宫外生长迟缓早产儿出院后不同营养策略对体格及神经发育的近期影响

目的 对比分析宫外生长迟缓(extrauterine growth restriction,EUGR)早产儿出院后不同的强化营养策略对其生后1～6校正月龄体重、身长、头围等体格生长及神经发育指标的影响,为进一步寻找优化EUGR早产儿出院后的营养方案提供依据.方法 收集连云港市第一人民医院新生儿重症监护病房2016年1月...     

Effects of nutrient enrichment on growth and intelligence development in preterm infants:a prospective randomized study

目的 探讨营养强化对出院后早产儿体格生长及智能发育的影响.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法,选择刚出院的早产儿并随机分为营养强化组(接受营养强化配方奶粉喂养)和对照组(普通配方奶粉喂养).从出院时干预至矫正年龄9个月.矫正年龄1、3、6、9个月时分别检测体格发育指标,矫正年龄3、9个月时进行儿童智能发育筛查实验(DST).结果 共入组符合入选标准的早产儿80例,最后完成随访的营养强化组早产儿34例,对照组36例.人组时两组早产儿的胎龄、体质量、身长等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).营养强化组早产儿在矫正年龄9个月时体质量、身长及智能发育均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 营养强化有助于加快早产儿体质量、身长的生长速度,并改善其智能发育.     

出院后不同喂养方式对低出生体质量早产儿1～3月龄体格生长的影响

目的探讨低出生体质量早产儿出院后,以早产儿出院后配方奶、母乳、足月儿配方奶三种不同方式喂养对其生后1~3月龄体质量、身长、头围等体格生长指标的影响。方法将从广东省10家医院新生儿科出院的407例低出生体质量早产儿按喂养方式不同,分为早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组(PDF组,n=258)、母乳喂养组(BM组,n=58)、足月儿配方奶喂养组(TF组,n=91),观察比较各组婴儿生后1~3个月体质量、身长、头围的增长情况。结果 PDF组婴儿在1、2、3月龄时体质量、身长的增长均超过TF组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);PDF组婴儿在1、3月龄时体质量、身长的增长超过BM组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),但在2月龄时,体质量、身长的增长与BM组差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);三组婴儿在1、2、3月龄时,头围增长差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论低出生体质量早产儿出院后应用PDF喂养能促进生后早期的体质量、身长增长,这可能有助于低出生体质量早产儿实现追赶生长,避免或减少宫外发育迟缓的发生。     

早产儿/低出生体重儿和足月儿配方粉对住院早产儿生长发育影响的多中心对照研究

目的研究不同组成成分的配方粉对胎龄<34周和（或）出生体重＜2 000 g的住院早产儿早期生长发育的影响,并对早产儿的喂养提出建议 。方法受试对象为上海市3家医院住院的胎龄＜34周或出生体重＜2 000 g的早产儿。分为两组,分别应用Ⅰ号（早产Ⅰ组）和Ⅱ号（早产Ⅱ组 ）配方粉进行喂养。研究采用严格的盲法,试验设计者不参与试验实施,数据整理者为独立的第3方人员,参与试验的医生和患儿家长对两种配 方粉的具体组成成分均不知情。Ⅰ号为适于早产儿的优博早产儿/低出生体重儿配方粉,Ⅱ号为足月儿或胎龄>34周早产儿的优博标准婴儿配方 粉。结果2007年7月至2008年6月,早产Ⅰ组117例,早产Ⅱ组106例进入分析。早产Ⅰ组体重、身长和头围的生长速度均显著快于早产Ⅱ组。试 验期间早产Ⅰ组和早产Ⅱ组的平均体重增加速度分别为12.6 g·kg-1·d-1 和10.6 g·kg-1·d-1（P＜0.001）,头围每周增长分别为0.86 cm 和0.80 cm（P＜0.05）,身长每周增长分别为0.73 cm和0.67 cm（P＜0.05）;按生理性体重下降恢复后计算,早产Ⅰ组和早产Ⅱ组的平均体重 增加速度分别为16.2 g·kg-1·d-1和14.1 g·kg-1·d-1（P＜0.001）,头围每周增长分别为0.96 cm和0.87 cm（P＜0.05）,身长增长分别为 1.08 cm和0.99 cm（P＜0.05）。早产Ⅰ组的宫外发育迟缓（EUGR）发生率（57.3％）低于早产Ⅱ组（72.5％）（P＜0.05）。结论在胎龄＜34 周或出生体重＜2 000 g的早产儿中,应用优博早产儿/低出生体重儿配方粉喂养对早产儿生长发育的影响明显优于优博标准婴儿配方粉,其体 重、身长和头围的生长速度都能够达到理想的宫内生长速度,也可明显降低EUGR的发生率。     

