流量和坡度对植被水流水动力学特性的影响

为深入揭示植被覆盖下坡面流阻力的内在规律,系统研究了植被覆盖度为32.32%时6个坡度和12个流量组合下坡面流的流动特性。结果表明:坡面流速随流量的增大而增大,该覆盖度下流态指数值接近1;坡面流从层流变化成过渡流,最后发展成紊流状态,但植被覆盖下坡面流的层流状态与明渠定义的不同;阻力系数随流量的增大而增大,流量是影响阻力的主要因素,而坡度对其影响可以忽略;阻力系数随平均水深和壅降差的增大而增大,壅降差不仅能代表水深对阻力系数的影响,而且能反映植被前壅水和后尾水旋涡的形成程度。     

柔性植被叶片近地表覆盖对坡面流水力学特性的影响

坡面柔性植被对坡面流水力学特性有着显著影响,进而对坡面侵蚀起着重要作用。以往的研究主要集中在完整柔性植被上,包括茎杆和叶片。为进一步探明近地表柔性植被叶片对水力学特性的影响,采用模拟坡面冲刷试验,研究了3种流量（0.5、1.0和1.5 L/min）、5种坡度（2°、4°、8°、12°和16°）、5种覆盖度以及2种覆盖类型下坡面径流的水动力学特征,以期揭示柔性植被叶片近地表覆盖对坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响。结果表明：平均流速随柔性植被叶片覆盖度的增加而下降,流量与坡度的增加可减缓平均流速的下降趋势;雷诺数Re与佛汝德数Fr随柔性植被叶片覆盖度的增加而降低,佛汝德数Fr下降趋势明显,雷诺数Re下降趋势平缓。柔性植被叶片覆盖度和坡度对流态的影响相互制约;阻力系数随植被叶片覆盖度的增加呈增加趋势,覆盖物起到增阻作用;坡度变化引起阻力系数先降低后增加再降低的趋势,相同条件下横向不同覆盖度覆盖物的形态阻力在总阻力中占比更大。研究结果可为黄土高原坡面侵蚀及生态环境治理提供理论依据。     

植被缓流效果试验研究

为深入研究植被减流减沙特征及对流域水土保持效益的影响,本文通过5个覆盖度,6个坡度和7个流量的组合条件下的室内放水试验,系统研究了植被对坡面水流的缓流特征。结果表明:随着植被覆盖度增加,植被对坡面水流的阻滞作用逐渐凸显,即缓流系数减小,缓流效果增强,当植被覆盖度大于4.650%时,缓流效果趋于稳定。在试验流量范围内,缓流系数随流量的增加呈现逐渐减少的趋势,而随坡度的增加略有增加。缓流系数随水深和雷诺数增加而减小,而与弗劳德数呈反C型分布。最后,建立了基于试验控制变量(植被覆盖度,流量和坡度)的缓流系数预测公式。     

草被覆盖度下坡面流流速变化及缓流机制研究

坡面薄层水流是黄土区土壤侵蚀发生的直接动力条件,探究植被覆盖条件下坡面流水动力学特性及缓流机制,有助于揭示土壤侵蚀发生的水动力学机理。在水槽坡度为12°条件下,通过9个草被覆盖度、7个流量的组合试验,研究了不同植被覆盖度下坡面水流流速变化和缓流机制。结果表明:坡面流流速随着覆盖度的增加整体呈减小的趋势;缓流系数随覆盖度的增加呈先增大后减小的变化规律,当覆盖度大于47.66%时,缓流系数随覆盖度的增加显著减小;以覆盖度47.66%为临界值,高、低覆盖度下缓流系数随雷诺数的变化规律有所不同。最后,建立了模拟草被下的坡面流流速和缓流系数拟合公式,验证结果表明,拟合公式精度较高,可为建立土壤侵蚀预报模型提供参考。     

坡度对三峡库区紫色土坡面径流侵蚀的影响分析

基于运动波理论,在紫色土坡面径流侵蚀力和径流侵蚀能力的影响因素分析基础上,对三峡库区紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀的临界坡度进行了分析,分析结果表明:(1)坡面径流流量、水深和流速均随降雨强度的增大而增大,坡面径流流量和坡面径流水深随坡度的增大而减小,而流速随坡度的增大先增大再减小,在坡度为33.21°时达到最大值;(2)坡面径流侵蚀力随着降雨强度的增大而增大,而坡度对它的影响较为复杂,这个特定坡度随降雨强度和坡长的增大而减小,随坡面土壤颗粒粒径的增大而增大,对紫色土坡面而言,在37.14°～46.19°之间;(3)坡面径流侵蚀能力在临界坡度处达到最大值,临界坡度是一个变量,随降雨强度和坡长的增大而减小,随坡面土壤颗粒粒径的增大而增大,紫色土坡面径流侵蚀的临界坡度在35.93°～40.78°之间.     

