地质热年代学及其应用

本文简单介绍地质热年代学的含义、应用和进展，并重点介绍了裂变径迹与40Ar/39Ar热年代学     

裂变径迹热年代学

裂变径迹热年代学(Fission Track Thermochronology)是近十年发展起来的一门新的地质学分支学科,其研究对象是沉积盆地及其周缘地区的热作用事件,目的在于了解特定范围的生烃史及大地的造演化,为油气勘探和基础地质研究服务。 裂变径迹本来是同位素地质学的一个概念。矿物或岩石中的铀原子(~(238)U)在地质年代中会不断自发产生核裂变,一般可形成两块碎片,朝相反方向辐射,总能量可达162Mev。这种带电的高能质点在快速穿过矿物晶格时,会使邻近原子电离化。这种电离化的正离子在库仑排斥力的作用下,挤向两边的晶格,从而在晶格中留下了线状连续缺损。这就是裂变径迹。60年代中期,裂变径迹技术开始应用于地质年代测定和地球化学研究中,并且很快在铀矿床成因、矿石和岩石形成年代及地热等领域取得了令人满意的效果。     

碎屑颗粒裂变径迹热年代学

碎屑颗粒热年代学是以同位素封闭温度理论（Dondson,1973）为依据，以沉积地层中年龄未发生重置的碎屑颗粒为研究对象，从而研究其沉积源区剥露特征及热淀化历史的一种年代学方法。最近20年来，随着测试技术的发展，碎屑颗粒热年代学方法被广泛应用到地质学研究中。在国内，碎屑颗粒热年代学的研究尚处于起步阶段。碎屑颗粒热年代学是否可以成功地应用于地质学研究呢？通过对临夏盆地详细地研究，获得了碎屑颗粒裂变径迹热年代学数据、传统的裂变径迹热年代学数据和生长地层的数据。碎屑颗粒热年代学数据表明，构造活动发生在约8Ma B P，这次构造活动使积石山开始隆升，使临夏盆地和循化盆地解体（郑德文等，2003）。来自积石山的传统的裂变径迹热年代学研究结果和临夏盆地、循化盆地的生长地层研究结果都表明临夏盆地西部的积石山于约8Ma B P开始隆升。这表明碎屑颗粒热年代学可以成功揭示构造活动的信息。     

磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究的进展与展望

综述了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究在退火模型及模拟方法、造山带及造山后剥露历史、构造热成像及地形演变和成矿作用等方面的一些理论和应用成果,分析了目前在磷灰石裂变径迹退火机理、数据解释和应用等方面研究中存在的主要问题,指出了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究今后会朝着深层次退火机理、新的应用领域、自动化技术和可操作性等方向发展.     

磷灰石低温热年代学在地学中的应用

磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)和(U-Th)/He(AHe)是目前研究地壳表层(<5 km)中构造演化与气候驱动相互作用且记录超过1 Ma热历史最有效的手段之一。AFT和AHe这两种方法对低温(40 ℃~120 ℃)敏感, 能够较精确地获得地下1~4 km处的构造-热演化信息, 可用于解决地质体定年、盆地热历史、造山带演化、热液矿床及含油气盆地中生排烃与运移时限等诸多地质问题。本文系统归纳了这两种方法的原理、定年影响因素、年龄-高程法及应用中容易混淆的概念等内容, 并以北美西部大盆地卡林型金矿床、美国阿第伦达克山脉东部马西山、塔里木盆地早古生代的热历史演化为例, 详细阐述了它们的应用过程。为有效、合理地将磷灰石低温年代学应用于地学, 在具体的应用过程须注意以下问题: 充分把握研究区的构造背景, 根据研究目的合理设计采用剖面, 综合使用多种测年方法, 以及采用合理的数据处理、分析方法解释磷灰石低温年代学年龄数据。     

碎屑矿物热年代学研究进展

碎屑矿物热年代学是以沉积物中未遭受热重置的碎屑矿物颗粒为研究对象,将造山带抬升、剥露和盆地沉积联系起来的年代学方法。在物源分析、源区构造热历史、古地形恢复和约束地层年龄等方面有广泛的应用。在概述其基本原理的基础上,从造山带剥露历史分析、物源分析中多种技术的联合运用和现代汇水区侵蚀速率计算3个方面介绍了这一方法近年来的研究进展。     