晚期早产儿近期并发症及智能发育前瞻性研究

目的前瞻性观察晚期早产儿与足月儿生后各系统近期并发症发生率及智能发育情况。方法收集2011年上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院产科出生的新生儿,将晚期早产儿(胎龄34~36周)和足月儿(胎龄37~42周)作为观察对象,记录两组新生儿出生早期各系统并发症发生情况,包括呼吸、循环、消化系统等;随机选择部分转入新生儿科的晚期早产儿,通过多种社会因素配对后,相应选择部分转入新生儿科的足月儿,两组在校正年龄6个月、1周岁及2周岁时进行智能测试,比较其各年龄段智能水平。结果研究期间共纳入晚期早产儿183例,足月儿2 144例。晚期早产儿先天畸形(14.8%比4.5%)和喂养不耐受(7.1%比0.1%)发生率均高于足月儿(P<0.05)。转入新生儿科治疗的晚期早产儿88例,足月儿364例,住院治疗的晚期早产儿低血糖(23.9%比3.0%)、低钙血症(4.6%比0.8%)、呼吸窘迫综合征(10.2%比0)、呼吸暂停(12.5%比0)、吸入性肺炎(31.8%比6.9%)、先天性心脏病(40.9%比14.6%)、心肌损害(25.0%比11.8%)、脑室周围-脑室内出血(22.7%比3.3%)、缺氧缺血性脑病(4.6%比0.3%)及败血症(10.2%比2.2%)发生率均高于足月儿(P<0.05)。1周岁时晚期早产儿粗、细动作落后于足月儿,2周岁时细动作、语言、应人能力落后于足月儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论晚期早产儿生后近期各系统并发症发生率较高,智能发育欠佳,需加强监护并进行针对性干预。     

早产儿出院后营养管理及随访

世界卫生组织(WHO)将早产儿定义为出生时胎龄<37周的婴儿[1]。随着早产儿救治能力的提高,救治下限也随之扩大,突出体现在极低出生体重儿/超低出生体重儿(VLBW/ELBW婴儿)等危重早产儿数量增加,需要救治及救治存活者增加[2]。不同国家、地区间早产儿出院标准受早产儿发育成熟的程度、疾病恢复的规律以及医院管理能力、医疗资源可利用性、经济保障能力等诸多因素的影响而不完全相同。目前国内多数医院新生儿重症监     

早期足量胃肠道外营养对早产儿出院时体重的影响

目的探讨早期足量胃肠道外营养对早产儿出院时体重的影响。方法将我院收治的适于胎龄的存活低出生体重早产儿256例随机分为两组,各128例,治疗组应用早期足量胃肠道外营养,对照组应用传统新生儿胃肠道外营养。计算两组患儿各营养指标及出院时宫外生长发育迟缓(EUGR)的发生率,进行统计学分析。结果治疗组除生后第7天热卡与对照组相比 (P>0．05)无显著性差异外,其他各营养指标,如生后体重下降幅度、恢复至出生体重时间、每天体重增长克数、经胃肠达到摄入标准时间、应用胃肠道外营养天数、生后第3天热卡、平均住院天数等均优于对照组(P<0．01),具有非常显著性差异;治疗组出院时发生EUGR 60例,发生率为 46．9％,对照组出院时发生EUGR 87例,发生率为68．0％(x2=11．65,P<0．01),具有非常显著性差异。结论早期足量胃肠道外营养,可减少早产低出生体重儿或极低出生体重儿EUGR的发生率,为今后实现追赶性生长打下良好基础,且未见有严重副作用,值得临床推广应用。     

