甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对4种非靶生物毒性及安全性评价

测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对4种有代表性的非靶生物蜜蜂、鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕的急性毒性，并进行了安全性评价。试验结果表明，甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对蜜蜂触杀LD50（48h）为0．009064μg／蜂，胃毒LC50（48h）为1．024mg／L，对雌、雄鹌鹑LC50（7d）为35．92、38．53mg／kg，对斑马鱼LC50（96h）为0．2390mg／L，对家蚕LD50（96h）为0．01109mg／kg桑叶。该农药对蜜蜂、鹌鹑、斑马鱼毒性均为高毒级，对家蚕毒性为特高毒级。此项工作为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的合理使用提供了科学依据。     

30%毒氟磷可湿性粉剂对环境生物的毒性与安全性评价

[目的]为顺利实现30%毒氟磷可湿性粉剂在今后农业生产中的广泛推广,参照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的规定,进行了30%毒氟磷可湿性粉剂对环境有益生物鱼、蜂、鸟、蚕的急性毒性测定,并对其进行环境安全性评价。[结果]30%毒氟磷可湿性粉剂对鱼96 h的LC50值为12.4 mg/L,对蜂48 h的LC50>5 000 mg/L,对鸟7 d的LD50>450 mg/kg体质量,对2龄家蚕胃杀毒性LC50>5 000 mg/kg桑叶。[结论]30%毒氟磷可湿性粉剂对鱼类、蜂类、鸟类、家蚕均为低毒,实际风险为零。     

50%氟吗啉+乙膦铝防治葡萄霜霉病田间示范试验

田间示范试验结果表明：50％氟吗啉 乙膦铝可湿性粉剂防治葡萄霜霉病效果较好,50％氟吗啉 乙膦铝可湿性粉剂l000mg／L、667mg／L两个浓度处理的防效分别为93．0％、90．2％。69％烯酰吗啉 代森锰锌颗粒剂1380mg／L防效为84．5％。72％霜脲氰 代森锰锌可湿性粉剂1440mg/L。防效为82．8％。     

乙唑螨腈的杀螨活性及对家蚕的安全性评价

[目的]明确乙唑螨腈对害螨的杀螨活性及对家蚕的安全性。[方法]采用Potter喷雾塔喷雾叶碟法测定了30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨的毒力,并以食下毒叶法评价了其对家蚕的毒性。[结果]30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对2种害螨的成螨具有较高的致死性,LC_(50)值分别为0.093、0.348 mg/L。30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对家蚕急性毒性用23.44～3000 mg/L处理的2～5龄起蚕分别各添食1个龄期后未见中毒蚕,且各龄期家蚕食桑正常。慢性毒性用93.75～3000 mg/L药液分别处理3龄家蚕至上蔟结茧,各处理质量浓度对家蚕3龄龄期经过无影响,但1500～3000 mg/L药液处理的4龄期家蚕与对照相比延迟0.16～0.62 d,其他4个处理质量浓度比对照提前0.3 d;750～3000 mg/L处理的5龄期家蚕与对照相比延迟0.62～3.97 d,其他3个处理质量浓度比对照提前0.36～1.3 d;其中1500～3000 mg/L处理的家蚕分别于4龄期和5龄期后陆续出现大小蚕,眠起不齐,且眠中出现体缩、难脱皮等轻微中毒症状,至5龄上蔟前累计死亡率分别为4.05%～35.14%。[结论]乙唑螨腈对2种害螨的活性较好,且对家蚕毒性较低;其家蚕试验质量浓度在超过田间推荐质量浓度750～3000 mg/L时才对家蚕具有慢性累积毒性,同时影响家蚕的生长发育及经济性状;但低于推荐剂量375 mg/L时对家蚕的经济性状不存在显著性影响,可在桑园里推广使用。     

杀菌剂氟吗啉和多菌灵对蚯蚓的急性毒性

采用自然土和OECD标准人工土研究了氟吗啉和多菌灵对蚯蚓的急性毒性，并对试验过程中蚯蚓的中毒症状和形态、行为变化进行了观察。结果表明，氟吗啉在自然土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为592．73mg／kg，95％置信区间为562．41～623．80mg／kg；氟吗啉在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为318．79mg／kg，95％置信区间为181．63-543．79mg／kg。多菌灵在自然土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为26．53mg／kg，95％置信区间为15．98-42．93mg／kg；多菌灵在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为5．57mg／kg，95％置信区间为2．48～11．83mg／kg。依据农药对蚯蚓的毒性等级划分标准，氟吗啉在自然土壤和人工土壤中对蚯蚓的毒性均为低毒级；多菌灵在自然土壤中对蚯蚓的毒性为低毒级，而在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的毒性为中毒级。     

