镁系储氢合金的表面处理

表面处理作为储氢合金性能改善的有效手段,得到了广泛的重视与发展.介绍了镁系储氢合金表面处理的几种主要方法,包括化学镀,机械合金化,氟化处理等.分别阐述了各种方法对改善镁系合金表面性能的作用机理及对合金电极的电化学性能的影响.处理后的结果表明:三种方法均可明显地提高镁合金电极的循环寿命和充放电容量,使其性能得到最大程度的发挥.最后针对各方法的优缺点,认为氟化处理将是镁系储氢合金研究的重点和方向.     

退火对(La_(0.8)Nd_(0.2))_2Mg(Ni_(0.8-x)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)Al_x)_9合金储氢性能的影响

(La0.8Nd0.2)2Mg(Ni0.8-xCo0.1Mn0.1Alx)9(x=0~0.15)系列合金经退火处理,合金电极具有较好的活化性能,经1~4次充放电循环就可达到最大放电容量,合金电极的最大放电容量Cmax得到提高,最大值为399.2 mA·h/g(x=0)。并随着Al替代量的增加,合金电极的吸放氢平台压降低,而吸氢滞后增大。同时,退火处理能明显改善合金电极的循环稳定性,经60次充放电循环后,合金电极的容量保持率(S60)最大值为76.7%(x=0.1)。     

表面包覆镍处理La0.67Mg0.33Ni2.5Co0.5贮氢合金电极的电化学性能

研究了表面包覆Ni-P对PuNi3型贮氢合金La0.67Mg0.33Ni2.5Co0.5电极的电化学性能的影响.结果表明:包覆镍处理改善了贮氢合金电极的循环稳定性.线性极化扫描和电化学阻抗谱等分析结果表明,包覆后合金电极的极限电流密度(I1),交换电流密度(I0)以及电化学阻抗均有较好的改善,说明电荷转移和氢的扩散能力得到提高.经25次电化学循环后的电极合金金相观察和分析表明,包覆Ni-P处理没有有效抑制其粉化,这与该类型贮氢合金电化学吸氢时氢化物膨胀较大有关.     

贮氢电池的充放电过程研究

研究了贮氢电池充放电过程与活化、温度以及充放电制度等多种因素之间的关系,探索了贮氢电池性能变化的内部原因。结果表明：通过对贮氢合金进行适当的表面处理,提高氢原子在贮氢合金中的扩散系数,降低贮氢合金裂纹扩展系数等可以提高贮氢电池的活化、低温、大电流、循环等充放电特性,从而提高贮氢电池的综合性能。这些结果对储氢材料及贮氢电池设计、工艺研究等提供了基础性资料及理论依据。     

贮氢合金在蓄电池上的应用

贮氢合金在蓄电池上的应用目前作为蓄电池负极使用的一些主要贮氢合金列于下表。典型的稀土－镍系ＡＢ５型合金是ＬａＮｉ５，含有使电极反应活化的Ｎｉ，能够充分充放电，但在充放电过程中容易氧化，反复充放电的循环寿命短。为了改善合金的这一性能，研究了用Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ...     

一种改善贮氢电极合金电化学性能的新方法

提出一种用以改善AB5型贮氢电极合金的综合电化学性能的新方法,即采用一定强度的外加磁场对电极进行磁化处理,以期提高电极合金的综合电化学性能,结果表明,外加磁场化处理可以不同程度地改善磁体贮氢电极合金La0.9Sm0.1Ni5.0-yCoy(y=2.0,2.5,3.0)的电化学容量,循环寿命以及大电流放电能力等电化学性能,磁化处理对电极合金电化学性能的影响还与合金中的Co含量有关,合金中的Co含量增加,磁化处理后电极中存在的剩剩磁强度瑚之增强,磁化处理对电极合金电化学性能的影响也更为显著。     

电沉积制备La-Mg-Ni贮氢合金薄膜及其性能的研究

采用恒电流沉积方法在水溶液中沉积出LaMgNi4合金薄膜。利用循环伏安、模拟电池充放电循环、扫描电镜(SEM)以及X射线衍射(XRD)等方法研究了电沉积合金薄膜的电化学性能和表面形貌及结构。结果表明,该合金薄膜作为贮氢电极具有较好的电化学性能,其电化学活性高,活化性能好,首次充放电比容量达398mAh/g。     

