外加可溶性碳源对华北典型农田土壤N2O、CO2排放的影响

以华北平原典型农田土壤为对象,运用静态培养系统研究方法,设置室内培养试验,研究添加不同浓度葡萄糖对土壤N2O、CO2排放的影响.结果表明:碳氮配施的外源添加方式明显促进N2O和CO2排放,其排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源的处理.在配施碳源葡萄糖浓度为0.5 g/kg时N2O排放通量最高(NH4+组2 500 μg/(kg·d),单位以N计,下同,NO3-组1 500 μg/(kg·d)),4.0 g/kg时N2O排放通量最低(NH4+组500 μg/(kg·d),NO3-组800 μg/(kg·d));葡萄糖浓度为2.0 g/kg时CO2排放通量最高(NH+组500mg/(kg· d)),0.5 g/kg时CO2排放通量最低(NH+组100 mg/(kg,d)).从培养开始到结束,只添加氮源的土壤NH+含量变化不明显,NO3-含量增至29.21 mg/kg(NH4+组)和62.25 mg/kg(NO3-组);而配施葡萄糖的土壤NH+含量降为不足1 mg/kg(NH4+组),NO3-含量明显减少.N2O累积排放通量与葡萄糖浓度呈负相关(NH4+组),CO2累积排放通量与葡萄糖浓度呈正相关.分析结果表明,外加可溶性碳源明显减少土壤中NH4+和NO3-含量,并且促进土壤N2O、CO2排放,其排放通量大小与C/N比有关.     

土壤中羟胺和亚硝态氮非生物过程对N_2O排放的贡献

羟胺(NH_2OH)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)均可以通过非生物过程产生N_2O,但是同一土壤中其对N_2O排放的相对贡献尚不明确。本文采用高压灭菌和室内培养方法,测定了采自6个不同地点的农业利用土壤在灭菌和非灭菌条件下添加NH_2OH或NO_2~--N后N_2O的排放量,以研究土壤中NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程对N_2O排放的相对贡献及其关键因子。结果表明,供试土壤中,NH_2OH非生物过程产生的N_2O贡献介于6%~73%,NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O占的比例为3%~236%;在pH7的衢州茶园、鹰潭旱地、常熟菜地和海伦旱地土壤中,添加NO_2~--N后非生物过程产生N_2O比例大于添加NH_2OH的处理,但是在pH7的常熟果园和封丘旱地土壤中则相反;pH是影响NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O的关键因子,添加NH_2OH处理中非生物过程产生N_2O占N_2O总排放量的比例与土壤pH呈正相关(p0.05),而在添加NO_2~--N处理中呈负相关(p0.01)。上述结果说明,NO_2~--N在偏酸性土壤中可能主要通过非生物过程产生N_2O,而在偏碱性土壤中主要通过生物过程;NH_2OH则与之相反。     

铵态氮源和碳源对土壤N_2O、CO_2释放的影响

在田间持水量WFPS为70%、温度为20℃的条件下,通过室内静态培养方法研究铵态氮源与不同碳源结合,对华北平原典型小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤N_2O、CO_2释放的影响。其中,碳源种类分别为葡萄糖、果胶、淀粉、纤维素、木质素和秸秆。结果表明添加葡萄糖和果胶有效促进了土壤N_2O的释放,并在第1 d达到最大值,分别为4 039.85μg N_2O-N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和2 533.44μg N_2O-N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);添加纤维素和只施秸秆处理降低了N_2O释放。施入碳源增加了CO_2释放,顺序为纤维素淀粉葡萄糖果胶秸秆木质素。培养结束后土壤中铵态氮几乎消耗完全,除添加葡萄糖处理外,其他施碳土壤的硝态氮含量均有所增加。在培养前3d,土壤NH~+_4和NO~-_3总含量与N_2O释放量显著相关。     