几种稻田用药对家蚕安全性探讨

以家蚕幼虫为测试对象,采用平皿反盖法测试了几种稻田常用杀虫剂的熏蒸毒力,采用浸叶法测试了胃毒毒力。试验结果表明,20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC、5%氟虫腈SC、50%烯啶虫胺SG对家蚕胃毒毒力都很高,但几乎都没有熏蒸毒力;5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐WP、48%毒死蜱EC等对家蚕的胃毒毒力和熏蒸毒力都很高;25%吡蚜酮WP对家蚕胃毒毒力和熏蒸毒力都极低。试验结果可为稻桑混作地区家蚕饲养期选用稻田杀虫剂提供参考。     

不同剂型的毒死蜱对家蚕的急性毒性评价

为明确毒死蜱对家蚕的安全性,采用浸叶法测定了4种不同剂型的毒死蜱对家蚕的毒性及其对家蚕中毒症状的观察统计。结果表明:45%毒死蜱乳油、15%毒死蜱颗粒剂、25%毒死蜱微乳剂和36%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂对2龄家蚕96 h的LC_(50)值分别是0.176 mg/L、0.452 mg/L、1.76 mg/L和2.84 mg/L;45%毒死蜱乳油和15%毒死蜱颗粒剂为剧毒,25%毒死蜱微乳剂和36%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂为高毒,其中微囊悬浮剂对家蚕的毒性最小。经药剂处理后,家蚕的中毒症状主要有吐液、侧卧以及体色发黑。虽然4种不同剂型中毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂毒性最小,但其仍属于高毒,因此,建议毒死蜱远离桑园及桑园附近农田使用,尤其是家蚕饲养盛期。     

牛心朴子生物活性的初步研究

测定了牛心朴子石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物、生物碱、非生物碱5部分杀虫、抑菌、除草活性。结果表明，供试样品中尤以生物碱活性最高，浓度为5％时，生物碱对粘虫3龄幼虫没有明显的触杀和胃毒活性，但有强烈的拒食活性；浓度为500mg／L时，生物碱对烟草赤星病菌、小麦根腐病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌及玉米大斑病菌等8种病菌抑制活性最低也达到了85．6％；浓度为1mg／L时，生物碱对反枝苋主茎及主根生长抑制率分别达到了84．2％和85．4％。     

几种杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性评价研究

采用食下毒叶法测定25％吡虫啉WP、4．5％高效氯氰菊酯SC、40％丙·辛EC、40％敌百·氧乐果EC、20％氯氟氰·氯胺磷EC以及45％松脂酸钠SP农药对家蚕的急性毒性,并根据其毒性范围进行分级,评价其对环境的安全性。试验结果表明：4．5％高效氯氰菊酯SC对家蚕LC50〈0．5mg／kg,属于剧毒级;25％吡虫啉WP、40％丙·辛EC和20％氯氟氰·氯胺磷EC对家蚕LC50在0．5～20mg／ks之间,属于高毒级农药;40％敌百·氧乐果EC对家蚕200mg／kg〉LCso〉20mg／kg,属于中毒农药。5种化学杀虫剂的田间施药浓度／LC∞比值都远大于10,对家蚕具有极高的风险性。而生物农药45％松脂酸钠SP对家蚕毒性较低（LC50〉1000mg／kg）,属于低毒农药。     

五种杀虫剂对小菜蛾的室内生物活性研究

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是十字花科蔬菜的主要害虫，其造成的为害给蔬菜生产带来巨大损失。本文采用触杀毒力法和摄食毒力法测定了5种新颖的杀虫剂对小菜蛾的室内生物活性，研究结果表明：采用浸渍法处理72h，10％溴虫腈乳油和5．44%丁烯氟虫腈乳油对小菜蛾的触杀活性较好，其LC50值分别为1．758mg／L和2．289mg／L；采用药膜法处理72h，5．44％丁烯氟虫腈乳油和5％锐劲特悬浮剂对小菜蛾表现出了优越的胃毒作用活性，其LC50值分别为0．165mg／L和0．259mg／L。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.