Ni-Cr-Cu三元合金电极制备及其析氢性能研究

以废旧紫铜片为基体,Ni粉、Cr粉为覆膜材料,通过活化反应烧结法制备了Ni-Cr-Cu三元合金电极材料。采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、场发射电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等对电极的物相、形貌结构、元素分布以及析氢产物进行表征;通过循环伏安、线性极化、交流阻抗等方法测试了合金电极材料的电催化析氢性能。结果表明,Ni-Cr-Cu三元合金薄膜电极具有优异的析氢性能,调节Cr元素的含量可提高其析氢催化活性,在室温条件下,Ni30%Cr-Cu三元合金电极材料在6 mol/L KOH的溶液中析氢性能较好,其析氢过电位仅有-0.13 V (vs RHE),交换电流密度为10 mA/cm~2时对应的极化电位为-0.145 V (vs RHE);经开路电位测试36 000 s后,电极材料的开路电位(η)从0.05 V变化为0.02 V,仅降低0.03 V,表明析氢电极化学稳定性良好。     

微型包覆处理M1（NiCoMnTi）_5合金的电极活化特性

将Ｍ１（ＮｉＣｏＭｎＴｉ）_５合金粉末经表面微型包覆Ｎｉ－Ｐ处理后制备成吸氢电极，研究其活化性能。结果表明，表面包覆Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金的贮氢电极，其放电容量提高，但达到最大循环放电容量的放电次数增加。试验还表明，采用小电流充放电易使贮氢合金电极达到活化状态。     

电解液中添加Cu(OH)2对La2MgNi7.5Co1.5 贮氢合金电极电化学性能的影响

采用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学测试研究了在6 mol/L KOH电解液中添加Cu(OH)2对La2MgNi7.5Co1.5贮氢合金电极电化学性能的影响.结果表明,合金电极外表面上被镀上Cu膜,Cu膜的厚度和致密性随充放电循环次数的增加而增加,合金电极表面形成致密性Cu膜,可以有效地抑制电极内部贮氢合金的氧化,但对贮氢合金颗粒粉化的抑制作用不明显.在电解液中添加Cu(OH)2,增加了La2MgNi7.5Co1.5合金电极的活化次数,降低了该合金电极的高倍率放电性能,但对合金电极的最大电化学放电容量没有负面影响.此外,利用电沉积方法在电极表面镀Cu膜能够明显改善该合金电极的电化学循环稳定性.     

Effects of Ca-substitution and surface treatment on electrochemical performances of Ml1.0- xCax Ni4.0Co0.6Al0.4 hydrogen storage alloy electrodes

１　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＮｉｃｋｅｌｍｅｔａｌｈｙｄｒｉｄｅ（Ｎｉ／ＭＨ）ｂａｔｔｅｒｉｅｓｈａｖｅａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄｍｕｃｈａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｙｈａｖｅｈｉｇｈｅｒｅｎｅｒｇｙｄｅｎｓｉｔｙａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈＮｉ／Ｃｄｂａｔｔｅｒｉｅｓ．ＭａｎｙｍｕｌｔｉｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔＡＢ５ｔｙｐｅｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｓｔｏｒａｇｅａｌｌｏｙｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｓｏｆ…     

AB3 型 Mm0.78 Mg0.22 Ni2.48 Mn0.09 Al0.23 Co0.47储氢合金的表面氟化处理

目的提高AB3型储氢合金的电化学性能,扩大其应用范围。方法运用HF和NaF组成的溶液对AB3型合金Mm0.78Mg0.22Ni2.48Mn0.09Al0.23Co0.47(Mm由82.3%La和17.7%Nd(均为原子数分数)组成)进行表面处理,考察改性处理对合金相结构、电化学性能以及动力学性能的影响。结果氟化处理后有MgF2相生成,合金电极的最大放电容量得到提高,50次循环后的容量保持率由83.3%提高到92.8%。此外,合金的动力学性能也得到一定改善。结论氟化处理改变了合金的表面结构,提高了其电化学性能。     

La系储氢合金表面氟化处理技术

通过分析不同HF/KF配比调制的溶液pH及F离子浓度,绘制了可用于对La系储氢合金进行表面处理的溶液组成参考图。通过ICP、EPMA、BET等分析手段对处理前后的合金进行观察和表征,得到氟化处理最佳条件并证明了氟化处理的反应机理包含除去氧化物反应、Ni离子溶出反应和在合金表面形成氟化物反应3个阶段。结合活化速度和电化学特性分析表明,通过氟化处理方法对储氢合金粒子进行表面化学处理,可达到去除合金表面氧化物膜,增加比表面积,保持合金的表面活性和延长合金的耐久性的目的。     

粉末粒度对AB5型合金电化学性能的影响

研究了粉末粒度对AB5型储氢合金电化学性能的影响.结果表明当合金粉末粒度为22.49～163.8 μm时,随粉末粒度的减小,储氢合金电极的电化学容量降低;由于粉末粒度大的电极负极充放电循环寿命的衰减率小于粉末粒度小的衰减率,所以随粉末粒度的减小,储氢合金电极材料充放电循环寿命缩短.     