碳源与底物对不同层次土壤产生N2O能力的影响

底层土壤的反硝化作用是土壤排放N2O的重要来源，同时也是影响浅层地下水硝酸盐含量的重要因素，通过一系列室内培养试验，研究了一种农用土壤不同土层在碳源和NO3含量不同情况下产生N2O的能力。结果表明，试验用土壤的不同土层均具有进行反硝化作用产生N2O的能力，底层土壤产生N2O的能力大于根区土壤；单独添加葡萄糖、NO3或同时添加葡萄糖和NO3，对土壤N2O和CO2释放的影响与土壤层次和观测时间有关；向土壤添加葡萄糖和NO3，各个土层释放N2O的能力均显著提高；从产生N2O和CO2能力的角度而言，不同层次土壤的微生物区系间存在较大差异。采用短期（24h之内）饱和泥浆好气培养法，可以区分土壤微生物区系在产生N2O方面的差异。     

免耕对农田土壤N_2O排放影响及作用机制研究进展

免耕在促进农业可持续发展和有效分馏大气碳的同时还可影响土壤N2O排放,但迄今为止关于免耕对农田土壤N2O排放影响的研究结果却不尽一致,正效应间或负效应都存在。本文综述了免耕条件下土壤理化性状和生物性状的变化及其对N2O排放的影响,并指出实施免耕后土壤反硝化强度变化程度的不同是导致免耕对N2O排放影响效应不同的主要原因,最后提出了一些有待研究的问题。     

碳源和氧对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响

利用在线自动监测培养系统(Robot系统),研究不同氧分压、碳源投入以及不同氧分压和碳源投入组合下,添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:随着土壤氧分压的升高,N_2O排放量呈指数下降(P0.001),土壤氧分压大于等于3%O_2后,N_2O排放量不足于无氧和微量氧(1%氧)处理的30%。添加碳源降低了有氧条件下土壤N_2O和N_2产生量,显著增加了微量氧下异养反硝化途径对N_2O的贡献量(P0.01)。在微量氧和3%O_2下,与未添加DCD的处理相比,无碳源添加且施用DCD后,N_2O的排放分别降低了64.4%和88.8%,同时N_2排放分别降低了23.4%和18.6%。从微量氧至3%O_2,虽然无碳源添加的处理硝化细菌反硝化作用对N_2O排放的贡献从17.2%增加至42.6%,但由于排放总量的急剧下降,硝化细菌反硝化作用对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的贡献较小。本研究所用土壤pH较高,且添加DCD的处理培养前后硝酸盐基本平衡,异养的同步硝化-反硝化过程可能很弱。总之,设施菜田土壤N_2O排放主要发生在无氧和微量氧条件下。异养反硝化菌对土壤N_2O排放的直接贡献最大,尤其是在碳源较为充足的条件下。     

不同氮源及秸秆添加对菜地土壤N_2O排放影响

在饱和田间持水量WFPS(water-filled pore space)为75%、温度为25℃的条件下,用室内培养研究设施菜地土壤在不同氮肥种类(硝酸钙CN,碳酸氢铵AB,硫酸铵AS,尿素U,对照CK)和有无秸秆添加情况下N2O的排放特征。培养17天的结果表明,各种肥料类型中,对照和硝态氮肥处理最先出现N2O排放高峰,铵态氮肥处理出现较晚。无论有无秸秆,碳酸氢铵(AB)处理的累积排放量都最高,分别为4.206±0.899和2.159±0.256μg g-1干土,铵态氮肥处理N2O排放量明显高于硝态氮肥。添加秸秆后各处理N2O排放明显增加,比未施秸秆增加1倍多(CN处理除外)。不同处理(CK除外)的N2O累积排放量与时间的关系都可用y=aLn(x)+b表示(P<0.001)。实验还发现,施用氮肥会导致土壤酸化,添加秸秆可改善土壤酸化现象。     

有机肥对设施土壤硝态氮垂直分布的影响

以辽宁省新民市某设施蔬菜大棚为研究对象,研究在保护地栽培条件下不同有机肥施用量对不同施肥年限的设施土壤(0~120 cm土层)硝态氮累积和淋溶的影响。结果表明,土壤硝态氮的垂直分布与土壤的施肥年限和有机肥施用水平密切相关。在不同施肥处理条件下,施肥1年后各处理土壤剖面硝态氮累积和淋溶程度均很低;施肥2年后硝态氮累积迁移显著,尤其是高量有机肥的投入(处理M4),设施土壤0~120 cm土层都出现硝态氮淋洗现象。在不同施肥年限下,中高量有机肥处理都存在不同程度的硝态氮累积现象,硝态氮累积量随施肥量和施肥年限的增加而增加,随土壤深度的增加而降低,累积峰值集中在0~60 cm土层。     