早中期胃肠内外营养对早产儿体格发育的影响

目的 探讨早中期早产儿胃肠内外营养状况对其体格发育的影响.方法 收集2004年1月-2009年6月在本院儿科新生儿重症监护室住院且经胃肠内外营养治疗的早中期早产儿31例(胎龄28~33+6周),观察其出生时、出生1周、2周、4周时的体质量和矫正体质量,以及出生身长、头围和矫正身长、头围的变化.结果 1.相关分析显示,开始胃肠内喂养时间与矫正身长的相关系数为-0.599(P<0.05).2.氨基酸开始时间、脂肪乳开始时间与恢复出生体质量日龄的相关系数分别为0.416、0.559(Pa<0.05).3.氨基酸持续时间与出生1周、2周、4周时体质量的相关系数分别为-0.634、-0.602、-0.591(Pa<0.05);脂肪乳持续时间与出生1周、2周、4周时体质量的相关系数分别为-0.658、-0.640、-0.650(Pa<0.05);脂肪乳持续时间与矫正体质量、矫正身长的相关系数分别为-0.421、-0.492(Pa<0.05).4.总热卡达标时间与恢复出生体质量后体质量增长速度的相关系数为-0.514(P<0.05).5.Logistic回归分析显示,影响体质量增长速度的最大危险因素是氨基酸开始时间和脂肪乳开始时间.结论 尽早开始胃肠内外营养,缩短胃肠外营养持续时间,有利于早中期早产儿的体格发育.     

早期足量胃肠道外营养对早产儿出院时体重的影响

目的探讨早期足量胃肠道外营养对早产儿出院时体重的影响。方法将我院收治的适于胎龄的存活低出生体重早产儿256例随机分为两组，各128例，治疗组应用早期足量胃肠道外营养，对照组应用传统新生儿胃肠道外营养。计算两组患儿各营养指标及出院时宫外生长发育迟缓（EUGR）的发生率，进行统计学分析。结果治疗组除生后第7天热卡与对照组相比（P〉0．05）无显著性差异外，其他各营养指标，如生后体重下降幅度、恢复至出生体重时间、每天体重增长克数、经胃肠达到摄入标准时间、应用胃肠道外营养天数、生后第3天热卡、平均住院天数等均优于对照组（P〈0．01），具有非常显著性差异；治疗组出院时发生EUGR60例，发生率为46．9％，对照组出院时发生EUGR87例，发生率为68．0％（X^2=11．65，P〈0．01），具有非常显著性差异。结论早期足量胃肠道外营养，可减少早产低出生体重儿或极低出生体重儿EUGR的发生率，为今后实现追赶性生长打下良好基础。且未见有严重副作用。值得临床推广应用。     

早产儿出院时宫外发育迟缓的危险因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿出院时宫外发育迟缓(EUGR)发生率及相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2006~2010 年入住NICU 的596 例早产儿的临床资料,根据出院时体重分为EUGR 组(n=217)与非EUGR 组(n=379),应用logistic 多因素回归分析EUGR 发生的危险因素。结果 596 例早产儿按体重、身长、头围评价,出院时EUGR 的发生率分别为36.4%(217 例)、42.0%(250 例)、22.8%(136 例)。小胎龄、低出生体重、宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)、首次肠道喂养时间晚及呼吸系统合并症是早产儿发生EUGR 的危险因素(OR分别为6.508、14.522、5.101、1.366、1.501)。结论 加强母亲围产期保健,减少早产的发生,减少IUGR 的发生,尽早进行肠道喂养,积极防治生后合并症对降低EUGR 的发生率有较大意义。     

Influence of different types of post-discharge feeding on somatic growth, cognitive development and their correlation in very low birthweight preterm infants

The influence of appropriate post-discharge nutrition on somatic growth and cognitive development of very low-birthweight infants in the first year of life is currently a major topic in infant nutrition. Appropriate intakes of proteins, iodine and the addition of LC-PUFAs (arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) in the "right" quantities improve cognitive development and are conducive to a good correlation between somatic growth and neurodevelopment.
Conclusion : When mother'milk is not available post-discharge, in addition to more proteins and minerals, formula for low-birthweight infants should contain AA and DHA, since the endogenous production of these important compounds from the precursors can be reduced in the first months of life, chiefly in the very low-birthweight infants.     