Effects of annealing treatment on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of low-Co hydrogen storage alloys containing Cu and Fe

The effects of annealing treatment on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of low-Co LaNi3.55Mno.35Co0.20Al0.20Cuo.75Fe0.10 hydrogen storage alloys were investigated.X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that annealing treatment remarkably reduced the lattice strain and defects,and increased the unit-cell volume.The optical microscope analysis showed that the as-cast alloy had a crass dendrite microstructure with noticeable composition segregation,which gradually disappeared with increasing annealing temperature,and the microstructure changed to an equiaxed structure after annealing the alloy at 1233 K.The electrochemical tests indicated that the annealed alloys demonstrated much better cycling stability compared with the as-cast one.The capacity retention at the 100th cycle increased from 90.0％(as-cast) to 94.7％ (1273 K).The annealing treatment also improved the discharge capacity.However,the high rate dischargeability (HRD)value of the annealed alloy slightly dropped,which was believed to be ascribed to the decreased exchange current density and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in alloy bulk.     

Ni对非晶态Co-B合金电化学储氢性能的影响

通过化学还原共沉积法引入元素Ni制备了三元非晶态Co-Ni-B合金,并研究了元素Ni对非晶Co-B合金电化学储氢性能的影响。结果表明,含镍23.8at%非晶态Ni-Co-B合金的可逆放电容量约为250mAh/g,较非晶Co-B合金下降约20mAh/g,但循环稳定性二者相同,即在650mA/g的高电流密度下循环60次容量几乎保持不变。但进一步增加Ni含量,含镍35.8at%的非晶态Ni-Co-B合金的放电容量和循环稳定性都较不掺杂时发生大幅下降。但是,元素Ni的引入能有效抑制高电流密度充电过程中Co-B合金表面大量氢气的析出,减小电极放电电压平台和容量在循环过程中的波动。这可能得益于以下2个原因:(1)非晶Ni-Co-B合金对水分解的电催化活性降低;(2)吸附态氢原子在非晶Ni-Co-B合金基体中的扩散速度高于在Co-B合金中的扩散速度。     

Effects of annealing treatment on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of low-Co hydrogen storage alloys containing Cu and Fe

The effects of annealing treatment on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of low-Co LaNi_3.55Mn_0.35Co_0.20Al_0.20Cu_0.75Fe_0.10 hydrogen storage alloys were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that annealing treatment remarkably reduced the lattice strain and defects, and increased the unit-cell volume. The optical microscope analysis showed that the as-cast alloy had a crass dendrite microstructure with noticeable composition segregation, which gradually disappeared with increasing annealing temperature, and the microstructure changed to an equiaxed structure after annealing the alloy at 1233 K. The electrochemical tests indicated that the annealed alloys demonstrated much better cycling stability compared with the as-cast one. The capacity retention at the 100th cycle increased from 90.0% (as-cast) to 94.7% (1273 K). The annealing treatment also improved the discharge capacity. However, the high rate dischargeability (HRD) value of the annealed alloy slightly dropped, which was believed to be ascribed to the decreased exchange current density and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in alloy bulk.     

Hydrogen absorption–desorption properties of Ti0.32Cr0.43V0.25 alloy

Ti_0.32Cr_0.43V_0.25 alloy specimens were heat treated, and its various hydrogen storage properties were measured at 303 K to examine its potential as a hydrogen storage material. The heat treatment improved not only the total and the effective hydrogen storage capacities, but also the plateau flatness. The heat of hydride formation was approximately −36 kJ/mol H₂. The effective hydrogen storage capacity remained at approximately 2 wt% after 1000 cycles of pressure swing cyclic tests. The hydrogen storage capacity could be recovered almost to the initial state by reactivating the alloy. The hydrogen absorption rate increased with the repetition of cycling for the first several cycles and remained almost constant afterward. At the 504th cycle, more than 98% of the hydrogen was absorbed within the first 2 min. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the crystal structure of the alloy became more amorphous as the number of cycles increased.     

Kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption of magnesium nickel alloy

Reaction rates in the Mg₂Ni---H₂ system are still unclear, although they are needed for the process/optimization of hydrogen storage reactors. In this article, the rates of hydrogen absorption and desorption of the magnesium nickel alloy were investigated at different pressures up to 2.0 MPa using a constant-temperature thermogravimetric method. The powder of the alloy was microencapsulated with copper to improve the alloy properties (such as cycling strength) as a pretreatment. In the experiments, weight changes of the smallest amount possible of samples were monitored with the help of an ultra-accurate thermobalance, in order to avoid changes of the sample temperature due to the heat of the reaction. The reaction curves obtained revealed unique dependence of temperature and pressure and influence of thermal hysterisis. It is also possible that hydrogen-absorption and-desorption rates of this hydrogen storage alloy are expressed by the rate equation of first-order reversible reaction.