CD34抗原在脂肪组织肿瘤中的表达及其病理意义

目的：研究CD34在脂肪组织中的表达并探讨其临床病理意义。方法：对11例脂肪瘤、4例血管脂肪瘤、4例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤、1例梭形细胞脂肪瘤和8例脂肪肉瘤进行CD34免疫组化法检测,观察CD34的表达分布怦况并结合各肿瘤的组织学特征进行分析。结果：除血管内皮细胞均为强阳性外,CD34阳性细胞包括梭形间质细胞和少数多泡状脂母细胞,成熟脂肪细胞为阴性。该抗原在11例脂肪瘤及2例血管脂肪瘤中均为阳性表达,在另2例血管脂肪瘤中为局灶阳性,在4例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤中为阴性表达,在梭形细胞脂肪瘤、脂肪瘤样型脂肪肉瘤及2例黏液性脂肪肉瘤中为强阳性表达,在5例去分化脂肪肉瘤中的表达情况多样,1例为完全阴性,1例为完全阳性,另3例存在阴性、阳性及强旨性区域混杂的情况。结论：脂肪组织肿瘤中存在一类CD34阳性的梭形间质细胞,CD34的表达情况可能与去分化脂肪肉瘤的去分化程度相关,该抗原可以作为梭形细胞脂肪瘤与其他梭形细胞肿瘤的鉴别诊断指标之一。     

乳腺结节性假血管瘤样间质增生3例临床病理特征

目的探讨乳腺结节性假血管瘤性间质增生(pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, PASH)的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法采用HE染色和Masson染色观察3例PASH组织形态学特点,采用免疫组化EnVision法检测CD34、vimentin、Calponin、SMA、ER、PR、CD31、FⅧRAg、ERG、S-100等表达,并复习相关文献。结果眼观:肿物为黄白色结节,质地中等,切面见微小裂隙。镜检:结节境界清楚,乳腺间质见致密的、透明变性的胶原纤维分隔形成裂隙样假血管腔,裂隙内衬梭形细胞。灶性区域可伸入周围脂肪,但未见明确浸润性生长,该区域中可见多核梭形细胞,未见核异型与核分裂象。梭形细胞可呈旺炽性增生,呈束网状,致裂隙样结构消失,形成罕见的"束状型亚型PASH"。免疫表型:梭形细胞CD34、vimentin均阳性,Calponin、SMA不同程度阳性,ER、PR、CD31、FⅧRAg、ERG、S-100、desmin、CD10、CK7均阴性,Ki-67增殖指数低,旺炽性增生病例增殖指数增高。Masson染色示乳腺间质胶原呈蓝色,裂隙内衬梭形细胞核呈紫色。3例均接受手术治疗,随访均无复发。结论结节性PASH临床表现无特异性,特征性的裂隙样假血管腔结构在冷冻病理诊断时易误诊。根据结节性PASH临床特征、免疫组化检测,有助于其诊断与鉴别诊断。     

网状血管内皮瘤1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨网状血管内皮瘤(retiform hemangioendothelioma,RH)的临床病理学特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及预后。方法采用免疫组化法检测RH组织中CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg、D2-40的表达,并复习相关文献。结果镜下见肿瘤主要由细长、分支状类似睾丸网的血管网组成,内皮细胞呈鞋钉样,侵犯皮肤附属器和皮下脂肪组织。免疫表型:瘤细胞表达CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg,不表达D2-40。背景中的淋巴细胞表达CD3。结论 RH是一种极少见的具有复发倾向的低度恶性血管源性肿瘤。少数病例可出现转移及死亡。RH应与血管肉瘤、Dabska瘤、鞋钉样血管瘤、梭形细胞血管瘤等鉴别。     

脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化临床病理分析

目的 探讨脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化的病理形态特征、形成原因及鉴别诊断.方法 对10例脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化病例进行病理形态观察,EnVision法行免疫组织化学染色,并行网状纤维染色和PAS染色,1例行电子显微镜观察.结果 脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化有其特征性血管瘤样结节,免疫组织化学显示结节内内皮细胞异质性表达,即小叶状分布毛细血管免疫表型为CD34~+/CD31~+/CD8~-,窦岸样细胞免疫表型为CD8~+/CD31~+/CD34~-,小静脉样血管免疫表型为CD31~+/CD8~-/CD34~-,结节内梭形细胞混合表达CD31、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)和CD68,结节间梭形细胞混合表达SMA和CD68.网状纤维染色显示结节轮廓和结节内血管,PAS染色显示结节周围胶原沉积物.电镜显示淋巴窦扩大,胶原丰富等特征.结论 该病是一种少见的脾脏良性病变,可能是一种反应性病变,与血管瘤出血坏死机化关系密切.尤其需要与脾脏交界性或恶性肿瘤鉴别.     