裂变径迹定年技术在构造演化研究中的应用

裂变径迹技术是一种以磷灰石和锆石等矿物为定年对象的低温热年代学方法,特别适用于研究上地壳岩石冷却剥露的时间和过程。该技术在地学中的应用早期以定年为主,随着对裂变径迹长度分布特征与裂变径迹退火特性的深入研究,这种方法得到更广泛的应用,在此基础上综述了裂变径迹技术在下列构造演化问题中的应用和进展,包括：（1）造山带隆升时代及隆升速率的研究;（2）造山带热演化历史的研究;（3）快速蚀顶或冷却事件的年代确定;（4）盆地反转时代的确认;（5）盆地基底岩系构造热历史的研究;（6）盆山耦合过程的研究。     

东昆仑五龙沟金矿床成矿热历史的裂变径迹热年代学证据

本文将取自五龙沟地区3个金矿体(区)的锆石和磷灰石进行裂变径迹热年代学分析,实测锆石裂变径迹年龄为197.4～235.0Ma,实测磷灰石年龄为200.5Ma,磷灰石校正年龄为244Ma,这与已有的RbSr和KAr同位素年龄范围207.1～252.9Ma基本一致,代表了相应温度时的成矿时代。热历史模拟结果显示,矿区主要经历了2次升温和降温过程,不仅体现了成矿作用的长期性,而且体现了成矿作用多期次的特征,各矿体矿石中锆石的裂变径迹年龄相差较大亦是佐证,并且符合多期次成矿的地质特征。     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹研究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘热历史

磷灰石裂变径迹在地质时期对60～150℃范围内温度变化的热敏感性 ,不仅使其成为研究盆地构造热演化史和区域构造运动的重要手段 ,而且对指导油气勘探有很大的实践意义。本文根据AFTA① 的有关原理 ,退火特性 ,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶、二叠、三叠、侏罗、白垩、第三纪等不同时代地层样品开展了较为系统的AFT测试 ,获得了一批可靠的AFTA数据 ,论述了鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的主要构造热事件的次数 ,及该区中生代以来的构造热演化史。研究表明 :自中生代以来 ,该盆地西缘至少经历了四次构造热事件(峰值年龄分别为170Ma±、130Ma±、和75Ma±和17Ma±)。     

沉积物源区剥露历史分析的一种新途径——碎屑锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学

介绍了碎屑颗粒锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄法的基本原理、应用前提及方法学。碎屑锆石和磷灰石裂变径颗粒年龄地的核心是通过逐一测定计算单颗粒裂变径变年龄,然后将获得的一批单颗粒年龄进行高斯拟合或二英式拟合,获取其最佳的颗粒年龄分布,从而反演样品的不同源区的热历史。碎屑锆石和磷灰石因其在风化剥蚀搬运过程中具有较高的化学和物理稳定性而成为目前进行颗粒裂变径迹年龄分析中最常用的矿物类型,特别是碎屑锆石的裂变迹密度大,单颗粒的裂变径迹具有可定年的统计意义,从而成为颗粒裂变径迹测年方法的首选矿物。     

Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology of Granite from the Xiazhuang Uranium Ore Field, South China: Implications for Exhumation History and Ore Preservation

Xiazhuang uranium ore field, located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt, is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China. In this paper, we contribute new apatite fission track data and thermal history modeling to constrain the exhumation history and evaluate preservation potential of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field. Nine Triassic outcrop granite samples collected from different locations of Xiazhuang Uranium ore field yield AFT ages ranging from 43 to 24 Ma with similar mean confined fission track lengths ranging from 11.8 ± 2.0 to 12.9 ± 1.9 μm and Dpar values between 1.01 and 1.51 μm. The robustness time-temperature reconstructions of samples from the hanging wall of Huangpi fault show that the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field experienced a time of monotonous and slow cooling starting from middle Paleocene to middle Miocene (~60–10 Ma), followed by relatively rapid exhumation in the late Miocene (~10–5 Ma) and nearly thermal stability in the Pliocene–Quaternary (~5–0 Ma). The amount of exhumation after U mineralization since the Middle Paleogene was estimated as ~4.3 ± 1.8 km according to the integrated thermal history model. Previous studies indicate that the ore-forming ages of U deposits in the Xiazhuang ore field are mainly before Middle Paleocene and the mineralization depths are more than 4.4 ± 1.2 km. Therefore, the exhumation history since middle Paleocene plays important roles in the preservation of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.     

