起源于三尖瓣环的特发性室性心律失常体表心电图特点及射频导管消融治疗

目的 评估起源于三尖瓣环的室性心动过速(室速)和室性早搏(室早)的体表心电图特点及射频导管消融治疗效果.方法 共12例特发性室速/室早患者接受常规电生理检查及射频导管消融治疗,对所有病例的12导联体表心电图进行分析.结果 12例室速/室早均消融成功,并证实均起源于三尖瓣环附近,7例起源于三尖瓣环游离壁侧,5例起源于三尖瓣环间隔侧.三尖瓣环游离壁侧室速/室早QRS波平均时限长于三尖瓣环间隔侧室速/室早;游离壁侧室速/室早比间隔侧室速/室早QRS终末部更多见切迹.间隔侧室速/室早比游离壁侧室速/室早V1导联更多见QS型.结论 起源于三尖瓣环的室速/室早是特发性室速/室早的一个亚组,射频导管消融治疗可取得良好效果,掌握其体表心电图特点有助于消融术前判定室速/室早具体起源部位.     

特发性室性心动过速射频消融治疗

治疗6例。3例左室特发性室速(ILVT)用激动顺序,射频消融均获成功,成功靶点均位于左室间隔中后部,在靶点处均记录到较QRS波提前(28.6±10.8)ms的P电位消融成功后P电位仍存在。3例右室特发性室速(IRVT)用起搏,在右室流出道游离壁处起搏,起搏12导联心电图QRS图形与自发性室速的     

左室乳头肌室早的V_1单导联定位法(196)

正左室乳头肌室早/室速是特发性室性心律失常的一种,其与起源于左室其他部位(例如分支、冠状窦口、流出道和二尖瓣环)室早/室速的形态相似,应用体表12导联心电图准确定位相对较困难。最近,Brice觡o等提出的V_1单导联定位法,有助于快速识别左室乳头肌室早。[定义]上述方法主要是指无器质性心脏病的患者,室早呈类右束支阻滞图形时,单用V1导联室早QRS波的形态及类本位曲折时限较短等特点,可以初步判定室早起源于左室乳头肌。[心电图表现及诊断标准]     

特发性室性心动过速的射频消融

目的对经射频消融术证实的特发性室性心动过速的病例进行总结分析,探讨室性心动过速的发病状况、心电图特点、消融靶点的确定及消融结果。方法对32例特发性室性心动过速的起源部位和体表心电图进行分析,所有患者在诱发出室性心动过速后进行射频消融治疗,观察特发性室性心动过速的射频消融成功率和复发率,以及它们和消融靶点的关系。结果右室特发性室性心动过速心电图表现为左束支传导阻滞,左室特发性室性心动过速心电图则多表现为右束支传导阻滞。消融靶点的确定右室特发性室性心动过速主要采用起搏标测法,左室特发性室性心动过速主要采用激动顺序标测法。右室流出道室速组在起搏标测起搏ECG和VT时ECG的12导联QRS波完全相同处消融成功率较高。结论室性心动过速发作时的体表心电图可初步估计特发性室性心动过速的起源部位,射频消融术治疗特发性室性心动过速成功率高、并发症少。     

特发性室性心动过速射频消融治疗的临床研究

目的 总结17例特发性室性心动过速射频消融方法和结果。方法 左室特发性室速(Idiopathic Left Ventricular Tachycardia,ILVT)16例,右室特发性室速(IdiopathicRight Ventricular Tachycardia,IRVT)1例,15例ILVT采用标测V波前最早浦肯野纤维电位(P电位)方法,1例因室速不能诱发的ILVT和1例IRVT采用起搏标测。射频消融按常规方法进行。结果 射频消融治疗ILVT成功率为87.5％,IL-VT均起源于左室间隔面,有效消融靶点处P电位较体表心电图QRS波起始点提前(29.6±11.2)ms(20～55ms)。IRVT1例射频消融成功,有效消融靶点处起搏时与心动过速时的12导联心电图QRS波形完全相同。无1例出现并发症。结论 射频消融术是治疗特发性室性心动过速的安全有效方法。     