丛状血管瘤13例临床病理分析

目的探讨丛状血管瘤的临床表现、病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析13例婴幼儿丛状血管瘤的临床特征、病理学特征、免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果 13例婴幼儿丛状血管瘤中,男童7例、女童6例,年龄2个月～2岁10个月,其中位于头颈部2例、躯干7例、四肢4例,临床主要表现为体表呈暗红色或紫红色浸润性斑片、斑块或多发丘疹、结节,随患儿生长皮损逐渐增大,其中1例伴卡梅现象(Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon, KMP)。镜下均为真皮及皮下组织中可见散在或广泛分布的多个小簇状结节或小叶,小叶由短梭形血管内皮细胞、血管周细胞及毛细血管腔构成,低倍镜下呈同心漩涡状或"炮弹"样生长,增生的细胞短梭形、较肥胖,核无异型性,可见少量核分裂象,增生细胞挤压或突入邻近管腔,使管腔呈裂隙状、半月形。免疫表型:CD31、CD34、SMA、CD61和vimentin均阳性,D2-40灶阳性,VEGF弱阳性(7/13),FⅧRAg部分血管内皮细胞阳性,GLUT1阴性,Ki-67增殖指数5%。结论丛状血管瘤是一种少见的血管良性增生性病变,诊断主要依据临床特征、病理检查及免疫组化标记。     

脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化3例病理分析

目的 探讨脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化(sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation,SANT)的病理形态特征、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对3例脾脏SANT进行病理形态观察,免疫组化染色采用EnVision法,并对临床资料和术后随访情况进行分析讨论.结果 脾脏SANT具有特征性血管瘤样结节.病理学检查:(1)眼观病灶呈灰白色结节,边界清楚.(2)镜下见有其特征性血管瘤样结节.免疫组化显示结节内内皮细胞异质性表达,即小叶状分布毛细血管免疫表型为CD34、CD31均(+),CD8(-),窦岸样细胞免疫表型为CD34(-),CD31、CD8均(+);小静脉样血管免疫表型为CD34、CD8均(-),CD31(+);结节内梭形细胞混合表达CD31、SMA和CD68;结节间梭形细胞混合表达SMA和CD68.结节周围梭形细胞呈vimentin、SMA阳性反应,desmin和NSE均(-).术后随访,患者病变均复发和转移.结论 该病是一种罕见的脾脏良性病变,可能是一种增生性病变,与血管瘤出血坏死机化关系密切.需要与脾脏交界性或恶性肿瘤鉴别,鉴别诊断依靠病理组织学形态和免疫组化.     

脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化的临床病理特征

目的 探讨脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化(sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation,SANT)的临床病理特征、诊断和发生机制.方法 对5例脾脏SANT进行常规HE及免疫组化(SP法)观察并结合文献进行讨论.结果 眼观病变呈单发或多发性结节,边界清楚,切面斑彩状.显微镜下特征性的表现是多发性血管瘤样结节形成,其周围被增生的纤维组织包绕.结节中央为裂隙样、不规则形或略扩张的血管腔,内衬肿胀的内皮细胞.血管腔隙之间为梭形细胞和卵圆形细胞.结节周围的纤维化组织中有淋巴细胞、浆细胞和组织细胞浸润.免疫组化显示结节内毛细血管内皮细胞CD34和CD31(+),CD8(-);窦内皮细胞CD8和CD31(+),CD34(-);结节内的小静脉CD31(+),CD34和CD8(-);结节周围梭形细胞vimentin、SMA(+),desmin(-);其内的炎细胞CD68(+).其中1例伴发腹腔多发性钙化性纤维性肿瘤.结论 脾脏SANT是一种少见的特殊的脾脏血管病变,有其特征性的临床病理特征,可以伴发腹腔多发性钙化性纤维性肿瘤,预后良好,应注意与脾脏其他类型肿瘤及瘤样病变鉴别.     