植被覆盖下坡面流的水流特性实验研究

为研究柔性植被和刚性植被覆盖下坡面流的水流特性,用水槽模拟坡面,PVC塑料薄膜模拟植被,通过调节水槽的坡度和柔性、刚性植被覆盖度对坡面流的水流流态、流速、水流深度进行了研究。经过多组实验得出了大量植被覆盖下的坡面流水力特性数据,并通过数据分析,总结了在不同植被覆盖、不同坡度条件下坡面流流速的变化规律。最后得出,通过减小坡面流流速、增加水流水深、控制水流流态、选择刚性植被覆盖坡面,可减少对坡面土壤的水力侵蚀。实验结果对控制流域非点源污染和选择水土流失防治措施有参考作用。     

倒伏植被茎秆粗度对坡面水流特性的影响

为深入探索植被倒伏条件下水流结构的内在规律,开展植被茎秆直径对坡面流水流特性影响的试验研究。试验固定坡度为1. 0%,倒伏角度为20°,取茎秆直径为2 mm、3 mm、4 mm进行室内明渠流模拟试验。结果表明:在相同直径条件下,随水深增大,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,雷诺数呈线性增大,弗劳德数呈幂函数形式下降;在相同水深条件下,随茎秆直径增大,DarcyWeisbach阻力系数增大,雷诺数与弗劳德数随之而减小,且当茎秆直径每增加1 mm,阻力系数平均增大33. 76%,雷诺数平均减小2. 57%,弗劳德数平均减小8. 33%。     

柔性植被和刚性植被水流水动力学特性研究

为了深入揭示植被水流的内在规律,系统研究了刚性和柔性植被覆盖下坡面流水动力学特性。结果表明:刚性或柔性植被覆盖下,水流平均流速均随流量增大而增大,刚性植被对流速的减缓效果优于柔性植被;刚性植被覆盖下,弗劳德数小于1,处于缓流流态,阻力系数随雷诺数和流量增大呈单峰形式变化;柔性植被覆盖下,随流量增大,弗劳德数逐渐增大,由缓流过渡到急流,阻力系数随雷诺数和流量增大均呈减小趋势。在生态工程建设过程中,同种植被应该选取刚度较大的植被类型。     

湖北竹山县植被覆盖度与地形因子的空间关系分析

以湖北省竹山县为研究区,运用RS和GIS技术,并借助空间叠加分析,研究区内植被覆盖度分别随不同地形因子变化的分布特征及相关性。研究结果表明:①研究区植被覆盖度整体情况良好,以高覆盖度为主,占比为80.45%。②植被覆盖度随高程的升高呈增加趋势,在高程大于2 000 m时达到最大值,其值为91.99%;植被覆盖度随坡度增大呈先增大后减少趋势,在35°～45°坡度带达最大值;在坡向上,阴坡植被覆盖度整体稍高于阳坡。③不同植被覆盖度与各地形因子级的相关性强度不同,对于各级植被覆盖度,坡度和坡向对其影响明显高于高程,植被覆盖度越高,坡度和坡向两者对其影响越明显;高程与各级植被覆盖度的相关性无明显的规律。     

关中平原区细沟水流侵蚀产沙研究

为了研究关中平原区坡面细沟侵蚀过程,利用定水头冲刷试验,系统研究了6个坡度(2°、4°、6°、8°、10°、12°)、5个流量(8L/min、16L/min、24L/min、32L/min、40L/min)工况下的细沟水流含沙量及其与各水动力学间的耦合关系。结果表明:不同流量和坡度下,细沟断面流速随细沟断面的增加而呈波动性增加。断面流速与流量及断面呈显著性相关,而与坡度和平均含沙量相关性不大;不同流量和坡度条件下,含沙量随冲刷历时的增加,先急剧降低,然后呈微小波动趋势,最终归于稳定。含沙量与流量和坡度呈显著幂函数关系增加;挟沙饱和系数K变化范围为10.17~295.66,对应的不淤保证率约为73%。K随流量和坡度的增大逐渐增加,但增加的趋势逐渐减缓。由此可知,挟沙水流的剥蚀能力是有限度的。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…