特发性室性心动过速的射频消融

目的:对经射频消融术证实的特发性室性心动过速的病例进行总结分析,探讨室性心动过速的发病状况、心电图特点、消融靶点的确定及消融结果。方法:对68 例特发性室性心动过速的起源部位和体表心电图进行分析,所有患者在诱发出室性心动过速后进行射频消融治疗,观察特发性室性心动过速的射频消融成功率和复发率以及它们和消融靶点的关系。结果:本组特发性室性心动过速患者中右室室性心动过速较左室室性心动过速多见。右室特发性室性心动过速心电图表现为左束支传导阻滞,左室特发性室性心动过速心电图则多表现为右束支传导阻滞。消融靶点的确定右室特发性室性心动过速主要采用起搏标测法,左室特发性室性心动过速主要采用激动顺序标测法。右室流出道室速组在起搏标测时起搏ECG和VT时ECG的12导联QRS波完全相同处消融成功率较高。结论:室性心动过速发作时的体表心电图可初步估计特发性室性心动过速的起源部位,射频消融术治疗特发性室性心动过速成功率高,并发症少。     

射频导管消融特发性左心室流出道室性心动过速

目的 探讨特发性左心室流出道室性心动过速(室速)心电图特点及射频导管消融结果。方法 对5例未发现器质性心脏病的左心室流出道室速患者行12导联心电图、动态心电图、心内电生理检查及射频导管消融治疗。结果5例患者心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈R波；Ⅰ导联呈rs或QS波，振幅大于0．5mV；V1导联呈rs或RS波，胸前导联R波移行发生于V2～V3；aVR和aVL导联呈QS波，3例患者的消融靶点在左冠状窦口内，2例位于主动脉瓣下，随访6个月，无1例复发。结论 左心室流出道室速有特殊心电图表现，射频导管消融是首选的治疗措施。     

射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速疗效观察

目的 :评价射频消融术治疗特发性室性心动过速 (室速 )临床疗效。方法 :5 6例特发性室速患者中 ,34例左室特发性室速采用EPT小、中弯大头导管 (或Webstr小弯大头 ) ,在左室行激动顺序标测和消融 ,以P电位较QRS起点提前 2 0ms以上作为消融靶点。 2 2例右室流出道室速采用Webster加硬导管在右室流出道行起搏标测 ,以起搏时与心动过速时体表 12导联QRS形态完全相同或最接近处为消融靶点 ,成功标准为放电过程中心动过速终止且不能诱发。结果 :5 1例患者消融成功 ,成功率 91.1%。 34例左室特发性室速中 30例靶点位于左室间隔中下部 ,2例近左室心尖 ,1例左室流出道 ,1例位于间隔高位。 31例消融成功 ,1例失败 ,2例因导管到达间隔处机械刺激终止室速而不能再诱发 ,于终止室速处作为靶点射频消融 ,1例于术后第 2天、另 1例半年后室速复发。 2 2例右室流出道室速 ,16例位于流出道间隔侧 ,6例位于流出道游离侧壁。 19例起搏标测到与心动过速 12导联QRS形态完全相同靶点 ,1例形态接近 ,消融获成功。 2例未能诱发室速 ,射频消融 1个月心动过速重新出现 ,所有患者无并发症出现。结论 :射频消融术对特发性室速是一种安全有效的治疗方法 ,可作为首选治疗。电生理未诱发室速或机械刺激终止室速不宜尝试射频消融治疗。     

左束支阻滞型特发性室性心动过速的心电图特征对射频消融成功的影响初探

对心电图呈左束支阻滞型的特发性室性心动过速 (简称室速 )的临床特点和心电图进行分析 ,以了解哪些因素可以预测此类患者从右室流出道行射频消融的成功率。对 2 6例特发性室速的患者进行电生理检查和射频消融手术 ,全部患者室速时的心电图呈左束支阻滞。结果 :2 6例中 ,2 2例于右室流出道进行了成功消融 ,成功和未成功消融的患者临床特征和电生理无明显区别 ,成功消融的患者中胸前V1 导联心电图呈rS型 (1 2例 )和QS型 (1 0例 ) ,而 4例未成功者 ,V1 导联均呈rS型 ,其中 2例经主动脉于左冠状窦消融成功。在成功与未成功消融患者中 ,V1 导联有无R波无明显区别 ,但V1 导联无R波预示室速可以从右室流出道成功消融 ,成功消融的室速患者胸前导联的平均移行区在V4导联 ,而未成功患者胸前导联的移行区在V3 或V2 导联。结论 :某些心电图呈左束支阻滞 ,且额面电轴正常或右偏的特发性室速患者不能成功从右室流出道消融 ,V1 导联有r波且移行区在V3 导联或之前者提示此类心电图特征的室速可能非起源于右室流出道 ,部分可能起源于左室流出道     

