总评归一值法优选山豆根茎多糖的微波预处理-超声波提取工艺及生物活性研究

目的:研究山豆根茎多糖的微波预处理-超声波提取工艺及其生物活性。方法:以多糖得率和多糖纯度的总评归一值为评价指标,采用正交设计优选山豆根茎多糖的微波预处理-超声波提取工艺,并对其稳定性、抗氧化活性和清除亚硝酸盐活性三种生物活性进行研究。结果:最佳提取工艺条件为:解析剂比1∶5(g/m L),微波时间30 s,料液比1∶25(g/m L),超声功率140 W,提取时间20 min,该工艺条件下,多糖得率为3.27%,多糖纯度为29.49%,提取效果优于热水浸提法和超声波提取法。多糖稳定性研究表明粗多糖在温度40~70℃、Ca~(2+)或柠檬酸中较稳定,但在温度高于70℃、H_2O_2、Na_2SO_3、VC、Na~+、Al~(3+)、Cu~(2+)或Fe~(3+)的条件下稳定性较差。体外抗氧化活性研究表明粗多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性,当浓度为1.96 mg/m L时,微波预处理-超声波提取法粗多糖对·OH和O-2·的清除率分别可达78.14%和71.16%;亚硝酸盐清除研究表明粗多糖具有良好的清除亚硝酸盐活性,当添加量为20 m L(或19.60 mg)时,清除率可达82.94%,清除效果与0.32 mg VC相当;相同浓度下,微波预处理-超声波提取法所提取的粗多糖对O-2·和亚硝酸盐的清除活性与超声提取法相当,且对·OH的清除活性优于超声提取法。结论:山豆根茎中富含多糖类物质,具有良好的抗氧化活性和清除亚硝酸盐活性,粗多糖稳定性较差,建议低温避光保存。     

超声波协同果胶酶提取黑木耳粗多糖

采用超声波协同果胶酶提取黑木耳粗多糖,先加入底物质量分数1%的果胶酶,在pH=5.0,50℃酶解2 h,对黑木耳进行预处理。再通过正交试验,得到超声波辅助提取黑木耳粗多糖的最佳工艺条件为:超声波功率400 W,超声波时间7 min,料液比1∶80(g/mL),浸提温度90℃,浸提时间2 h,在此条件下得到黑木耳粗多糖提取率为19.84%。在相同条件下,该提取率高于热水直接浸提法和超声波辅助热水提取法得到黑木耳粗多糖的提取率。实验表明,采用超声波协同果胶酶提取黑木耳粗多糖是可行的。     

枸杞多糖提取方法的研究进展

枸杞多糖具有增加免疫能力、抗氧化和延缓衰老、调节血脂、降血糖作用、神经保护、抗辐射等功能而广泛应用于医药、保健和美容等领域。本文简单介绍了枸杞多糖的结构和功效,重点归纳并对比了浸提法、微波提取法、超声波提取法、纤维素酶提取法提取枸杞多糖的提取工艺参数。原料预处理多采用干燥后粉碎,除部分要求达到40~100目,一般对颗粒度未做要求;料液比多在1:10~1:30;提取温度和时间差异较大,浸提法时间最长,微波法、超声波法和酶法相对较短;对提取温度,酶法提取时均在60℃以下,另3种方法相对较高,多在60~90℃。浸提法的提取率最低,微波法、超声波法和酶法提取率均高于浸提法。枸杞多糖提取工艺的优化研究可为其精深加工和利用提供研究基础。     

响应面法优化绿萝花多糖提取及抗氧化活性

研究绿萝花多糖的超声波辅助提取工艺优化方法,并测定其体外抗氧化活性。在单因素试验基础上,选定温度、时间、液料比和超声波功率为影响因素,采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计,通过4因素3水平的试验和响应面回归分析得出优化的提取工艺。对酶-Sevage法结合脱蛋白后的多糖进行清除·OH和DPPH·2种自由基的实验以评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优提取条件为:提取温度74℃、提取时间1.5 h、液料比32:1、超声波功率455 W,绿萝花多糖提取率为3.51%。多糖浓度为4.0 mg/mL时,对·OH和DPPH·的清除率分别达到76.03%和76.94%。超声波辅助提取绿萝花多糖工艺合理可行、成本较低,绿萝花多糖有良好抗氧化活性。     