农田土壤N_2O排放研究进展

农田土壤的N2O排放主要是在微生物的作用下通过硝化和反硝化作用产生的。土壤中多变的理化性质影响各种微生物的生长,因而硝化和反硝化过程中产生N2O的途径也不同,尤其以硝化过程的研究进展最快。影响N2O的生成和排放有:土壤含水量、温度、O2以及土壤结构和质地等物理因素,pH和氮肥等其它因素。本文详细地阐述旱地和水田土壤中这些影响因子与N2O的作用机理的差异,及农田土壤中的N2O排放估计的方法。区分硝化和反硝化作用中生成N2O的贡献可用15N标记法和不同浓度的乙炔抑制法。     

旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究

在我国北方旱地,施入土壤而未被作物吸收利用的肥料N,主要以NO3--N的形式残留于土壤中。残留的NO3--N如不及时被作物吸收利用,在降水或灌水的作用下,会淋入土壤深层,或随径流进入地表水体,或经反硝化形成N2O进入大气,对土壤、水体和大气环境构成严重威胁。本文分析了旱地农田生态系统中,NO3--N在土壤剖面的残留淋溶与施肥、灌溉/降水、耕作、土壤、植物等因素的关系。提出在今后的研究工作中应特别注意的问题:①建立长期定位试验,确定NO3--N淋溶阈值,评价和预测NO3--N残留和淋失的趋势;②优化作物栽培和养分资源管理措施,提高作物利用土壤NO3--N的能力;③改进N肥施用技术,加强N素管理,防止NO3--N在土壤中大量累积。     

外加可溶性碳氮对不同热量带土壤N2O排放的影响

在室内条件下研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤：黑土、潮褐土和红壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤N2O排放量从高到低分别为潮褐土（0．868、3．07μg·g^-1）,红壤（0．511、0．731μg·g^-1）,黑土（0．221、0．294μg·g^-1）,且添加可溶性碳显著促进了土壤N2O排放量。在黑土、潮褐土和红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后N2O排放量均表现为化肥＋有机肥土壤〉化肥土壤〉无肥土壤,且与无肥土壤相比,红壤的化肥土壤N2O排放量增加254％,潮褐土化肥土壤增加49．5％,黑土化肥土壤增加1．74％,说明在有效积温越高的土壤上长期施肥对土壤N2O损失的贡献越大。研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤温度与土壤水分对黑土N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱一气象色谱法,对黑土区3种不同土地利用方式（草地、裸地和农田）下土壤氧化亚氮（N：O）的排放特征及其与土壤温度和土壤水分的关系进行研究。结果显示：试验监测期间（2011年5月27日-9月30日）,不同土地利用方式下,土壤N：0累积排放量分别为草地52．08mgN·m^-2裸地64．43mgN·m^-2农田70．16mgN·m^-2,农田土壤N：O累积排放量比草地和裸地分别高出35％和9％,草地、裸地和农田的N2O平均排放通量分别为16．56、20．36、21．44μgN·m^-2·h^-1。草地和裸地中,土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤水分（充水孔隙度,WFPS）相关性均不显著,但在农田中,土壤N20排放通量与土壤温度（5cm和10cm）和土壤水分（5cm）均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。另外,土壤N2O累积排放量与土壤硝态氮和矿质氮含量均呈正相关关系。研究表明,黑土草地开垦可促进土壤N2O的排放,且不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O排放的主要影响因子不同。     

Nitrogen fertilization and liming increased CO2 and N2O emissions from tropical ferralsols,but not from a vertisol

