等离子渗Mo提高TiAl基合金高温氧化性能的研究

研究了等离子渗Mo处理对Ti-46.5Al-1.0V-2.5Cr(原子分数)合金抗高温氧化性能的影响.结果表明,等离子渗Mo处理能显著提高TiAl基合金的抗高温氧化能力,归因于TiAl基合金经等离子渗Mo处理后在表面形成成分含Ti-Al-Mo的致密合金层,该致密合金层具有良好的抗高温氧化性能.     

锰系奥氏体钢的发展及前景(二)

<正>关于有序及簇聚结构Dastur的动态应变时效观点能够较好地解释高锰钢的加工硬化规律,但这一观点的核心是塑变过程中形成有序的C—Mn原子对,这一模型还没有获得直接的实验证实.按余氏固体与分子经验电子理论,高锰钢中的锰原子有较大的机率占据奥氏体的面心位置,而铁原子则趋于占据立方晶胞的顶角,对于处于面心晶胞体心位置的C原子,这种结构正好形成天然的C—Mn原子对(图2),其组合就形成有序的簇聚结构.问题是对于含Mn12%左右,含C1%左右的高锰钢而言,平均约2个晶胞中才有一个Mn原子.5个晶胞中才有一个C原子,这就将晶胞分为不含含金晶胞、含Mn晶胞、含C晶胞和含Mn—C晶胞,按照现代合金成分微观不均匀理论~(16)产生这种微观偏聚是可能的.可以将动态应变时效过程中有序结构的形成看成是     

TiAl基合金的离子表面Nb-C复合渗研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术对TiAl基合金进行离子Nb-C复合渗处理,通过研究源极电压与工件电压对渗层显微组织及其厚度的影响,确定合理的工艺参数.试验结果表明,源极电压和阴极电压电位差为250 V,TiAl基合金经过Nb-C复合渗后可在表面形成紧密较厚的Nb-C合金层,其表面硬度达HV1 150.     

45钢表面铬、硼、碳三元铸渗层的组织和硬度

以硼铁、石墨、高碳铬铁粉为原料,采用涂料法在45钢铸件表面制备硼、铬和碳三元铸渗层,研究了不同的涂料配比对表面铸渗层组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:表面铸渗层主要由马氏体、Cr23C6、Fe-Cr、Fe23(C,B)6和Fe3C等相组成,使铸件表面的硬度提高了近3倍;涂料的最佳配比为w(Cr)∶w(B)∶w(C)=80∶10∶10。     

0Cr18Ni9钢表面等离子铌合金化层的显微组织和摩擦磨损性能

采用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢表面制备出厚度为22μm均匀致密的渗铌合金化层;分析了合金化层的成分、显微组织及其摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:铌合金化层主要由铌的碳化物(NbC、Nb6C5)和金属间化合物(Cr2Nb、Fe2Nb)组成,表面硬度较基体提高一倍左右,达到614 HV0.025;合金化层的摩擦因数(8.05×10-2)与基体的(7.97×10-2)基本相同;基体和合金化层均以粘着磨损和磨粒磨损为主要磨损形式,合金化层的磨损率较基体的明显降低。     

γ-TiAl合金表面粉末包埋渗铝改性层的组织与高温抗氧化性能

采用粉末包埋渗金属技术在γ-TiAl合金表面制备出一层渗铝改性层,对改性层的表面形貌、元素分布规律及相组成进行了检测与分析,并试验研究了改性层在850℃静态空气中的抗氧化性能。结果表明:改性层均匀致密,无明显的贯穿裂纹,主要组成相为TiAl3;在850℃静态空气中恒温氧化100h后,表面氧化层主要由Al2O3、TiAl3、TiAl2相组成,改性层显著提高了γ-TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能。     

