拟建桃花江AP1000核电站LOCA 131I源项分析

针对核电厂事故工况下放射性物质的大气弥散问题,运用CALPUFF空气质量模型,模拟了桃花江核电厂冷却剂丧失事故(LOCA)工况下典型气载放射性物质131I的大气弥散过程,并对计算结果进行辐射剂量的估计,结果表明:1)事故开始后数小时内,源下风向8 km左右,高程与释放源有效高度相当,且海拔明显高于上风向海拔的地形区域,极易形成131I地面空气积分浓度峰值。2)三种化学形态的碘中,元素碘最易沉积。计算区域内地面沉积浓度与空气积分浓度呈现相同的分布规律。3)131I内照射造成的最大剂量当量比外照射高4个数量级,因而事故情况下防止放射性物质从呼吸道、口腔、伤口及皮肤进入人体,能极大降低131I的辐射剂量当量。     

Development of LOcal-scale High-resolution atmospheric DIspersion Model using Large-Eddy Simulation. Part 5: detailed simulation of turbulent flows and plume dispersion in an actual urban area under real meteorological conditions

We have developed a LOcal-scale High-resolution atmospheric DIspersion Model using Large-Eddy Simulation (LOHDIM-LES) to assess the safety at nuclear facilities and to respond to emergency situations resulting from accidental or deliberate releases of radioactive materials (e.g., a terrorist attack in an urban area). In parts 1–4, LESs of turbulent flows and plume dispersion over a flat terrain, around an isolated building, within building arrays with different obstacle densities, and within an actual urban area were performed, which showed the basic performance comparable to wind tunnel experimental technique. In this study, we extend the LOHDIM-LES to turbulent flows and plume dispersion in an actual urban area under real meteorological conditions by coupling with a meso-scale meteorological simulation model. The LES results of wind speed, wind direction, and concentration values are generally reproduced well. It is concluded that our coupling approach between LES and meso-scale meteorological models is effective in detailed simulations of turbulent flows and plume dispersion in urban areas under real meteorological conditions.     

Development of an Atmospheric Dispersion Model for Accidental Discharge of Radionuclides with the Function of Simultaneous Prediction for Multiple Domains and its Evaluation by Application to the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident

A particle random-walk model GEARN for nuclear emergency response system, Worldwide version of System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (WSPEEDI), was improved to predict the atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides in detail around a release point as well as on a regional scale for a transboundary nuclear accident. The main improvement is simultaneous atmospheric dispersion calculations of two nested domains, local and regional areas, achieved by exchanging particle information between the domains. In the application of the model to the Chernobyl accident, the distribution of surface deposition of ¹³⁷Cs was predicted well in the local area around Chernobyl and the European regional area. The improvements were mainly due to the consideration of the reentry of particles from the regional area to the local one and the enhancement of prediction accuracy for precipitation by the nesting calculation in the meteorological model MM5 combined with GEARN. It is concluded that the nesting model developed in this paper is appropriate for nuclear emergencies in which the prediction of both local and regional scale dispersions are required.     

EAST低温系统主运行模式的控制流程设计与分析

EAST托卡马克核聚变实验装置是世界上从事核聚变研究的先进科学设备。EAST低温系统是该装置的主要子系统之一,其相应DCS控制系统具有很高的稳定性和可扩展性,各部分的控制相互独立、并行执行。本文详细介绍和分析了EAST低温控制系统及在正常降温、稳态和失超模式下的控制流程设计。     

Development of Local-Scale High-Resolution Atmospheric Dispersion Model Using Large-Eddy Simulation Part 1: Turbulent Flow and Plume Dispersion over a Flat Terrain

We have developed a local-scale atmospheric dispersion model using large-eddy simulation (LES) to accurately predict the dispersion behavior of radioactive materials for the safety assessment of nuclear facilities and emergency responses against accidental release from nuclear facilities and intentional release by terrorist attack within a populated urban area. In this study, we validate LES basic performance on plume dispersion over a flat terrain within the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer, as a first step. When compared to previous experimental data, we have found that the LES model has successfully generated a spatially-developing turbulent boundary layer flow that has characteristics corresponding to those of atmospheric wind. Furthermore, the dispersion characteristics obtained by LES, such as mean concentrations, variances of concentration fluctuation, peak concentrations, and concentration fluxes, are similar to previous experimental results. Although the current numerical simulation model requires considerable CPU time statistics of concentrations, the LES model can be used as an effective tool for accurately assessing the spatial extent of contaminated areas in detail. We anticipate reducing the computational burden by using an advanced computational method, and, as a practical matter, using the LES model for emergency responses.     

Effectiveness and adverse effects of reactor coolant system depressurization strategy with various severe accident management guidance entry conditions for OPR1000

Severe accident analysis for Korean OPR1000 with MELCOR 1.8.6 was performed by adapting a mitigation strategy under different entry conditions of Severe Accident Management Guidance (SAMG). The analysis was focused on the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy and its adverse effects. Four core exit temperatures (CETs) were selected as SAMG entry conditions, and Small Break Loss of Coolant Accident (SBLOCA), Station Blackout (SBO), and Total Loss of Feed Water (TLOFW) were selected as postulated scenarios that may propagate into severe accidents. In order to delay reactor pressure vessel (RPV) failure, entering the SAMG when the CET reached 923 K, 923 K, and 753 K resulted in the best results for SBLOCA, SBO, and TLOFW scenarios, respectively. This implies that using event-based diagnosis for severe accidents may be more beneficial than using symptom-based diagnosis. There is no significant difference among selected SAMG entry conditions in light of the operator's available action time before the RPV failure. Potential vulnerability of the RPV due to hydrogen generation was analyzed to investigate the foreseeable adverse effects that act against the accident mitigation strategies. For the SBLOCA cases, mitigation cases generated more hydrogen than the base case. However, the amount of hydrogen generated was similar between the base and mitigation cases for SBO and TLOFW. Hydrogen concentrations of containment were less than 5% before RPV failure for most cases.     

Development of local-scale high-resolution atmospheric dispersion model using large-eddy simulation. Part 3: turbulent flow and plume dispersion in building arrays

We have developed a LOcal-scale High-resolution atmospheric DIspersion Model using Large-Eddy Simulation (LOHDIM-LES) to assess the safety at nuclear facilities and to respond to emergencies against accidental or intentional release of radioactive materials (e.g., a terrorist attack in an urban area). In Part 1, the unsteady behavior of a plume over a flat terrain was successfully simulated. In Part 2, a new scheme to generate a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer flow was proposed. Then, the large-eddy simulation (LES) model for turbulent flow and plume dispersion around an isolated building was validated. In this study, we extend the LES model to turbulent flows and plume dispersion in various building arrays that represent typical urban surface geometries. Concerning the characteristics of flow and dispersion in building arrays, the flow patterns associated with obstacle densities and the distribution patterns of mean and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) concentrations agree well with those of the wind tunnel experiments. It is shown that the LES model successfully simulates the unsteady behaviors of turbulent flows and plume dispersion in urban-type surface geometries.