晚期早产儿与足月小于胎龄儿生长发育状况比较

目的比较均为低出生体质量的晚期早产与足月小于胎龄(SGA)儿童的生长和发育状况。方法随机选取100例出生体质量<2 500 g的3岁儿童,其中50例为晚期早产儿童,50例为足月SGA儿童,对其进行体格测量及盖赛尔(Gesell)发育量表评估。结果晚期早产和足月SGA儿童的出生体质量、出生身长相近,但3岁时晚期早产儿童的身高、体质量、头围明显优于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Gesell发育评估显示,晚期早产儿童的动作能、应物能、语言能、应人能均高于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论同为低出生体质量,晚期早产儿童的长期生长和发育状况优于足月SGA儿童。     

A comparative study of a premature infant formula and preterm breast milk for low birthweight infants

Although the unique composition of preterm milk (PTM) has led to its increasing use in feeding of low birthweight (LBW) infants, controversy exists as to whether such milk adequately meets their requirements. This study compares the clinical tolerance and anthropometric, biochemical and haematological parameters of LBW infants fed exclusively with their own mother's PTM, a premature infant formula (Alprem; Nestlé Australia) and a mixture of PTM and Alprem. Of 90 enrolled LBW infants (1000-1750 g birthweight), 78 completed the feeding trial for a mean duration of 42 days. Twenty-eight babies were fed Alprem (Group A), 31 received a mixture of Alprem and PTM (Group B) and 18 received PTM (Group C). Babies in Groups A and B were smaller, less mature and more asphyxiated at birth than those in Group C. Weight gain from full enteral feeding was greater in Group A (18.1 g/kg per day) and Group B (17.6 g/kg per day) than in Group C (13.0 g/kg per day). Throughout the trial, weight gain in Groups A and B exceeded predicted intra-uterine growth rates, whereas that for Group C approximated the predicted intra-uterine growth rates. Growth rates of length and head circumference were also greatest in the Alprem-fed babies. Infants receiving PTM were supplemented with calcium, sodium, vitamins and energy, whereas the only three infants requiring mineral supplementation in the Alprem group were those receiving Frusemide therapy for chronic lung disease. Lower serum concentrations of phosphorus, iron, albumin and urea, and higher zinc and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were found in infants receiving PTM (P<0.05). Overall both PTM and Alprem were well tolerated with the four cases of necrotizing enterocolitis and five cases of transient gastrointestinal intolerance distributed equally among the groups. Alprem is a satisfactory alternative to PTM for the feeding of LBW infants as it provides adequate nutrition and supports a growth rate in excess of that in utero without stressing the infant's metabolic or excretory systems.     

早产小于胎龄儿和适于胎龄儿生长发育状况随访分析

目的观察早产小于胎龄儿(SGA)和适于胎龄儿(AGA)出院后体格生长及智能发育状况。方法选择2009年2月至2012年12月出院的早产儿220例,根据出生时状况分为SGA组和AGA组,在矫正月龄7个月内定期测量身长、体质量、身长,头围,并由专职人员进行发育商测试,比较两组间差异。结果纠正1~6月龄SGA组体质量Z值均小于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);纠正7月龄差异无统计学意义(P0.05);纠正1~5月龄SGA组身长Z值均小于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),纠正6月龄之后差异消失;纠正1~7月龄SGA组头围Z值均小于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。SGA组及AGA组在纠正5~7月龄发育商分别为96.7±9.2及102.9±9.9,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SGA组大运动、认知及语言能区得分均低于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SGA早产儿在纠正7月龄内体质量追赶性生长较好,但身长追赶性生长则相对较差,头围追赶最差;SGA早产儿纠正5~7月龄智能发育水平总体落后于AGA早产儿,尤以大运动、认知和语言能区落后较明显。     