Ti_2AlNb粉末与Ti/Al纳米叠层箔带混合烧结高温微叠层材料的微观结构

为了探索研制一种工作温度700~750℃,而且室温塑性较好的钛基高温合金,使用Ti/Al纳米叠层箔带和Ti_2AlNb合金粉末作为原料,在1 473 K,30 MPa,1.5 h的热压条件下直接混合烧结,制备出新型钛铝系金属间化合物高温微叠层材料(TiAl+Ti_2AlNb)样品,其中,Ti/Al纳米叠层箔带在热压烧结过程中的放热反应促进了样品烧结致密化。采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能谱仪(Energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)研究烧结产物相组成及显微结构的影响,并测试微区的显微硬度。结果表明,不同混合方式配比热压烧结体的相组成结构比较相似,烧结体内部主要形成了组织渐变的Ti_2AlNb/Ti_2Al(Nb)/TiAl显微结构,并且通过XRD也检测到了Ti_3Al相。破碎的Ti/Al纳米叠层材料和Ti_2AlNb合金粉末在热压烧结后,以扩散反应形成的Ti∶Al∶Nb大约为1∶1∶1的TiAl(Nb)相,其硬度最高(605.85 HV),由Ti/Al纳米叠层箔带生成并保留下来的TiAl相,其硬度最低(251.11 HV)。     

TiAl基合金砂带精密磨削表面完整性研究

针对TiAl基合金塑性低、脆性大、表面可加工性差等问题,采用正交试验对TiAl基合金的砂带磨削表面完整性进行研究。总结归纳TiAl基合金砂带磨削材料去除率和表面质量的影响因素,通过灰色关联法得到正交试验的最优工艺参数为A3B3C2D2。采用最优工艺参数对TiAl基合金进行砂带磨削,分析TiAl基合金砂带磨削磨粒磨损过程,对磨削前后工件的表面形貌进行分析。结果表明砂带磨削对TiAl基合金的磨削加工效果好,可用于TiAl基合金表面的精密加工。本文研究为TiAl基合金表面精密加工提供了新的加工方法。     

钢的气体渗炭法

任何一种化学热处理,都是由两个阶段所组成。第一阶段是零件表面吸收原子状态的炭,第二阶段是原子状态的炭向钢内部进行扩散。 气体渗炭是用渗炭剂苯滴入高温的炉内,分解成甲烷CH4及一氧化碳CO。这两种气体都能析出原子状态的活性炭,其反应式如下: CH42H2+C2COCO2+C 这原子状态的C原子与奥斯体的铁接触时,即发生作用而形成Fe3C: 3Fe+C=Fe3C 表面含C是逐渐增浓,C原子就向金属里面移动,形成扩散作用。 气体渗炭与固休渗炭,比较有着较多的优点,主要是渗炭过程进行得快,渗炭时间相应地缩短,气体渗炭时的劳动条件比普通渗炭时大大地改善…     

NH4Cl对TiAl基合金渗氮的影响

介绍了NH4Cl对TiAl基合金渗氮的影响以及渗氮后其渗层的组织特点。结果表明，在一定的温度和时间范围内，NH4Cl对TiAl基合金渗氮有显著的催化作用，主要表现在渗层厚度的增加、渗氮速率的提升和合金表面显微硬度值的增大。     

Analysis on formation mechanism of ultra-smooth surfaces in atmospheric pressure plasma polishing

Atmospheric pressure plasma polishing (APPP) is developed for the final finishing of high quality ultra-smooth surfaces. To improve surface quality, formation mechanism of ultra-smooth surfaces in APPP is studied. Quantum chemistry simulation is used to investigate the interaction between atoms. Simulation of single Si-F bonding process indicates 0.2 eV difference of binding energy between convex and concave models, which reflects the reaction probability of convex structure is higher than that of concave structure. By comparing the spatial atomic configuration and species diffusion path, it is also demonstrated convex topography should be removed faster than concave topography. So roughness of optical surfaces can be reduced further to form ultrasmooth surfaces. And experimental results accord well with theoretical analysis. Detected by atomic force microscopy every 40 s, the average maximum height of surface is testified to decrease faster than the maximum depth obviously, which makes the whole surface going toward a new equilibrium status with lower roughness. Another experiment proves the average surface roughness decreases from Ra 4.529 to 0.926 nm after 100 s continuous machining. And the stereo images also indicate obvious improvement of surface topography. Moreover, free outmost electron is proved to be helpful to promote chemical reaction by simulation, so fresh surfaces may be more favorable for APPP which makes sample preparation more purposeful.     