The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and liming (CaCO₃) to improve soil quality and crop productivity are regarded as effective and important agricultural practices. However, they may increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There is limited information on the GHG emissions of tropical soils, specifically when liming is combined with N fertilization. We therefore conducted a full factorial laboratory incubation experiment to investigate how N fertilizer (0 kg N ha⁻¹, 12.5 kg N ha⁻¹ and 50 kg N ha⁻¹) and liming (target pH = 6.5) affect GHG emissions and soil N availability. We focussed on three common acidic soils (two ferralsols and one vertisol) from Lake Victoria (Kenya). After 8 weeks, the most significant increase in cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes compared with the unfertilized control was found for the two ferralsols in the N + lime treatment, with five to six times higher CO₂ fluxes than the control. The δ¹³C signature of soil-emitted CO₂ revealed that for the ferralsols, liming (i.e. the addition of CaCO₃) was the dominant source of CO₂, followed by urea (N fertilization), whereas no significant effect of liming or of N fertilization on CO₂ flux was found for the vertisol. In addition, the N₂O fluxes were most significantly increased by the high N + lime treatment in the two ferralsols, with four times and 13 times greater N₂O flux than that of the control. No treatment effects on N₂O fluxes were observed for the vertisol. Liming in combination with N fertilization significantly increased the final nitrate content by 14.5%–39% compared with N fertilization alone in all treatment combinations and soils. We conclude that consideration should be given to the GHG budgets of agricultural ferralsols since liming is associated with high liming-induced CO₂ and N₂O emissions. Therefore, nature-based and sustainable sources should be explored as an alternative to liming in order to manage the pH and the associated fertility of acidic tropical soils.     

Comparison of N2O and CO2 concentrations and fluxes in the soil profile between a Gray Lowland soil and an Andosol

Abstract

We measured nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes from the soil surface and in the soil through to a depth of 0.3?m, and their concentration profiles through to a depth of 0.6?m in both a Gray Lowland soil with macropores and cracks and an Andosol with undeveloped soil structure in central Hokkaido, Japan. The objective of the present study was to elucidate any differences in N₂O production and flux in the soil profile between these two soil types. In the Gray Lowland soil, the N₂O concentration above 0.4?m increased with an increase in soil depth. In the Andosol, there were no distinctive N₂O concentration gradients in the topsoil when the N₂O flux did not increase. However, the N₂O concentration at a depth of 0.1?m significantly increased and this concentration was higher than the concentration below 0.2?m when the N₂O flux greatly increased. Thus, the N₂O concentration profiles were different between these two soils. The contribution ratios of the N₂O produced in the top soil (0–0.3?m depth) to the total N₂O emitted from the soil to the atmosphere in the Gray Lowland soil and the Andosol were 0.86 and 1.00, respectively, indicating that the N₂O emitted from the soil to the atmosphere was mainly produced in the top soil. However, the contribution ratio of the subsoil to the N₂O emitted from the Gray Lowland soil was higher than that of the Andosol. There was a significant positive correlation between the N₂O flux through to a 0.3?m depth and the flux from the soil to the atmosphere in the Gray Lowland soil only. These results suggest that N₂O production in the subsoil of the Gray Lowland soil could have been activated by NO₃ ^? leaching through macropores and cracks, and subsequently the N₂O produced in the subsoil could have been rapidly emitted to the atmosphere through the macropores and cracks.     

有机物料输入对关中土碳氮影响的后效作用

土壤有机碳氮是土壤肥力的关键因素,有机物料施用是提高土壤有机碳氮的有效措施。研究和比较了不同有机物料输入对土耕层（0—20 cm）土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有碳氮及0—200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮和含水量分布变化的后效作用。结果表明,停止施入有机物料两年后,与对照（CK）相比,秸秆与氮磷肥配施（SNP）和生物炭与氮磷肥配施（BNP）的表层（0—20 cm）土壤有机碳（SOC）分别提高了29.5%和29.8%（p<0.05）;氮磷肥（NP）、有机肥与氮磷肥配施（MNP）、秸秆与氮磷肥配施（SNP）和生物炭与氮磷肥配施（BNP）的表层土壤全氮含量较CK分别提高了22.0%,14.3%,24.2%和26.4%（p<0.05）。BNP处理的土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）显著高于其他处理（p<0.05）,分别比CK,NP,MNP和SNP提高了23.4%,10.9%,21.3%,20.5%;所有施肥处理的土壤可溶性有机氮（DON）均显著高于CK（p<0.05）,分别提高了39.3%,29.3%,34.5%和52.3%。与CK相比,各施肥处理显著提高了表层土壤硝态氮含量（p<0.05）,增加了0—100 cm土层的硝态氮累积量。与NP处理相比,MNP和SNP显著提高了0—200 cm土层的硝态氮累积量（p<0.05）,而BNP则差异不显著。相比CK,施肥处理（NP,MNP,SNP,BNP）可显著提高0—20 cm土层的含水量,增加0—40 cm土层的储水量,且BNP处理显著高于SNP和MNP。总体而言,生物炭在提高和维持表层土壤肥力以及降低剖面硝态氮淋溶风险等方面的后效作用显著优于秸秆和有机肥,是陕西关中地区旱地土上一种较好的有机物料施用方式。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长及氮素利用的影响