Thermochronology of Mesozoic Sandstone from the Beipiao Basin and Its Implication to Meso-Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Yan-Liao Orogenic Belt

1 IntroductionThe Yan-Liao orogenic belt lies in the northern segmentof the North China Block (NCB) (Fig. 1). During Mesozoicto Cenozoic time, it experienced intense tectono-magmaticactivation, accompanied by the formation ofintracontinental basins and widespread magmatism and is avery important area to study continental dynamics andMeso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution in eastern China. Mostof previous work in this area has focused on the formationof basement, structural style and volcano-se…     

浙西北湖安地区花岗岩剥露程度及其对萤石矿找矿的启示——来自于磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

浙西北湖(州)—安(吉)地区近年来新发现一系列的大中型萤石矿,显示出该地区良好的萤石矿成矿潜力.随着勘查工作的持续推进,地表找矿难度的增加,对浙西北萤石矿深部找矿潜力的研究逐渐被大家所重视.本文选择浙西北湖安地区典型萤石矿区出露的花岗岩体,通过磷灰石裂变径迹技术,获得花岗岩体的裂变径迹年龄,分析花岗岩经历的热演化历史,...     

Age and Thermal History of the East Ore Section,Bayan,Obo Deposit—A Fission Track Study

Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the study of geothermal history by using spontaneous fission tracks of 238U recorded in minerals.Apatite and zircon were used for fission track study in this paper because apatitie has been widely used as a natural geothermometer(Wang Shicheng et al., 1994) to reveal the thermal evolution of sedimentary rocks based on its low annealing temperature of fission tracks and zircon is characterized by a closing temperature above 700℃,The samples were collected from ferruginous,siliceous slate wall rock at the upper levels of the orebody and Nb-REE-Fe ores from deep tunnels.The age and thermal evolution of the orebody were discussed in terms of fission track characters and their length variations observed in the coexisting apatite and zircon in the same specimen.     

青海巴颜喀拉山隆升的热年代学研究

对巴颜喀拉山年宝玉则花岗岩岩体样品的锆石、磷灰石进行了裂变径迹（FT）分析。结果显示该区的隆升可以分为三大阶段：①从低绿片岩相到锆石时钟启动：从200MaBP到105．57MaBP,去顶量约为2km,样品埋深上升到距地表约6km深度。去顶速率约为0．02mm／a;②从锆石时钟启动到磷灰石时钟启动：由于磷灰石在此时已抬升到距地表约6km的深度。由此到达时钟启动需距地表约3km时,去顶量应为3km,此阶段的持续时间为101．53MaBP,去顶速率约为0．03mm／a：③从磷灰石时钟启动至达到地表（至今）：由于磷灰石在前一阶段也已抬升到距地表约3km的深度。即去顶量为3km。此阶段的持续时间为4．04MaBP,去顶速率约为0．74mm／a。     

赞比亚东北部班韦乌卢地块泛非期以来构造演化的裂变径迹约束

本文利用锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹方法探讨了班韦乌卢地块泛非期以来的主要构造演化时间。为研究班韦乌卢地块的构造活动,本文从班韦乌卢地块中部卡帕图地区的沉积盖层姆波罗科索群的姆巴拉组、萨马组和卡布韦卢马组中采集多件新鲜的岩石样品,并获得5件锆石和2件磷灰石样品裂变径迹分析结果。5件锆石裂变径迹年龄介于575±35～380±22 Ma之间,其峰值年龄组为600～572 Ma和420～390 Ma。2件磷灰石裂变径迹年龄介于59±6～27±4 Ma之间,其峰值年龄组为99～80 Ma和19～11 Ma。它们的峰值年龄组分别对应的主要时代为新元古代的埃迪卡拉纪、早泥盆世、晚白垩世和中新世。对比区域上已有的年龄数据可知,南部非洲地区新元古代的埃迪卡拉纪、早泥盆世和晚白垩世的构造活动是一个区域性的构造事件,仅中新世(19～11 Ma)的构造活动在区域上的表现尚不明确。综合前人成果资料,自泛非构造运动以来,班韦乌卢地块至少经历600～572 Ma、488～441 Ma、420～390 Ma、375～293 Ma、99～80 Ma及19～11 Ma六个构造事件。班韦乌卢地块泛非期以来的构造演化研究程度很低,...     

Silurian collisional suturing onto the southern margin of the North China craton: Detrital zircon geochronology constraints from the Qilian Orogen

The Qilian Orogen of north western China records mid-Paleozoic collisional suturing of arc and continental blocks onto the south western margin of the North China craton. Silurian strata from the retroarc foreland basin mark the transition from ocean closure and northward subduction to the initiation of collision suturing. Detrital zircons were analysed from the western and eastern parts of the basin and show a spectrum of ages from Archean to Paleozoic with major age concentrations at around 2.5 Ga, 1.6 Ga, 1.2 Ga, 0.98 Ga, 0.7 Ga and 0.45 Ga. Archean age grains are derived from the North China craton, whereas the Central Qilian Bloc, which lies to the south provides the likely source for the bulk of the Proterozoic detritus. Paleozoic grains are restricted to Early Silurian samples from the western part of the basin and are considered to have been derived from the magmatic arc related to ocean closure and ultimate collision of the Central Qilian Belt with the North China craton.     