The preparation of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy specimens of Nb/Al multilayer thin films on sapphire substrates

We have developed a technique for preparation of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples of reacted and unreacted Nb/al multilayer thin films on sapphire substrates. The choice of substrate was found to be extremely important. Sapphire sputters more slowly than Nb and Nb-compounds and therefore makes it possible to obtain the electron transparent regions in the thin films rather than in the substrate. However, the brittle nature of the sapphire restricts the types of thinning techniques that can be used, requiring extensive ion thinning as a final stage.     

Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb钛铝化合物的韧化和氧化抗力研究

在ＴｉＡｌ合金中添加过渡族合金元素，观测了其微观组织和结构，测定了室温弯曲性能和高温氧化性能，研究了改善塑性及提高其高温氧化抗力的因素。试验结果表明，与单相γ－ＴｉＡｌ不同，添加过渡族元素Ｃｒ、Ｎｂ的Ｔｉ－４８Ａｌ－２Ｃｒ－２Ｎｂ钛铝化合物所形成的双相或等轴γ和α２／γ片层状双态组织，改善了脆性γ－ＴｉＡｌ合金的室温塑性，使弯曲强度达４９０ＭＰａ，弯曲挠度为０．３９ｍｍ；；大量层错带和变形孪晶的形成是室温变形的主要机制。另外，在高温下，钛铝化合物的表面由表及里形成了不易剥落的ＴｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３及ＴｉＯ２＋Ａｌ２Ｏ３三层氧化层，连续、致密的Ａｌ２Ｏ３层是提高氧化抗力的重要原因     

Single atomic layer detection of Ca and defect characterization of Bi-2212 with EELS in HA-ADF STEM

By forming a small electron probe in a scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with a high-angle annular dark-field (HA-ADF) detector, the Bi-O atomic planes in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+delta) (Bi-2212) can be directly observed with the incoherent Z-contrast imaging technique. Using a combination of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and HA-ADF imaging, we were able to detect the Ca signals from individual Ca atomic planes in this structure, so that the Ca distribution could be probed within individual unit cells. This high-spatial-resolution EELS technique has been successfully applied to characterize planar defects such as the half-unit cell intergrowth of Bi-2201 on the nanometer scale. Present results show that EELS, in conjunction with high-resolution HA-ADF imaging, provides a powerful tool to study chemical and structural nature of this material on the atomic scale.     

Investigation of the site occupation of atoms in pure and doped TiAl/Ti3Al intermetallic

Dual-phase TiAl/Ti3Al-alloys consisting of a lamellar structure, comprising gamma-phase plus a small amount of alpha2-phase, with addition of 1, 5 and 10at% Nb were prepared. The samples were investigated by means of field ion microscopy (FIM) and atom probe tomography (APT). The influence of doping elements on the variation of field evaporation and microstructural parameters in the gamma-phase as studied by FIM and APT will be reported in this contribution. The intermetallic gamma-Phase of TiAl exhibits a L1(0)-structure, which has alternating Ti- and Al-planes in the [001]-superstructure direction. Because of the significant difference in the evaporation field strengths of Ti and Al, it is usually not possible to directly distinguish Ti- and Al-planes in this direction in the APT data. Therefore, it is not possible to assign Nb to any plane, as well. To solve this problem an algorithm, using statistical methods, was developed, which allows to inherently distinguish the planes. A comparison of the results for [100]- and [001]-directions shows that Nb prefers Ti-sites. The sequence of field evaporation field strengths, which follows the trend E(Nb) > E(Al) > E(Ti), could also be deduced.     

