VSF:CMOS组合电路的静态功耗评估模型

为了解决利用晶体管级电路模拟分析CMOS电路静态功耗时模拟时间随电路规模增大迅速增加的问题,在分析晶体管堆叠效应对标准单元泄漏电流影响的基础上,定义了归一化堆叠系数和电路等效堆叠系数的概念,提出了基于电路有效堆叠系数的静态功耗评估模型.该模型可用于CMOS组合电路静态功耗估算和优化.实验结果表明使用该模型进行静态功耗估算时,不需要进行Hspice模拟.针对ISCAS85基准电路的静态功耗优化结果表明,利用该模型能够取得令人满意的静态功耗优化效果,优化速度大大提高.     

VSF:CMOS组合电路的静态功耗评估模型

为了解决利用晶体管级电路模拟分析CMOS电路静态功耗时模拟时间随电路规模增大迅速增加的问题,在分析晶体管堆叠效应对标准单元泄漏电流影响的基础上,定义了归一化堆叠系数和电路等效堆叠系数的概念,提出了基于电路有效堆叠系数的静态功耗评估模型.该模型可用于CMOS组合电路静态功耗估算和优化.实验结果表明使用该模型进行静态功耗估算时,不需要进行Hspice模拟.针对ISCAS85基准电路的静态功耗优化结果表明,利用该模型能够取得令人满意的静态功耗优化效果,优化速度大大提高.     

用于预防硬件木马植入的协同自测功耗检测方法

针对现有内建自认证方法中核心占用率较高时存在冗余门的问题,提出了一种用于预防硬件木马植入的协同自测功耗检测方法。首先选择功能标准单元填满未使用的区域,接着采用路径规划算法对自测电路的标准单元进行分配优化,构建无冗余门的自测电路,然后将剩余的标准单元构成功耗检测电路。最后,对自测电路的输出签名和功耗检测电路的功耗进行检测,判断是否存在硬件木马。实验结果表明,与现有的内建自认证方法相比,该方法应用于具有较高核心占用率的电路后,不仅没有产生冗余门电路,还能有效检测并预防硬件木马的植入。     

一种热感集成电路功耗模型及其对动态电压调整技术的影响

提出了一种新型热感功耗模型,该模型能够准确估计出电压调整情况下的功耗和温度.实验结果表明如果忽略热效应,泄漏功耗将会被低估最高达52%.使用电压调整技术对电路的能量消耗和温度进行协同优化时,两者具有不一致的优化方向.温度是未来集成电路发展的一个重要限制因素,而温度优化方法可以降低电路温度最高达12℃,同时其能耗的增长低于最优解的1.8%.     

一种热感集成电路功耗模型及其对动态电压调整技术的影响

提出了一种新型热感功耗模型,该模型能够准确估计出电压调整情况下的功耗和温度.实验结果表明如果忽略热效应,泄漏功耗将会被低估最高达52%.使用电压调整技术对电路的能量消耗和温度进行协同优化时,两者具有不一致的优化方向.温度是未来集成电路发展的一个重要限制因素,而温度优化方法可以降低电路温度最高达12℃,同时其能耗的增长低于最优解的1.8%.     

MPEG2解码系统集成芯片音频处理存储优化策略

在多媒体系统的系统集成芯片(SoC)中,从系统集成芯片工作实时性要求,应用程序和数据尽可能存放在片上存储或Cache,执行方便,处理速度快,就要使用大量的存储部件,使得存储部件的面积和功耗占到整个芯片的很大部分.为了减少片上存储部件,则部分程序和数据移到片外存储,在执行时轮流调进到芯片内,势必增加I/O的开销.因此如何使设计优化是软硬件协同设计中的一个问题.本文以MPEG2集成解码芯片中音频存储优化为例给出了系统集成芯片存储优化的一些方法.包括通过LGDFG(Large Grain Data Flow Graph)模型分析改变程序结构,共享数据空间,改变数据类型以及添加片上SRAM并减少片上Cache容量从而减少系统存储消耗等.这些方法显著地减少系统的存储消耗,降低系统芯片的面积和功耗.     