以宁麦9号为材料,研究施氮量及氮肥基追比例对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长、植株氮素积累量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节前0-60cm土层硝态氮含量随基施氮量的增加而显著增加,随生育进程的推进各处理硝态氮显著向下层土壤淋洗;拔节期追施氮肥显著提高了孕穗期0-40cm土层硝态氮含量,且随追施氮量的增加而显著增加,N300和N3/7处理硝态氮显著向40-60cm土层淋洗。根系主要生长于0-20cm土层,拔节前各土层根长密度均随基施氮量的增加而增加,拔节后则随施氮量增加和适当的追肥比例而增加。各施氮处理均以拔节至开花期为小麦氮素积累高峰期。适宜增加施氮量并适当提高追肥比例,有利于提高产量、植株氮素积累量和氮素利用效率。因此,在小麦生产中,适当降低施氮量并提高拔节期追肥比例有利于促进小麦根系生长和植株氮素积累,进而提高小麦产量并减少硝态氮淋洗损失。     

Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Vietnamese Soil Amended with Different Compost Types at High Temperature

This study aims to determine the effects of compost additions and high temperature on N₂O and CO₂ emissions from a Vietnamese agricultural soil. Soil samples amended with two compost types (commercial compost, SH and chicken compost, CC) at three rates of 1%, 2% and 4% w/w were aerobically incubated at 25°C, 30°C and 35°C for 28 days in the laboratory. N₂O and CO₂ emissions were determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Our results showed that N₂O and CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, compost additions, and their interactions. Greater N₂O and CO₂ emissions were seen in CC treatments than SH treatments. Higher application rates of CC led to greater N₂O and CO₂ emissions. In SH treatments, higher temperature lowered N₂O emissions but did not affect CO₂ emissions. N₂O and CO₂ emissions were enhanced with CC addition while they showed different responses to increasing temperature.     

Short‐term N2O,CO2, NH3 fluxes,and N/C transfers in a Danish grass‐clover pasture after simulated urine deposition in autumn

Urine patches are significant hot‐spots of C and N transformations. To investigate the effects of urine composition on C and N turnover and gaseous emissions from a Danish pasture soil, a field plot study was carried out in September 2001. Cattle urine was amended with two levels of ¹³C‐ and ¹⁵N‐labeled urea, corresponding to 5.58 and 9.54 g urea‐N l^–1, to reflect two levels of protein intake. Urine was then added to a sandy‐loam pasture soil equivalent to a rate of 23.3 or 39.8 g urea‐N m^–2. Pools and isotopic labeling of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and CO₂ emissions, extractable urea, ammonium (NH₄⁺), and nitrate (NO₃^–), and plant uptake were monitored during a 14 d period, while ammonia (NH₃) losses were estimated in separate plots amended with unlabeled urine. Ammonia volatilization was estimated to account for 14% and 12% of the urea‐N applied in the low (UL) and high (UH) urea treatment, respectively. The recovery of urea‐derived N as NH₄⁺ increased during the first several days, but isotopic dilution was significant, possibly as a result of stress‐induced microbial metabolism. After a 2 d lag phase, nitrification proceeded at similar rates in UL and UH despite a significant difference in NH₄⁺ availability. Nitrous oxide fluxes were low, but generally increased during the 14 d period, as did the proportion derived from urea‐N. On day 14, the contribution from urea was 23% (UL) and 13% (UH treatment), respectively. Cumulative total losses of N₂O during the 14 d period corresponded to 0.021% (UL) and 0.015% (UH) of applied urea‐N. Nitrification was probably the source of N₂O. Emission of urea‐derived C as CO₂ was only detectable within the first 24 h. Urea‐derived C and N in above‐ground plant material was only significant at the first sampling, indicating that uptake of urine‐C and N via the leaves was small. Urine composition did not influence the potential for N₂O emissions from urine patches under the experimental conditions, but the importance of site conditions and season should be investigated further.