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy microstructure characterization of mechanically alloyed Nb–Ti–Al alloys

Results are presented of an investigation of the microstructure development during mechanical alloying and following consolidation of an Nb15Ti15Al alloy. The alloy was synthesized from elemental as well as pre‐alloyed powders. The microstructure of this material was examined by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The use of pre‐alloyed TiAl powder for synthesis of the Nb15Ti15Al alloy meant that a much shorter time was required to complete the mechanical alloying process compared with the synthesis of elemental powders. The investigation indicates that three phases were present in the consolidated materials: the Nb solid solution, the Nb₃Al intermetallic phase and the dispersoid.     

马鞍面件多道次多点模具成形数值模拟

通过对马鞍面件多道次多点模具成形的有限元数值模拟,阐述了多道次多点模具成形数值模拟的关键技术,并与单工步多点模具成形进行比较,分析了马鞍面件的成形过程,研究了不同曲率半径步长对成形结果的影响.结果表明:多道次多点模具成形与单工步多点模具成形相比改善了板材的受力状况,达到了消除变形集中的目的;多道次多点模具成形时,随着曲率半径步长的减小,板料厚度分布越来越均匀,不易形成集中失稳.     

One step positive approach for sheet metal forming simulation based on quasi-conjugate-gradient method

In one step inverse finite element approach, an initial blank shape is normally predicted from the final deformed shape. The final deformed shape needs to be trimmed into a final part after stamping, the trimmed area, therefore, needs to be compensated manually before using one step inverse approach, which causes low efficiency and in consistency with the real situation. To solve this problem, one step positive approach is proposed to simulate the sheet metal stamping process. Firstly the spatial initial solution of one step positive method is preliminarily obtained by using the mapping relationship and area coordinates, then based on the deformation theory the iterative solving is carried out in three-dimensional coordinate system by using quasi-conjugate-gradient method. During iterative process the contact judgment method is introduced to ensure that the nodes on the spatial initial solution are not separated from die surface. The predicted results of sheet metal forming process that include the shape and thickness of the stamped part can be obtained after the iterative solving process. The validity of the proposed approach is verified by comparing the predicted results obtained through the proposed approach with those obtained through the module of one step inverse approach in Autoform and the real stamped part. In one step positive method, the stamped shape of regular sheet can be calculated fast and effectively. During the iterative solution, the quasi-conjugate-gradient method is proposed to take the place of solving system of equations, and it can improve the stability and precision of the algorithm.     

Nb含量对制氢转化炉管HP合金组织转变规律影响的研究

离心铸造的HP40和HP40-Nb合金被广泛用作制氢转化炉炉管材料,通常管壁温度可高达1000℃。通过观察HP40和HP40-Nb合金在原始铸态和高温状态下的显微组织,研究了不同Nb含量对合金共晶组织稳定性的影响。采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪研究了炉管材料的显微组织和相结构。研究结果表明:在碳含量0.4%左右的HP合金中,Nb含量0.210%~0.357%时主要起到固溶强化作用,共晶碳化物主要是M7C3,仅有少量的富Nb共晶MC散布在晶界上;当Nb含量0.89%~1.55%时,HP40-Nb原始铸态组织中析出了富Cr的M7C3碳化物和富Nb共晶MC。对于高温状态下的HP40-Nb合金,在晶界和枝晶间形成的富Nb共晶的MC提高了原始共晶组织的稳定性,使得炉管材料的使用温度可向高温推移。     

基于反馈校正的WLAN与PDR融合定位方法研究*

在智能手机作为终端的室内定位系统中,基于WLAN的指纹定位和行人航位推算定位(PDR)是较为常用的方法。WLAN定位方式能够进行独立定位,但稳定性差;PDR定位短时间内稳定性好,但易产生累积误差且不能进行独立定位。针对上述问题,本文通过分析两种定位方式的误差特点,提出一种基于反馈校正的融合定位方法。该方法主要分为两个过程:基于自适应粒子分布的信息融合过程和基于融合信息的PDR自适应线性反馈校正过程。利用提出的融合方法,可以很好地解决一般融合方法所存在的定位结果稳定性差的问题。实验数据表明,本文提出的融合定位方法对最终的定位结果有较大的改善效果。