工智能培训系统关键技术研究(I)——智能培训系统的功能和结构

文章分为三篇,分别论述了电业职工智能培训系统的功能和结构、知识的表示及智能培训系统的建模和软件设计等三个方面的技术问题。在采用计算机辅助培训系统对电业职工进行培训时,由于培训对象具有“知识水平不同、学习目标各异”的特点,因此对不同学员应采取相应的教学培训策略。文中的第一篇首先介绍智能教学系统的基本原理、系统的功能和结构,进而提出电业职工智能化知识培训系统的总体设计。     

用于变电站仿真培训的智能辅导系统

仿真和培训是仿真培训系统的两个方面，为达到更好的培训效果，本文提出仿真与培训应并重，并重点讨论培训功能的实现方法，结合智能ＣＡＩ，专家系统等理论和方法，建造一个用地变电站仿真培训的智能辅导系统，作为计算机教练员，为学员提供实时在线辅导，根据辅导内容不同，分为正常操作，下沉监狱，故障处理三种辅导模型。     

炉膛火焰彩色监视的多媒体仿真技术

大型火电机组全仿真机研制中,炉膛火焰彩色监视仿真是不可缺少的部分。以C++Builder为火焰电视多媒体制作平台,结合湖南石门电厂300MW火电机组新型分散式仿真机的研制,介绍了炉膛火焰监视多媒体仿真技术在电站仿真中的意义和实现方法,并阐述了炉膛火焰彩色监视的多媒体仿真技术内容以及实现效果。     

真分散控制系统在线式多功能电站仿真机的设计与实现

根据目前国内分散控制系统(DCS)、电站仿真机的开发及应用现状，提出了一种适用于DCS控制的火电机组的仿真机新概念——真DCS在线式多功能电站仿真机。通过与传统仿真机的比较，阐明了这种仿真机的设计原理和技术特点，并给出了系统组成。结合不同的使用目的，介绍了具体的应用模式。经过长期运行测试，证明该仿真机不仅能够满足运行培训的要求，而且兼具控制系统仿真试验等多项功能，展示了良好的应用前景。     

An object-oriented framework applied to the study of electromechanical oscillations at Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant

This paper presents an object-oriented framework to perform dynamical studies in electrical power systems. The proposed methodology is also useful to the development, upgrade and maintenance of software for power system studies. The framework was designed to be used by developers of power system software. Based on software engineering concepts, user's requirements are, firstly, mapped to atomic classes which, in turn, are subsequently used to build state-space representation for each dynamic device in the power system under study, such as electrical generators, turbines and automatic controllers. The developed framework automates the whole process of building a global system model, providing a standard space-state model suitable for implementing by direct code in C++ language. By using the proposed methodology, a power system simulation tool was specially developed to study electromechanical phenomena observed at Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant, a large power plant of the Brazilian Interconnected Power System. The results were validated by comparing the simulated to the actual plant response obtained from field tests carried out at the Tucuruí power plant. The results have shown a very good level of performance of the developed simulator system. The simulator was able to reproduce the dominant dynamical phenomena observed at the Tucuruí power plant.     

Building intelligent tutorial systems for teaching simulation inengineering education

A framework for building intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) to teach students the use of various simulation systems used in engineering education is described. Case studies to two widely used simulators in electronics education (LASAR, a digital logic simulator, and SPICE, an integrated circuit simulator) provide the basis of pedagogical methodology for teaching the use of simulators. This methodology is used to develop a tutorial environment which includes: an authoring system that enables an instructor to develop and tailor the course contents; and a course presentation system that communicates this information via a direct manipulation interface to the user. The student perceives the tutorial as a hypertext network which can be freely explored; however, the tutoring system monitors and dynamically reconfigures the accessible information according to the level and attainment of expertise by the student. The environment includes components to monitor and evaluate the performance of the student. This tutorial framework is used to create intelligent tutorial systems for SPICE and LASAR     

电厂SIS与仿真机连接及其数据的仿真应用

介绍了电厂监控信息系统（SIS）与仿真机的连接及SIS数据的仿真应用。SIS和电站仿真相结合对电厂的安全、经济运行有着重要的意义。在应用中设计了SIS与电站仿真系统之间的连接方式,开发了相应的接口软件,并把SIS数据与仿真机应用相结合。经过多个电厂的实际应用,证明SIS环境下仿真系统不仅能够更快、更逼真地实现仿真机的开发,同时也为培训人员进行现场事故分析和故障重演等提供了很好的应用手段。     