基于概率表达式的MPRM电路功耗计算方法

采用基于信号概率的功耗计算模型进行MPRM（Mixed Polarity Reed-Muller）电路功耗优化,信号概率计算是功耗计算的关键.提出一种基于概率表达式的MPRM电路功耗计算方法.该方法兼顾信号概率计算的时间效率和准确性,对MPRM电路中不存在空间相关性的信号通过在电路中传播信号概率的方式计算其信号概率,存在空间相关性的信号则利用概率表达式计算其信号概率,并在电路中传播概率表达式以解决空间相关性问题,在此基础之上根据基于信号概率建立的解析动态功耗和静态功耗计算模型计算电路功耗.为进一步提高时间效率,该方法采用二元矩图表示概率表达式.使用基准电路对所提出方法进行了验证,并与其他采用不同信号概率计算方法的MPRM电路功耗计算方法进行了比较.结果表明所提出方法准确有效.     

一种自适应的动态功耗管理预测策略

动态功耗管理通过关闭空闲的系统部件来减小电子系统的功耗。如何提高预测的准确度是当前基于预测动态功耗管理（DPM）研究的主要问题。基于预测的DPM策略假设系统部件访问时间具有关联性,当前应用最为广泛的是指数滑动平均方法,但其应对突发事件的能力不强。本文基于指数滑动平均改进模型,对突发事件进行数学定义,提出一种自适应的DPM预测策略,在面对突发的长延时或短延时情况下,系统都能自适应调整,提高了预测的准确度,优于现有策略。     

基于切片分析的CMOS组合电路贝叶斯动态功耗模型

为改善周期精确级功耗分析的准确度和速度问题,使用多维特征参数建立贝叶斯推理的动态功耗模型.基于功耗分布与电路内部节点状态的分析,发现仅使用端口信息作为参数的不足.定义了门单元级数的计算和对应切片的概念,提出使用切片分析的技术提取电路内部关键层的翻转密度作为参数,与端口信息共同参与贝叶斯推理.基于ISCAS85基准电路的实验结果表明,该方法使原始模型的误差降低21.9%,均方差降低25.0%,同时保持了相对现有门级功耗分析700倍的加速比.     

基于切片分析的CMOS组合电路贝叶斯动态功耗模型

为改善周期精确级功耗分析的准确度和速度问题,使用多维特征参数建立贝叶斯推理的动态功耗模型.基于功耗分布与电路内部节点状态的分析,发现仅使用端口信息作为参数的不足.定义了门单元级数的计算和对应切片的概念,提出使用切片分析的技术提取电路内部关键层的翻转密度作为参数,与端口信息共同参与贝叶斯推理.基于ISCAS85基准电路的实验结果表明,该方法使原始模型的误差降低21.9%,均方差降低25.0%,同时保持了相对现有门级功耗分析700倍的加速比.     

Bayesian approach to segmentation of statistical parametric maps

A contextual segmentation technique to detect brain activation from functional brain images is presented in the Bayesian framework. Unlike earlier similar approaches [Holmes and Ford (1993) and Descombes et al. (1998)], a Markov random field (MRF) is used to represent configurations of activated brain voxels, and likelihoods given by statistical parametric maps (SPM's) are directly used to find the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of segmentation. The iterative segmentation algorithm, which is based on a simulated annealing scheme, is fully data-driven and capable of analyzing experiments involving multiple-input stimuli. Simulation results and comparisons with the simple thresholding and the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) approaches are presented with synthetic images, and functional MR images acquired in memory retrieval and event-related working memory tasks. The experiments show that an MRF is a valid representation of the activation patterns obtained in functional brain images, and the present technique renders a superior segmentation scheme to the context-free approach and the SPM approach.     

面向Linux内核的片上存储优化

便签存储器(SPM)作为主要的片上存储器之一,可以用来提升嵌入式Linux系统的性能,并降低其能耗.提出一种针对Linux内核的SPM管理及优化方案,实现了针对Linux内核热点代码段、数据段的SPM静态优化技术.利用虚存管理技术,建立以SPM页区为基础的动态SPM页框分配机制,并实现页框分配的通用接口函数.在优化热点小对象分配器(SLAB)的基础上,实现对Linux内核的动态优化.实验结果表明,该优化方案能明显降低能耗和提升性能,其内核代码段优化方案平均提升11％的系统性能.     