起源于主动脉窦与二尖瓣环交界处的室性心律失常心电图特征及射频消融

目的研究起源于主动脉窦与二尖瓣环交界处(AMC)室性心律失常的心电图特点及射频消融。方法观察6例起源于AMC的室性心律失常患者心电图特征及射频消融。结果 41例室性心律失常患者成功完成射频消融并且证实其起源部位,其中6例起源于AMC。仅有起源于AMC的室性心律失常心电图表现为右束支传导阻滞,QRS波电轴右偏,V1～V6导联中见到R或Rs波形,下壁导联振幅较高,Ⅰ导联呈Rs或rs形,RⅡ/RⅢ<1。三维激动扩布图可见始于AMC的波阵扩布,随后沿AMC传导至主动脉根部及左室,成功靶点消融时间短于左、右室流出道室性心律失常。结论室性心律失常时V1～V6出现R或Rs波形提示其起源于AMC,射频消融治疗安全、有效。     

心室流出道频发室性早搏、室性心动过速的心电图特征及射频消融治疗

目的探讨心室流出道频发室性早搏和/或室性心动过速的心电图特征及射频消融治疗的有效性及安全性。方法对14例(13例右心室流出道频发室性早搏和/或室性心动过速,1例左心室流出道频发室性早搏)的心电图特征进行分析并行射频消融治疗。结果右心室流出道室性早搏及室性心动过速体表12导联心电图QRS波特征:Ⅰ导联呈rs、m、QS及R型,aVRa、VL均呈QS型,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V5-6导联均呈单向R波型,胸前导联R波移行区常在V3、V3导联之后,V1、V2导联R高度/S高度比值常<0.3。左心室流出道频发室性早搏和/或室性心动过速的QRS波特征与右心室流出道频发室性早搏和/或室性心动过速类似,但其胸前导联R波移行区常在V2导联之前,V1、V2导联(尤其V2导联)R高度/S高度比值常≥0.8。13例消融成功,手术操作时间45~156min,X线曝光时间8~28min。术后随访2~36个月,无复发病例。结论起源于心室流出道的频发室性早搏和/或室性心动过速有其独特的心电图表现,射频消融治疗能安全、有效地根治此类心律失常。     

Electrocardiographic predictors of successful ablation of tachycardia or bigeminy arising in the right ventricular outflow tract

Among various electrocardiographic variables, the QRS duration in V2 was found to be the best discriminator of outcome in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation of the right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia and/or bigeminy. If the QRS duration is <160 ms in lead V2, the probability of successful ablation is lower than if the QRS duration is longer.     

Outflow tract tachycardia with R/S transition in lead V3: six different anatomic approaches for successful ablation

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze different anatomic mapping approaches for successful ablation of outflow tract tachycardia with R/S transition in lead V(3). BACKGROUND: Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia can originate from different areas in the outflow tract, including the right and left ventricular endocardium, the epicardium, the pulmonary artery, and the aortic sinus of Valsalva. Although electrocardiographic criteria may be helpful in predicting the area of origin, sometimes the focus is complex to determine, especially when QRS transition in precordial leads is in V(3). METHODS: We analyzed surface electrocardiograms of 33 successfully ablated patients with outflow tract tachycardia: 20 from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and 13 from different sites. The R/S transition was determined, and the different anatomic approaches needed for successful catheter ablation were studied. RESULTS: Overall, R/S transition in lead V(3) was present in 19 (58%) of all patients. In these patients, mapping was started and successfully completed in the RVOT in 11 of 19 (58%) patients. The remaining eight patients with R/S transition in lead V(3) needed five additional anatomic accesses for successful ablation: from the left ventricular outflow tract (n = 3), aortic sinus of Valsalva (n = 2), coronary sinus (n = 1), the epicardium via pericardial puncture (n = 1), and the trunk of the pulmonary artery (n = 1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A R/S transition in lead V(3) is common. In patients with outflow tract tachycardia with R/S transition in lead V(3), a stepwise endocardial and epicardial mapping through up to six anatomic approaches can lead to successful radiofrequency catheter ablation.     

Repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia originating from the aortic sinus cusp: electrocardiographic characterization for guiding catheter ablation

OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the electrocardiographic (ECG) characteristics for guiding catheter ablation in patients with repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (RMVT) originating from the aortic sinus cusp (ASC). BACKGROUND: Repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia can originate from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and ASC in patients with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology and an inferior axis. METHODS: Activation mapping and ECG analysis was performed in 15 patients with RMVT or ventricular premature contractions. The left main coronary artery (LMCA) was cannulated as a marker and for protection during radiofrequency delivery if RMVT originated from the left coronary ASC. RESULTS: During arrhythmia, the earliest ventricular activation was recorded from the superior septal RVOT in eight patients (group 1) and from the ASC in the remaining seven patients (group 2). The indexes of R-wave duration and R/S-wave amplitude were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (31.8+/-13.5% vs. 58.3+/-12.1% and 14.9+/-9.9% vs. 56.7+/-29.5%, respectively; p < 0.01), despite similar QRS morphology. In five patients from group 2, RMVT originated from the left ASC, with a mean distance of 12.2+/-3.2 mm (range 7.3 to 16.1) below the ostium of the LMCA. In the remaining two patients, the RMVT origin was in the right ASC. All arrhythmias were successfully abolished. None of the patients had recurrence or complications during 9+/-3 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: On the surface ECG, RMVT from the ASC has a QRS morphology similar to that of RVOT arrhythmias. The indexes of R-wave duration and R/S-wave amplitude can be used to differentiate between the two origins. Radiofrequency ablation can be safely performed within the left ASC with a catheter cannulating the LMCA.     

Dynamic Changes of QRS Morphology of Premature Ventricular Contractions During Ablation in the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: A Case Report

Electrocardiographic characteristics can be useful in differentiating between right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and aortic sinus cusp (ASC) ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular arrhythmias originating from ASC, however, show preferential conduction to RVOT that may render the algorithms of electrocardiographic characteristics less reliable. Even though there are few reports describing ventricular arrhythmias with ASC origins and endocardial breakout sites of RVOT, progressive dynamic changes in QRS morphology of the ventricular arrhythmias during ablation obtained were rare.This case report describes a patient with symptomatic premature ventricular contractions of left ASC origin presenting an electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristic of right ventricular outflow tract before ablation. Pacing at right ventricular outflow tract reproduced an excellent pace map. When radiofrequency catheter ablation was applied to the right ventricular outflow tract, the QRS morphology of premature ventricular contractions progressively changed from ECG characteristics of right ventricular outflow tract origin to ECG characteristics of left ASC origin.Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation was achieved at the site of the earliest ventricular activation in the left ASC. The distance between the successful ablation site of the left ASC and the site with an excellent pace map of the RVOT was 20 mm.The findings could be strong evidence for a preferential conduction via the myocardial fibers from the ASC origin to the breakout site in the right ventricular outflow tract. This case demonstrates that ventricular arrhythmias with a single origin and exit shift may exhibit QRS morphology changes.     

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia Including Ventricular Tachycardia from the Aortic Cusps and Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia

Idiopathic outflow tract ventricular tachycardia (VT) can arise from the right (RVOT) or left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). The electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern of RVOT VT is typical in most patients, showing a monomorphic left bundle branch block (LBBB) QRS morphology with an inferior axis. Radiofrequency catheter ablation can be performed with a high success rate and provides a curative therapeutic approach. However, not all VTs with LBBB and inferior axis can be ablated from the RVOT. It has become apparent that LVOT VTs including VT originating from the aortic sinus of Valsalva or epicardium represent underrecognized VT entities which are also amenable to successful catheter ablation. Twelve-lead ECG criteria can contribute to distinguish between sites of VT origin.LVOT arrhythmias represent an increasingly recognized VT entity which can be safely and successfully treated by catheter ablation. Identification of VT origin using ECG criteria and differentiation of LVOT versus RVOT origin is essential in the careful planning of the ablation strategy.     