住院极早产儿宫外生长迟缓及相关因素的多中心前瞻性研究北大核心CSCD

目的了解我国住院极早产儿(very preterm infant,VPI)宫外生长迟缓(extrauterine growth restriction,EUGR)的发生率及影响因素。方法采用多中心前瞻性调查研究方法,纳入2019年9月至2020年12月我国7个地区28家医院新生儿科的2514例VPI临床资料,根据纠正胎龄36周或出院时的体重评估是否发生EUGR,分成EUGR组(n=1189)和非EUGR组(n=1325)。比较两组VPI的临床特征,探讨EUGR的发生情况及相关因素。结果以体重评价,EUGR的发生率为47.30%(1189/2514)。多因素logistic结果显示,恢复出生体重后平均体重增长速率快和住院第1周累计热卡高是EUGR的保护因素(P<0.05),小于胎龄儿、达全肠内营养所需时间长、累计禁食时间长、开始添加母乳强化剂时的母乳量少及达到全强化的所需时间长、中-重度支气管肺发育不良是EUGR发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论尽早达全肠内营养,及时强化母乳喂养,增加生后第1周的热卡摄入,提高体重增长速率,以及防治中-重度支气管肺发育不良对降低VPI EUGR的发生率至关重要。     

Infant formulas for preterm infants: In-hospital and post-discharge

The availability and composition of preterm and post‐discharge formulas (PDFs) have undergone considerable changes over the last decade. Human milk, supplemented with multi‐component fortifier, is the preferred feed for very preterm infants as it has beneficial effects for both short‐ and long‐term outcomes compared with formula. If supply of mother's milk or donor milk is inadequate, a breast milk substitute specifically designed for premature infants is the next option. Preterm formula is intended to provide nutrient intakes to match intrauterine growth and nutrient accretion rates and is enriched with energy, macronutrients, minerals, vitamins, and trace elements compared with term infant formulas. Post‐natal longitudinal growth failure has been reported almost universally in extremely preterm infants. Since 2009, a nutritionally enriched PDF specifically designed for preterm infants post hospital discharge with faltering growth has been available in Australia and New Zealand. This formula is an intermediary between preterm and term formulas and contains more energy (73 kcal/100 mL), protein (1.9 g/100 mL), minerals, vitamins, and trace elements than term formulas. Although the use of a PDF is based on sound nutritional knowledge, the 2012 Cochrane Systematic Review of 10 trials comparing feeding preterm infants with PDF and term formula did not demonstrate any short‐ or long‐term benefits. Health professionals need to make individual decisions on whether and how to use PDF.     

Nutrition and early growth of preterm infants

Recent studies have renewed the controversy over what should constitute the best milk for preterm infants. While pooled human breast milk continues to be widely recommended it seems for reasons poorly understood not to allow adequate early post-natal growth. In view of possible programming of later growth and neuropsychological development by early nutritional experiences there is a need to further research the question of what should consitute optimum nutrition for preterm infants. We suggest that modifying or finding natural modifications in human milk rather than further altering cow's milk might provide some of the answers. Particular attention also needs to be given to long-term neurological, anthropometric and psychological assessment to relate functional outcome to early nutritional experiences.     

Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour

Aim: To compare two dosing regimens for caffeine citrate for neonates born less than 30 weeks gestation in terms of development, temperament and behaviour. Methods: A multi‐centre, randomised, controlled trial design was undertaken. A total of 287 infants with apnoea of prematurity or in the peri‐extubation period were randomised to receive one of two dosage regimens (20 vs. 5 mg/kg/day). The main outcome measure was cognitive development at 1 year of age on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. Secondary outcome measures included neonatal morbidity, death and disability, temperament at 1 year and behaviour at 2 years of age. Results: Data on the primary outcome were available for 190 survivors at 12 months corrected for prematurity. A significantly greater mean general quotient was found in the high‐dose group (mean (standard deviation), 98.0 (13.8) vs. 93.6 (16.5), P= 0.048). On omission of two infants for whom cognitive assessment was not possible because of disability while the mean general quotient remained higher for infants in the high‐dose group, this was no longer statistically significant (P= 0.075). There was a non‐significant trend for benefit in the high‐dose caffeine group for death or major disability, 15.4% versus 24.2%; relative risk 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.49–1.14). No differences in the mean values between the two groups were shown for temperament and behaviour. Conclusions: Caffeine citrate with a dosage regimen of 20 mg/kg/day did not result in adverse outcomes for development, temperament and behaviour. The borderline benefit in cognition with high‐dose caffeine needs further investigation.