考虑多重不确定性的含需求响应及电碳交易的虚拟电厂优化调度策略

为解决当前对虚拟电厂系统中多重不确定性源的表征考虑不全面且处理方法单一的问题,提出一种基于蒙特卡罗与曼哈顿概率距离的场景生成与削减法来对风光出力、电价进行建模,并利用区间法对碳价、需求响应进行建模;以虚拟电厂运行成本最小化为目标,综合考虑电碳交易及激励型需求响应机制,建立基于区间线性规划的虚拟电厂优化调度模型,采用强区间线性规划法中的两阶段分解算法对模型进行求解,针对不同不确定性源的特点,采用2种方法处理虚拟电厂系统中的多重不确定性。算例结果表明,该模型能够通过指标变化趋势有效地反映多重不确定性因素对系统调度结果的影响,在保证虚拟电厂系统安全运行的基础上提高经济性,区间形式的表示为决策者留出了一定的现实选择空间。     

基于C语言集成产生式系统的火电厂实时故障诊断系统

提出基于C语言集成产生式系统(C language integrated production system,CLIPS)的火电厂实时故障诊断系统设计方案。该方案使用专家系统工具CLIPS构建知识库并作为推理机,采用Visual C++编程语言实现数据采集、与数据库的交互及人机界面功能,采用SQL SERVER数据库存储动态过程数据和故障信息等。系统的测试平台采用基于虚拟分散控制系统的仿真系统。运行及测试结果表明,该系统能够快速、准确地对火电厂锅炉和汽机系统相关故障进行实时监测和诊断,对生产具有指导意义。     

Development of a simulator to calculate an optimal slab heating pattern for reheat furnaces

To improve energy consumption and to meet quality requirements for the slab heating process of reheat furnaces in hot strip mills, a new optimal slab heat pattern calculation simulator has been developed. The simulator consists of the following functions; (1) two-dimensional (slab thickness direction and slab length direction) slab temperature calculation function, which is capable of calculating skidmarks along the length of a slab, (2) furnace heat balance calculation function, (3) optimizing calculation function of slab heat pattern using a linear programming method. The simulator developed has been installed into a furnace computer control system for an actual plant. This paper describes the functions of the simulator and simulation results using the simulator. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120 (3): 42–53, 1997     

仿真机自动评价与分析系统开发可行性研究

仿真机作为电厂运行培训的重要手段正发挥越来越重要的作用。由于仿真机功能的限制，现有的培训和考核手段不能适应生产人员培训和运行分析的需求。从不同的角度对仿真机自动评价与分析系统开发的可行性进行了分析，并提出了实施建议。     

HVDC送端孤岛运行方式的附加控制策略

直流工程用于远离主干网架的水电站或火电厂的电力送出时，送端交流系统形成相对独立的“孤岛”。在这种运行方式下，在交流系统有扰动时常规定功率或定电流控制方式有可能引起系统功率的持续不平衡，进而导致交、直流系统稳定运行的破坏。提出了一种附加控制策略，该附加控制策略根据系统频率的变化改变直流系统的功率或电流指令，从而实现系统功率的平衡。采用实时数字仿真器对该附加控制策略进行了验证，仿真结果表明，该附加控制策略可以明显增强系统的稳定性。     

A More Realistic Model of Centralized Automatic Generation Control in Real-time Environment

In this article, a more realistic model of centralized automatic generation control is proposed. Conventional centralized control model does not consider the effect of communication delays between the control center and generating units of the plant. These delays degrade the dynamic performance of automatic generation control or may even lead to unstable system. The proposed model incorporates the effect of these communication delays present in an automatic generation control system. The global controller has been developed for the proposed centralized control model. This global controller requires information of all states of the power system model. The proposed model has been investigated in the real-time environment, done with the help of three personal computers connected in series by Ethernet cables, called the real-time three-personal computer system. The novelty of this is that it is maintenance free, robust, and negligible in cost compared to real-time simulator kits available in the market. In summary, the proposed model of centralized automatic generation control is more realistic, incorporates the effect of communication delays, and investigated in the real-time environment. A novel real-time simulator (real-time three-personal computer system) developed is very cost effective. The results of proposed centralized control model are compared with the conventional centralized control model.     