外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤1例临床病理观察及文献复习

目的 探讨外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤的临床病理学特点、免疫组化特征及鉴别诊断.方法 对1例外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤进行组织学观察,行EnVision两步法免疫组化CD34、bcl-2、CD99、vimentin、CKpan、HMB-45、α-SMA、CD117、S-100蛋白、ER、PR、Ki-67染色及随访,并复习相关文献.结果 患者女,62岁.发现右侧外阴肿物4年余.眼观:肿瘤呈结节状,大小6 cm×5 cm×3 cm,切面灰白、实性,质韧.镜检:肿瘤由交替性分布的富于细胞和稀疏细胞区组成,梭形细胞呈束状、旋涡状或不规则状排列,部分与胶原纤维混杂,部分呈血管外皮瘤样结构.上皮样细胞有的围绕血管周围.细胞间细条索状、粗绳索样或疤痕样胶原纤维不规则性或石棉样的胶原物质沉积.瘤细胞CD34、bcl-2、CD99、vimentin均为阳性,CKpan、HMB-45、α-SMA、CD117、S-100蛋白、ER、PR均为阴性,Ki-67增殖指数<1%.结论 外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤罕见,应与该部位相似形态的病变和血管外皮瘤样的肿瘤相鉴别.     

树突状纤维黏液脂肪瘤6例临床病理分析并文献复习

目的:探讨树突状纤维黏液脂肪瘤(dendritic fibromyxolipoma,DFML)的临床病理特征.方法:收集6例DFML,分析其临床病理特征及免疫表型,并复习相关文献.结果:男4例,女2例,年龄27~73(平均50)岁;4例发生于肩、腰背部、大腿的体表,1例位于髂窝,1例位于肠系膜处.肿块均边界清楚或包膜完整.所有病例镜下特征相似,均由纤细的梭形细胞或星芒状细胞,混杂多少不等的成熟脂肪细胞组成,背景为黏液样间质及绳索或瘢痕样胶原纤维.6例病例梭形细胞和星状细胞vimentin,CD34弥漫强(+),3例Bcl-2(+),3例灶性(+);其中1例S-100灶性(+).结论:DFML是一种罕见的良性脂肪瘤,需与多种黏液样肿瘤鉴别,肿块需完整切除.     

巨细胞血管母细胞瘤的临床病理学研究

目的 探讨巨细胞血管母细胞瘤(GCAB)的临床病理学特征、影像学特点、免疫学表型及其鉴别诊断.方法 对1例15个月的男患儿发生于左侧胫骨、腓骨中上段的GCAB进行影像学、光镜观察和免疫组织化学标记.结果 X线片及CT片显示左侧胫骨、腓骨中上段骨病变,以胫骨改变明显,病变骨干明显增粗变形,髓腔内密度增高不均匀,骨皮质不规则增厚,骨内缘局部皮质缺损,邻近的软组织肿胀.镜下病变组织位于骨小梁之间,肿瘤组织呈结节状、梁索状或丛状聚集,瘤细胞卵圆形至梭形,散在胞质丰富、核仁明显的单核组织细胞样巨细胞及多核巨细胞;肿瘤组织内可辨认出数量不等的无或含有少量红细胞的微血管腔隙;部分瘤细胞呈同心圆样围绕在微血管腔隙周围并与周围间质胶原共同形成洋葱皮样外观.肿瘤间质疏松,其间为少量梭形纤维母细胞样细胞、星形间质细胞、单个核炎性细胞及散在的肥大细胞.免疫组织化学标记显示,卵圆形至梭形瘤细胞及巨细胞弥漫性强阳性表达波形蛋白;多数瘤细胞显著表达CD31及CD34,少数弱阳性表达第八因子相关抗原(FⅧRAg);单核组织细胞样巨细胞及多核巨细胞强阳性表达CD68,偶见个别巨细胞胞质内局灶性表达FⅧRAg;肿瘤实质内小血管腔隙周围瘤细胞显著表达α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA),其他部分瘤细胞呈弱阳性表达.结论 GCAB是一种罕见的发生于婴幼儿并具有独特形态学特征及局部具有侵袭性行为的血管源性肿瘤,不仅可发生于皮肤、黏膜、皮下及深部软组织,还可发生于骨内.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.