我国农产品农药残留现状及农药联合毒性研究进展

农药是现代农业不可缺少的生产资料。人在一生中直接或间接接触多种农药,对人体健康造成严重危害。作者综述了现阶段我国农产品中各类农药残留的现状,阐述了多种农药联合暴露对人体健康可能产生的不良影响,包括遗传毒性、生殖和发育毒性、神经毒性、致癌作用以及对生物酶、免疫系统的影响,提出了在农药联合毒性方面应开展的研究工作,旨在为我国农产品中农药残留风险的评价以及农产品中农药残留限量标准的制定提供理论支持,保障食品的安全。     

有机磷农药联合毒性研究进展

有机磷类农药是我国使用量较大的农药,近年来有机磷农药的联合毒性受到广泛关注。文章归纳了有机磷农药的联合毒性对人体健康的影响,包括遗传毒性、致癌作用、生殖毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性等,并对其可能的作用机制进行综述;为建立和完善高效、科学的有机磷农药使用方法和有机磷农药联合暴露的风险性评价提供相应的毒理学依据。     

食品中农药残留暴露评估的国内外研究进展

一、农药残留的暴露评估 食品安全暴露评估是风险评估的核心,食品中的农药残留是否对健康造成影响取决于食品中残留农药的毒性以及消费者的暴露水平.     

新烟碱类农药污染和人体暴露及有害效应研究

新烟碱是一类神经活性农药,已成为世界上使用最广泛的一类农药。近几年新烟碱在环境和食品中不断被检出,提示该类农药可通过饮水、摄食和呼吸等途径使人体暴露,从而对人体造成潜在的健康危害。但尚未见环境和食品中新烟碱类农药污染水平、人群暴露水平和健康影响的综述性报告。本文综述新烟碱类农药在水体、大气和食品中的污染状况、人群暴露水平和潜在健康风险。发现水果和蔬菜中普遍存在新烟碱残留,其中吡虫啉检出率最高。除个别样本新烟碱检出超标外,绝大部分样本检出水平均未超过我国食品安全国家标准。大气、地表水、自来水和饮用水中有多种新烟碱农药检出。基于膳食调查的人群外暴露研究显示,摄食是新烟碱的主要暴露途径,外暴露水平低于其慢性参考剂量。内暴露研究主要检测尿液中新烟碱类农药及其代谢物的含量,多种新烟碱农药及其代谢物在尿液中检出,质量浓度范围为ng/mL级别。内暴露研究发现尿液中噻虫嗪和呋虫胺的检出率较高,亚洲国家的新烟碱检出率高于欧美国家。职业暴露研究发现农药喷洒后新烟碱内暴露水平增高,且施用农药的农村地区居民内暴露水平高于附近城市地区。动物实验发现新烟碱农药对非靶标生物具有生殖毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、肝毒性和肾毒性,细胞实验提示新烟碱为内分泌干扰物。人体急性暴露症状与暴露剂量、途径和暴露者身体状况等有关,可从轻微症状(恶心、呕吐、头痛和腹泻)到死亡。人群流行病学研究显示新烟碱类农药慢性暴露与新生儿法洛氏四联症、无脑儿和不良精神症状等人体不良健康效应相关。     

浙江省蔬菜等食品中杀虫剂农药残留检测结果分析

农药作为农作物健康生长的重要物质,常常被农户和种植人员所使用,以减少农作物因病虫害的侵袭而减产或绝收。但由于农药对人体具有一定的毒性（诸如急性中毒、癌症、神经系统失调、出生缺陷、生殖毒性等慢性毒性）,长期接触或食用含有农药残留物的物质,会引发上述不良影响,高剂量短期作用于人体会造成急性,严重时甚至导致死亡。因此,合理使用农药,使农作物上的农药残留减少到最低限度,保证消费者的身体健康越来越成为政府部门的一项工作,也是食品安全的一个重要内容。食品中杀虫剂农药残留的监测是我国食品污染物监测网的一个组成部分.     

食品中有机磷农药残留分析方法进展

有机磷农药是继有机氯农药之后在我国大量使用的一类农药.由于这类农药大量使用引发的食物中毒在我国农药食物中毒中占第一位.近年来,已越来越引起各国政府和公众的关注.加强对有机磷农药残留监测方法和环境毒理学研究,对于合理开发和正确指导使用农药,保护生态环境,保障人类健康,避免和减少不必要的农业损失等都具有重要的现实意义.本文就国内近年来对食品中有机磷农药残留分析方法研究进展作一综述.     

