消毒剂对大肠杆菌O157∶H7的杀灭效果及应用研究

目的:了解常用消毒剂对大肠杆菌O157∶H7的杀灭效果和指导现场消毒实践。方法:采用能量试验和模拟现场试验,对4种消毒剂进行了实验室观察。结果:能量试验测出各种消毒剂最低有效杀灭浓度分别为:二氯异氢尿酸钠有效氯为100 mg/L、碘伏有效碘为50 mg/L、洗必泰为25 mg/L、季铵盐为100 mg/L。模拟现场试验结果,完全杀灭河水、井水及医院污水中污染的试验菌所需各消毒剂的剂量分别为:二氯异氢尿酸钠有效氯20.0 mg/L、10.0 mg/L和10.0mg/L,均需作用1 h;碘伏有效碘10.0 mg/L作用8 h、5.0 mg/L作用1 h和40.0 mg/L作用8 h;洗必泰10.0 mg/L、5.0mg/L和40.0 mg/L,均需作用2 h;季铵盐20.0 mg/L作用1 h、10.0 mg/L作用1 h和80.0 mg/L作用2 h。完全杀灭泥土和田间土壤载体中试验菌所需各消毒剂剂量分别为:二氯异氢尿酸钠有效氯250 mg/L作用1 min和400 mg/L作用1min;碘伏有效碘90 mg/L作用5 min和120 mg/L作用5 min;洗必泰90 mg/L作用1 min和120 mg/L作用5 min;季铵盐为250 mg/L作用1 min和400 mg/L作用5 min。结论:试验结果对于有效切断大肠杆菌O157∶H7传播途径、控制医院感染以及进一步研究该菌有重要意义。     

消毒剂杀灭溶血性链球菌试验效果观察

目的：观察消毒剂杀灭溶血性链球菌试验效果。方法：试验采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法，选择4种常用消毒剂：次氯酸钠、过氧乙酸、洗必泰和碘伏分别进行悬液定量杀灭溶血性链球菌试验。结果：次氯酸钠有效氯含量200mg／L、过氧乙酸含量为150mg／L、洗必泰含量为2000mg／L、碘伏有效碘含量200mg／L时，作用3min对溶血性链球菌的杀灭对数值大于5；次氯酸钠有效氯含量250mg／L、过氧乙酸含量为100mg／L、洗必泰含量为2500mg／L、碘伏有效碘含量250mg／L时，作用3min对大肠杆菌的杀灭对数值大于5。结论：次氯酸钠、过氧乙酸、洗必泰、碘伏4种消毒剂均可用于杀灭溶血性链球菌；溶血性链球菌对消毒剂的抗力低于大肠杆菌。     

多种消毒剂对病毒灭活效果的实验研究

目的研究高、中、低效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果及有机物浓度对其的影响.方法根据含氯类（次氯酸钠、三氯异氰尿酸钠）、过氧化物类、醛类、含碘类（强力碘、碘伏、碘酊、聚酮维碘）、季铵盐类、复方氯己定等多种消毒剂的适当浓度和作用时间对微生物的杀灭能力,进行灭活病毒的实验研究,并比较灭活效果.结果次氯酸钠400 mg/L作用15 min,三氯异氰尿酸钠500 mg/L作用15 min,二氧化氯100 mg/L作用10 min,聚维酮碘4 048 mg/L作用30 min,复方戊二醛806.4 mg/L作用1 h,对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活对数值均＞4.00;而强力碘、碘伏、碘酊、复方季铵盐类、复方氯己定等消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活对数值均＜4.00.有机物浓度由10%上升至20%时,消毒剂作用15 min,灭活对数值下降0.62,作用30 min,灭活对数值下降0.63.结论高效及部分中效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒有较好的灭活效果,低效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒无灭活效果.有机物浓度增高可影响消毒剂对病毒的灭活效果.     

二氯异氰尿酸钠粉状消毒剂杀菌效果的实验观察

目的：了解一种以二氯异氰尿酸钠为主要成分的粉状消毒剂的杀菌效果与稳定性。方法：采用悬液定量杀灭试验、加速稳定性试验等方法进行实验研究。结果：有效氯300mg／L的溶液对悬液中金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌作用15min杀灭对数值≥5．00；置37℃恒温恒湿箱3个月，该消毒剂有效氯含量平均下降3．32％；有效氯300mg/L的溶液对物体表面消毒现场鉴定试验符合要求；对食(饮)具消毒合格剂量为有效氯500mg／L的溶液作用20min；有效氯6mg/L的溶液对生活饮用水消毒达到卫生合格标准。结论：该消毒剂杀菌效果好，性质较稳定。     

两种试验方法对3种含氯消毒剂部分消毒性能的评价

目的:了解试验方法对不同含氯消毒剂消毒性能评价的影响。方法:按照1999年版规定的载体浸泡定量杀菌试验和2002年版规定的悬液定量杀菌试验方法,对三种含氯消毒剂杀菌效果进行了比较。用1999年版载体法测定3种含氯消毒剂达到消毒合格所需的剂量均较低,有效氯50mg/L~200mg/L作用2·5min~10min,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的杀灭率≥99·90%;有效氯1000mg/L~2000mg/L作用15min~20min,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢杀灭率≥99·90%。结果:按照2002年版规范,悬液法达到消毒合格的剂量均有不同程度的提高,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的杀灭对数值≥5·00的消毒合格剂量分别是:洁尔速溶消毒片有效氯200mg/L作用10min,健来牌含氯消毒剂有效氯600mg/L~700mg/L作用5min~10min,众智牌84消毒液有效氯500mg/L作用10min~15min。对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的杀灭对数值≥5·00的消毒合格剂量分别是:洁尔速溶消毒片有效氯2000mg/L作用40min,健来牌含氯消毒液有效氯6000mg/L作用60min,众智牌84消毒液有效氯5000mg/L作用30min。结论:用不同方法得到的3种消毒剂有效浓度有差异,杀菌效果有差异,用2002年版悬液定量杀菌试验方法得到的消毒效果较差。     