Dictionary design for text image compression with JBIG2

The JBIG2 standard for lossy and lossless bilevel image coding is a very flexible encoding strategy based on pattern matching techniques. This paper addresses the problem of compressing text images with JBIG2. For text image compression, JBIG2 allows two encoding strategies: SPM and PM&S. We compare in detail the lossless and lossy coding performance using the SPM-based and PM&S-based JBIG2, including their coding efficiency, reconstructed image quality and system complexity. For the SPM-based JBIG2, we discuss the bit rate tradeoff associated with symbol dictionary design. We propose two symbol dictionary design techniques: the class-based and tree-based techniques. Experiments show that the SPM-based JBIG2 is a more efficient lossless system, leading to 8% higher compression ratios on average. It also provides better control over the reconstructed image quality in lossy compression. However, SPM's advantages come at the price of higher encoder complexity. The proposed class-based and tree-based symbol dictionary designs outperform simpler dictionary formation techniques by 8% for lossless and 16-18% for lossy compression     

Optimal Filter Networks

Filters with optimal dynamic range may be generated through state transformation. Examples show that this optimization leads to a chip-area and power-consumption reduction up to 50%. The method is flexible enough to apply to any filter transfer function and any method to determine the dynamic range. It also allows control over the complexity of the resulting optimal filters.      

基于PWM技术的SLD光源温控系统设计

为满足工程中对超辐射发光二极管（SLD）温度控制电路的低功耗设计需求,提出了一种基于数字脉宽调制（PWM）技术的控制方案,实现了SLD光源温控电路的低功耗设计。实验表明,该温度控制电路功耗低,稳定性高,满足了低功耗设计的工程需求,具有良好的实用价值。     

Compiler-guided leakage optimization for banked scratch-pad memories

Current trends indicate that leakage energy consumption will be an important concern in upcoming process technologies. In this paper, we propose a compiler-based leakage energy optimization strategy for on-chip scratch-pad memories (SPMs). The idea is to divide SPM into banks and use compiler-guided memory-data layout optimization and data migration to maximize SPM bank idleness, thereby increasing the chances of placing banks into a low-power (low-leakage) state. Our experimental results with eight applications show that the proposed compiler-based strategy is very effective in reducing leakage energy of on-chip SPMs.     

Combining self-phase modulation and optimum modulation conditionsto improve the performance of 10-Gb/s transmission systems using MQWMach-Zehnder modulators

For 10-Gb/s transmission over nondispersion shifted fiber, the combined use of self-phase modulation (SPM) and joint optimization of the bias and modulation voltages to increase the dispersion limited transmission distance is considered for multiple quantum well Mach-Zehnder modulators. For the dual drive (push-pull) modulation format, the dependence of the receiver sensitivity on fiber length and average transmitted optical power is determined for both conventional and π phase-shift modulators with either symmetric or asymmetric Y-branch waveguides. When SPM is negligible and the optical extinction ratio is maximized, the modulator design must he considered carefully in order to increase the transmission distance. By combining SPM and optimum modulation conditions, the dependence of the system performance on the modulator design is reduced substantially. For an average transmitted optical power of 12.5 dBm, the receiver sensitivity for transmission over 140 km of fiber varies by only 0.3 dB for the different modulator designs. This compares with a variation of 3.1 dB for maximum extinction ratio modulation     

A 40-Gb/s/ch WDM transmission with SPM/XPM suppression throughprechirping and dispersion management

This paper proposes to combine prechirping with dispersion management scheme in such a way as to suppress the power penalty induced by self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) in 40-Gb/s per channel wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) transmission systems with long-amplifier spacing. First, we show that the optimum total dispersion to minimize SPM depends on prechirping and the local dispersion of the transmission fiber, unlike that for minimizing XPM. Next, it is shown that, by optimizing the combination of prechirping and local dispersion, these two optima can be made to match so as to improve the allowable maximum fiber input power. Finally, the operation of the proposed optimization scheme is confirmed experimentally, and 4×40-Gb/s WDM transmission over 400 km of nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) is demonstrated successfully with the fiber input power of +10 dBm/ch and 250 GHz channel spacing     

Comparative analysis of master-slave latches and flip-flops forhigh-performance and low-power systems

In this paper, we propose a set of rules for consistent estimation of the real performance and power features of the flip-flop and master-slave latch structures. A new simulation and optimization approach is presented, targeting both high-performance and power budget issues. The analysis approach reveals the sources of performance and power-consumption bottlenecks in different design styles. Certain misleading parameters have been properly modified and weighted to reflect the real properties of the compared structures. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of representative master-slave latches and flip-flops illustrate the advantages of our approach and the suitability of different design styles for high-performance and low-power applications     

PI参数自整定扫描探针显微镜控制器的设计

为了解决传统扫描探针显微镜(SPM)控制器中参数难以设定的难题,提出了一种SPM的PI参数自整定控制器的设计,并给出了控制器的硬件结构和软件设计.该控制器基于DSP,通过引入扫描式参数优化算法来实现.结果表明,该控制器能自动完成PI参数的测算,并给出最优的PI参数,提高了SPM扫描图像的质量.