On-line monitoring of eigen-frequency and stability of power system by use of SMES

It is useful to grasp power system stability margin from on-line data in real time. We have proposed to estimate the system operating conditions from on-line data by use of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. In this paper, we developed the proposed method to monitor the eigen-frequency of the power system in real time, which changes with time due to the system operating conditions (such as, generator output change), by use of a SMES and a lock-in amplifier. Basic experiments were carried out on an analogue-type power system simulator and a model SMES for the simulator. By use of the SMES, the eigen-frequency change according to the operating condition change was successfully measured, tracked and monitored on-line. The stability margin can be estimated by the monitored eigen-frequency. The availability of the proposed method is discussed on the experimental results.     

基于面向对象技术的微机保护仿真

结合电力系统仿真技术的新发展,论述了在变电站仿真器中实现微机保护仿真的必要性,并提出了基于面向对象技术的微机保护仿真的解决方案。具体实现微机保护仿真过程中采用了模块化的编程思想,把微机保护中共有的选相模块、功率方向模块、距离测量模块和重合闸模块都分离出来做成基本保护模块,其它的保护模块可以直接调用这些基本保护模块,从而提高了微机保护仿真效率,具体分析了在多线程编环境中,应该注意的问题和解决方法。     

A knowledge based tutoring system for teaching fault analysis

A knowledge based tutoring system is used to support the education of power engineering students. The aim of this project is to make teaching and learning more productive and efficient by employing modern technologies. It seeks to find new methods to teach large numbers of students with no increase in staff. The tutoring system is based on an expert system shell. It provides a functionally interacting set of theory and problems, and supports student progress through monitoring and assessment. This paper describes the development of the tutoring system for teaching electrical engineering subjects, and in particular, fault analysis in power systems. The expert system based software has been successfully used by power engineering students. They found this software easy to use and understand, and it has become an extra teaching tool     

基于MATLAB工具箱的机组负荷优化分配研究

负荷优化分配是火电厂运行优化的一个重要研究领域．在机组之间合理地优化分配负荷能够提高整个火电厂运行的经济性。为此,提出一种利用MATLAB曲线拟舍工具箱和优化工具箱进行机组负荷优化分配的方法,利用该方法对机组负荷分配中的线性规划和二次规划进行了比较,同时对通过仿真计算得到的图形和数据进行了对比,直观得出了二次规划比线性规划具有更优的分配结果的结论。该分配方法具有简洁、快速、节能效果好的特点。     

计及光热电站与风氢系统互补运行的低碳经济调度策略

为促进风能高品质利用、降低系统的碳排放水平，提出一种光热电站与风氢系统互补运行方式：将系统弃风作为制氢的电力来源以实现同节点下两者的光热-氢耦合。分析了光热电站中不同电转热环节对系统低碳经济效益的影响，将电转气的氢能利用阶段分为CO2甲烷化和氢燃料电池运行，二者作为低碳技术的有效手段，辅之以绿证-碳交易机制的低碳市场政策，进一步挖掘联合运行系统的减排能力；以系统综合运行成本最低为目标建立低碳经济调度模型，再利用McCormick方法将混合整数非线性优化问题转化为混合整数线性优化问题，并运用CPLEX求解器对模型进行求解；在改进的IEEE 30节点系统上进行仿真验证，通过多场景的设置，对比验证所提策略的有效性。     

恒运电厂2×210MW机组循环水系统经济调度分析

循环水泵耗电量占火力发电厂厂用电的比例仅次于给水泵,循环水系统的经济运行不但可以降低泵的耗功,而且也影响汽轮发电机组的输出功率。火电厂的循环水系统经济运行问题是一个有等式和不等式约束的非线性规划问题,针对恒运电厂2×210MW机组的循环水系统,考虑了环境温度和机组热负荷变化因素,通过非线性规划模型进行了优化计算,确定了经济调度的方案,其结果为该厂循环水泵系统的优化运行提供了依据。     

Design and evaluation of a circulating current differential relaytest system

This paper describes how an EMTP-based simulator can be used in conjunction with a relay test set to type-test a protection relay operating within a circulating current differential protection scheme. The combination of a simulator and a test-set is designed to replace a high power synthetic test plant that has been used for more than 30 years for type and approval testing of differential protection relays. The paper includes results that describe the operating performance of the new test system, on both internal and external faults, and these are compared with experimental results obtained from an identical set of tests on the synthetic test plant