欧克皮肤消毒液杀菌效果的试验观察

目的　了解欧克皮肤消毒液对微生物的杀灭效果。　方法　通过悬液定量杀菌实验、有机物影响实验、对手现场消毒实验检测其对微生物的杀灭效果。　结果　该消毒剂含醋酸洗必泰 10 0あ mg/ L浓度溶液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌作用 3あ min,杀灭率均大于 99.90 %。 2 5 %小牛血清对该消毒剂杀菌效果无影响 ,5 0 %小牛血清有轻微影响。含醋酸洗必泰 10 0 0あ mg/ L的消毒剂溶液对手上自然菌作用 1あ min,杀灭率为 93 .4 6%。　结论　欧克皮肤消毒液杀菌效果好 ,可用于皮肤消毒     

连续消毒中大肠杆菌O157:H7对两种弱效消毒剂抵抗力的变化及其与质粒关系的研究

[目的]研究连续消毒中大肠杆菌O157：H7对洗必泰和季铵盐抵抗力的变化以及抵抗力与质粒的关系。[方法]洗必泰和季铵盐连续消毒6株大肠杆菌O157：H750代，对比消毒前后试验菌对消毒剂的抵抗力，消除原始菌和连续消毒后试验菌的质粒。[结果]结果表明，连续消毒50代后，试验菌对季铵盐的抵抗力增加；对洗必泰的抵抗力不变。消除原始菌的小质粒后，细菌对两种消毒剂的抵抗力不变；消除原始菌的所有质粒后，试验菌对洗必泰的抵抗力不变，对季铵盐的抵抗力降低；消除连续消毒后试验菌的质粒后，试验菌(50代连续消毒后)季铵盐的抵抗力降低，对洗必泰的抵抗力不变。[结论]试验结果提示，连续消毒会使试验菌对季铵盐的抵抗力增加，对季铵盐抵抗力增加的原因可能与质粒pO157相关。而细菌对洗必泰的抵抗力则与试验菌的质粒无关。     

洗必泰─碘的研制及抗微生物实验研究

洗必泰－碘为碘伏类消毒剂。其含有效碘３１～６２ｐｐｍ的溶液，对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用１５秒钟，平均杀灭率可达９９．９９％以上；含有效碘２５０～５００ｐｐｍ的溶液，对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用３０分钟，杀灭率可达９６％～９８％，作用１２０分钟可全部杀灭；含有效碘１２５ｐｐｍ溶液作用５分钟或６２．５ｐｐｍ溶液作用１０分钟，可将ＨＢｓＡｇ灭活，含有效碘１０００ｐｐｍ溶液，擦手１分钟，可将自然菌减少９６％以上。实验显示洗必泰碘络合物具有快速、广谱的杀菌作用，是消毒剂中较为理想的产品。     

一种复方季铵盐消毒液消毒效果与毒性评价

目的评价复方季铵盐消毒液的消毒效果和毒性强度。方法应用定量杀菌试验测定消毒效果,并开展毒理试验。结果含250mg／L季铵盐消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌作用1．5min,对铜绿假单胞菌作用3．0min,对白色念珠菌作用4．5min,杀灭对数值均〉5．00。含8000mg／L季铵盐消毒液作用10min、20min和30min对脊髓灰质炎病毒平均灭活对数值均〈1．00。含250mg／L季铵盐消毒液擦拭木质台面消毒3．0min对自然菌的杀灭对数值均〉1．00。对铜绿假单胞菌能量试验最低合格有效浓度为500mg／L。37℃存放90d,平均下降率为8．70％。样品原液对小鼠LD50为4300mg／kg体重,属低毒级;对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞无致微核作用;含2500mg／L季铵盐水溶液对小鼠LD50〉5000mg／kg体重,属无毒级;含1250mg／L季铵盐水溶液对兔皮肤无刺激性。结论该消毒液对细菌繁殖体具有优秀杀灭性能,对以脊髓灰质炎为代表的亲水病毒几乎无作用;原液低毒,稳定,实际使用液无毒;可用于一般预防性消毒,以及细菌性传染病的疫源地消毒。     

一种含醋酸洗必泰消毒剂杀灭微生物效果与毒性的试验研究

〔目的〕喷腋清是一种含醋酸洗必泰、乌洛托品等的复方消毒剂 ,pH值 8.14。本文对其杀灭微生物效果与毒理学进行了研究。〔结果〕含醋酸洗必泰 60 0mg/L的喷腋清溶液对布片上的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌作用 2 0min ,杀灭率均大于 99.90 %。该液体 5 4℃放置 14d ,醋酸洗必泰含量下降率 5 .4%。对雌、雄小鼠经口LD50 >5 0 0 0mg/kg ,蓄积系数K >5 ,对家兔最高皮肤刺激反应积分均值为 0 .2 5 ,小鼠骨髓微核试验阴性 ,小鼠精子畸形试验阴性。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.