Meso‐Cenozoic Tectonothermal History of Permian Strata,Southwestern Weibei Uplift: Insights from Thermochronology and Geothermometry

This study provides an integrated interpretation for the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonothermal evolutionary history of the Permian strata in the Qishan area of the southwestern Weibei Uplift, Ordos Basin. Apatite fission-track and apatite/zircon(U-Th)/He thermochronometry, bitumen reflectance, thermal conductivity of rocks, paleotemperature recovery, and basin modeling were used to restore the Meso-Cenozoic tectonothermal history of the Permian Strata. The Triassic AFT data have a pooled age of ～180±7 Ma with one age peak and P(χ2)=86%. The average value of corrected apatite(U-Th)/He age of two Permian sandstones is ～168±4 Ma and a zircon(U-Th)/He age from the Cambrian strata is ～231±14 Ma. Bitumen reflectance and maximum paleotemperature of two Ordovician mudstones are 1.81%, 1.57% and ～210°C, ～196°C respectively. After undergoing a rapid subsidence and increasing temperature in Triassic influenced by intrusive rocks in some areas, the Permian strata experienced four cooling-uplift stages after the time when the maximum paleotemperature reached in late Jurassic:(1) A cooling stage(～163 Ma to ～140 Ma) with temperatures ranging from ～132°C to ～53°C and a cooling rate of ～3°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～1900 m and an uplift rate of ～82 m/Ma;(2) A cooling stage(～140 Ma to ～52 Ma) with temperatures ranging from ～53°C to ～47°C and a cooling rate less than ～0.1°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～300 m and an uplift rate of ～3 m/Ma;(3)(～52 Ma to ～8 Ma) with ～47°C to ～43°C and ～0.1°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～500 m and an uplift rate of ～11 m/Ma;(3)(～8 Ma to present) with ～43°C to ～20°C and ～3°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～650 m and an uplift rate of ～81 m/Ma. The tectonothermal evolutionary history of the Qishan area in Triassic was influenced by the interaction of the Qinling Orogeny and the Weibei Uplift, and the south Qishan area had the earliest uplift-cooling time compared to other parts within the Weibei Uplift. The early Eocene at ～52 Ma and the late Miocene at ～8 Ma, as two significant turning points after which both the rate of uplift and the rate of temperature changed rapidly, were two key time for the uplift-cooling history of the Permian strata in the Qishan area of the southwestern Weibei Uplift, Ordos Basin.     

Uplift and denudation of Mt Sanqingshan Geopark,Jiangxi Province,China

Mt Sanqingshan, a global Geopark and world natural heritage site located in Jiangxi Province, China, is famous for its eroded granite peaks. The uplift and denudation history of the area has been reconstructed using fission track methods for the first time. Apatite fission track ages (AFTAs) cluster into three groups at ca. 25 Ma, 45–55 Ma, and 70 Ma. These ages can be related to ancient multilevel denudation planes at about 900, 1200, and 1500 m above sea level, respectively. The apatite data also reveal four cooling stages for the Mt Sanqingshan region, from ca. 90 to 65–60 Ma, 65–60 to 45 Ma, 45 to 20–15 Ma, and 20–15 Ma to the present, with cooling rates of 1.96°C, 1.18°C, 0.37°C, and 3.78°C per million years, respectively, and an average cooling rate of 1.80°C per million years. Calculated uplift rates are 0.055, 0.034, 0.011, and 0.11 mm year^?1 in the four stages, yielding uplifts of 4140, 570, 290, and 1940 m, respectively. The uplift rate of the last stage was significantly faster than that of the other three preceding stages, reflecting rejuvenation of Mt Sanqingshan, as a result of new tectonism. The average uplift rate at Mt Sanqingshan is 0.053 mm year^?1, and the average denudation rate is 0.048 mm year^?1, resulting in 3550 m of uplift and 2540 m of denudation relative to eustatic sea level. The 1010 m difference is very close to the average elevation of about 1000 m at present. A comparison of uplift–denudation histories for Mt Sanqingshan and Mt Huangshan shows that fission track results can be useful for defining geomorphological development stages.