超声波协同酶法提取香菇多糖的工艺优化

以新鲜香菇为原料,采用超声波协同淀粉酶提取香菇多糖,并对其提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,超声波协同淀粉酶提取香菇多糖的最佳提取条件为:淀粉酶量1%,料液比1:25(m:v),超声温度60℃,超声时间25 min。该工艺条件下,香菇多糖提取率为6.94%,高于传统水浴浸提法的3.32%。该法条件温和,缩短了香菇多糖提取周期,优于传统热水浸提法和单纯使用酶或超声波法。     

发芽糙米多糖双水相萃取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以发芽糙米为原料,采用超声波辅助双水相法萃取对发芽糙米多糖的分配系数进行研究,多糖得率作为考察目标,通过正交试验确定超声波辅助双水相萃取发芽糙米多糖的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:发芽糙米多糖最优提取工艺为选用PEG6000、PEG6000添加量15.7%、硫酸铵添加量14.8%、萃取时间40min,该条件下多糖得率为81.07%。并采用DPPH法、邻苯三酚自氧化法和邻二氮菲法检测提取的多糖抗氧化活性。研究发现发芽糙米多糖对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基以及羟基自由基均有较强的抗氧化作用。     

超声波提取金花茶多糖的工艺研究

通过单因素和正交实验对超声波提取金花茶多糖的工艺进行了研究,探讨了料液比、提取温度、提取时间及超声波频率这4个影响因素,确定了金花茶多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶50、温度80℃、时间1.0h、超声波频率为53.2kHz,在该条件下多糖的得率为3.1%。同时将超声波法与传统浸提法进行比较,结果表明采用超声波提取法提高了茶多糖的得率1.0%。     

超声波辅助提取野胡萝卜多糖工艺优化及其体外抗氧化性

以野胡萝卜为试材,采用超声波辅助方法提取其多糖,在单因素试验的基础上,利用正交试验优化超声波辅助提取野胡萝卜多糖工艺,同时探究其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,最佳提取工艺工艺参数为:超声功率550 W、料液比1:40(g/mL)、超声时间30 min、超声温度40℃,在此条件下,野胡萝卜多糖的平均提取率为6.86%。超声波辅助提取的野胡萝卜多糖具有较强的抗氧化活性,对羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)和超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)的清除作用明显,且其质量浓度与抗氧性活性呈现一定的量效关系,是一种良好的天然抗氧化剂。     

藤三七多糖超声波辅助提取工艺及抗氧化性研究

以藤三七为材料,优化超声波辅助提取藤三七多糖的提取工艺,并测定其多糖的抗氧化性。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化超声波辅助提取多糖的最佳工艺条件;并通过藤三七多糖对·OH、DPPH·和O_2~-·的清除来评价抗氧化性。结果表明:藤三七多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比50∶1(m L/g)、超声温度50℃、超声功率350 W,超声时间60 min,在此条件下多糖提取率为6.24%,平均加样回收率为94.56%。多糖质量浓度为0.024 2 g/m L时,对·OH、DPPH·和O_2~-·的清除率可分别为67.59%、61.01%和81.46%,说明藤三七多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。     

白及多糖的超声-微波协同提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究白及多糖的超声-微波协同提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性。方法:以多糖得率为考察指标,通过单因素实验对料液比、浸泡时间、微波功率和协同提取时间4个影响因素进行考察,采用正交实验设计对超声波-微波协同提取白及多糖的工艺条件进行优化,并研究白及多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基(DPPH·)的清除率以评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果:最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比20∶1 m L/g,浸泡时间6 min,微波功率200 W,协同提取时间5 min,该工艺条件下多糖得率达6.98%±0.19%。单独超声波提取法和单独微波提取法的多糖得率仅为超声-微波协同提取法的46.28%和87.96%,表明超声-微波协同提取优于单独超声波提取和单独微波提取。抗氧化活性研究表明在实验范围内,白及多糖对O-2·无明显清除作用,但对·OH和DPPH·具有明显的清除作用,采用超声-微波协同提取法提取的白及多糖较微波提取法具有更高的·OH和DPPH·清除活性,当多糖浓度为0.5 mg/m L时,对·OH和DPPH·清除率分别为92.82%和74.21%。结论:超声-微波协同提取具有省时高效的特点,特别适用于多糖类物质的提取。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.