Ablation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia by bipolar radiofrequency current application between the left aortic sinus and the left ventricle.

BACKGROUND: Failure to ablate idiopathic ventricular outflow tract tachycardia by radiofrequency current is not uncommon and suggests that non-standard approaches may be required to map and suppress idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmias in some patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Left and right ventricular activation and pace mapping proved inadequate for radiofrequency application in a patient with idiopathic ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. Presystolic activity was recorded at the left aortic sinus of Valsalva, and the QRS complex recorded at this location during pacing showed few differences compared with that recorded during tachycardia. Radiofrequency current application at this site transiently suppressed the tachycardia. Following new mapping of the left ventricle outflow tract, radiofrequency application just below the aortic valve in close proximity to the previous aortic application site transiently abolished the arrhythmia. Finally, bipolar radiofrequency application between the distal electrode of the aortic catheter and the distal electrode of a second catheter placed in the left ventricular subaortic area permanently suppressed the tachycardia. CONCLUSION: Bipolar radiofrequency application between the aortic sinus of Valsalva and the left ventricle could be an alternative approach in occasional patients with idiopathic ventricular outflow tract tachycardia resistant to conventional left ventricular and aortic root unipolar radiofrequency application.     

Successful catheter ablation of left ventricular epicardial tachycardia originating from the great cardiac vein: a case report and review of the literature.

A patient underwent radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation for a drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia, but RF energy application at an endocardial site of the left ventricular outflow tract and at the left sinus of Valsalva could not eliminate the tachycardia. The earliest ventricular activation during the arrhythmia, which preceded the onset of the QRS complex by 32 ms, was found within the great cardiac vein and complete elimination of the tachycardia was finally achieved with RF application at that site.     

Idiopathic monomorphic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left aortic sinus cusp in children: endocardial mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia with an inferior axis and left bundle branch block pattern typically originates from the superior right ventricular outflow tract. When indicated, radiofrequency catheter ablation is usually safe and effective. However, a left ventricular origin has been described recently in adult patients in whom ablation attempts in the right ventricular outflow tract were unsuccessful. Experience in pediatric patients is limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Since 1998, 13 young patients suffering from symptomatic ventricular tachycardia episodes with an inferior axis and left bundle branch block pattern underwent an electrophysiological study and radiofrequency catheter ablation. In 2 patients, age 13 and 15 years, no endocardial local electrograms preceding the surface ECG QRS complex could be recorded within the right ventricular outflow tract during ventricular ectopy. Detailed mapping within the left ventricular outflow tract and in the aortic root revealed local electrograms 25 and 53 ms earlier than the QRS complex and a 11/12 and 12/12 lead match during pacing inferior and anterior to the ostium of the left main coronary artery in the left aortic sinus cusp. Earliest activation was recorded 10 and 12 mm away from the coronary artery ostium identified angiographically. In each of the patients, one single radiofrequency current application (60 degrees C, 30 W, duration 30 and 60 s, respectively) resulted in complete cessation of ventricular ectopy. Subsequent selective injection into the left coronary artery did not reveal any abnormalities. During follow-up (2 and 34 months) off any antiarrhythmic drugs, both of the patients are in continuous normal sinus rhythm. CONCLUSION: In young patients with symptomatic idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left aortic sinus cusp, radiofrequency catheter ablation was safe and effective.     

Treatment of ventricular tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy by transcatheter radiofrequency ablation.

Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia was successfully performed in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction 38%) and a long history of repetitive palpitations. Holter monitoring showed ventricular tachycardia that had a left bundle branch block QRS configuration with inferior axis deviation and was present for about one third of the daytime hours. At electrophysiological testing, ventricular tachycardia was reproduced by isoprenaline infusion. Radiofrequency energy delivered to the right ventricular outflow tract was successful at preventing the induction of ventricular tachycardia. Left ventricular ejection fraction had improved from 38% to 48% one month after ablation. During the follow up period of one year the patient remained free from arrhythmia on no medication. The ejection fraction was 61% one year after ablation. This report confirms that dilated cardiomyopathy can be induced by ventricular tachycardia and demonstrates that dilated cardiomyopathy can be reversed if the tachycardia is abolished by radiofrequency catheter ablation.