烹调因子在农药残留膳食暴露评估中应用

目的 研究烹调对蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的去除作用及烹调因子对膳食暴露评估的影响.方法 检测烹调前后农药的膳食暴露水平;分别计算并比较是否考虑烹调因子时有机磷农药的膳食暴露水平.结果 烹调对不同种类有机磷农药均有去除作用;5种农药的烹调因子在0.06～0.88之间,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);在同一条件下,烹调对农药去除作用由强到弱依次为乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷、乐果及三唑磷;烹调时间越长,蔬菜中有机磷农药残留越少;考虑烹调效应后,人群膳食中有机磷农药摄入量明显降低;忽略烹调作用时通过青菜和芹菜摄入人体毒死蜱的量分别占每日容许摄入量(ADI)的166.67%和105%,而考虑烹调因素后,这一比例分别降至其ADI的100%和15.75%.结论 在膳食暴露评估过程中,必须考虑烹调因素的影响,才能准确评价人群膳食暴露水平.     

035 血、尿中有机磷农药及其代谢产物检测方法的研究进展

有机磷农药(OP)为有机磷酸酯类化合物,因具有低毒和低残留的优点而被广泛用作农业杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂等,目前OP占我国农药使用量的70%以上.长期低剂量接触可引起迟发性神经疾病,严重时可诱变和致癌.预防和处理OP引起的环境污染和食品污染等问题,首先需要及时、准确地检测有机磷,而评价人群OP的暴露剂量最有效的办法就是对人体体液中OP及其代谢产物进行直接监测.     

有机磷农药的雄性生殖毒性研究进展

有机磷农药的广泛应用及其残留性对环境和人类健康造成了严重的威胁。近年来,有机磷农药的生殖毒性及其机制的研究成为环境医学领域关注的热点。本文从动物实验研究和人群研究两个方面,综述了有机磷农药对雄性生殖系统的毒性作用,并探讨其产生生殖毒性的可能机制。 更多还原     

2018～2020年德州市市售蔬菜中农药残留污染状况及膳食暴露风险评估

目的了解德州市市售蔬菜中农药残留水平,并对其膳食暴露风险进行评估,为食品安全监管提供技术支持。方法 2018～2020年采取分层随机抽样的方法在农贸市场和商店采集市售蔬菜样品360份,检测29种农药残留;根据GB 2763-2019《食品中农药最大残留限量》对检测结果进行评价。结果 3年共检测蔬菜360份,农残检出率为16.94%(P0.05);超标率为1.67%(P0.05)。有14种农药检出,其中8种有机磷农药,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药和1种氨基甲酸酯类农药;超标的有氧化乐果、氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和对硫磷;膳食风险评估结果显示氧化乐果残留引起起的慢性膳食风险严重危害人体健康。结论德州市市售蔬菜中存在一定程度的农药残留,且有禁用于蔬菜的高毒农药检出。     

Assessment of the Probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment-Toxic Equivalent Combination Approach for Evaluating Pesticide Mixture Toxicity to Zooplankton in Outdoor Microcosms

The probabilistic ecological risk assessment-toxic equivalent (PERA-TE) combination approach was recently introduced in response to the increased demand for risk assessment approaches that can accommodate mixtures. The effectiveness and validity of the PERA-TE approach was assessed using two types of pesticide mixtures tested in outdoor microcosms. The first type of mixture consisted of pesticides with similar modes of action (the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon) and the second of pesticides with different modes of action (chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and trifluralin). To assess the toxicity of, and potential interaction within, each type of mixture, theoretically equitoxic TE mixtures were prepared in different proportional ratios. The TE mixtures were based on the 10th centile of acute toxicity effects distributions (data obtained from the literature) and a factor of the sum of the 90th centile field concentrations extrapolated from exposure distributions based on North American surface water monitoring data. Changes in zooplankton population abundances were used as the effect measure. The binary organophosphorus mixtures were equitoxic and conformed to the concentration addition model. The observed response trends of zooplankton exposed to the mixture of chemicals with different modes of action were a result of the susceptibility of individual taxa to the dominating pesticide in each mixture. Overall, the PERA-TE approach was not effective in predicting the toxicity and interaction of all mixture types and should be limited to assessing mixtures of chemicals with similar modes of action.     

农药混剂联合毒性评价

用Ｈａｒｒｉｓ法研究了３类杀虫剂（有机磷,拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯）的二元混剂对大鼠的急性毒性联合作用,涉及的有机磷类农药有：甲基对硫磷,乐果,甲胺磷,辛硫磷,敌敌畏,丙溴磷,马拉硫磷,水胺硫磷;拟除虫菊酯类农药有：高效氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,甲氰菊酯,溴氧菊酯：氨基甲酸酯类农药有：灭多威,异丙威,速灭威等。     

Use and impact of pesticides in Egypt

Pesticides used in Egypt are of different types such as organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates, ureas, anilides and pyrethroid. The four general categories of these pesticides are insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and bactericides. Organophosphorus insecticides are of great significance in pest control and increasingly used instead of organochlorine insecticides. Organophosphorus insecticides represent more than 80% of total insecticides used during 1995. Fungicides account for 65.5% of pesticides used in Egypt during the period 1994-95 and agricultural use constitutes the majority of applications. Herbicides account for less than 4% of the pesticides used during 1995 in Egypt. The residue levels of some organochlorine insecticides (OCIs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, sediment and fish samples collected from the River Nile, lakes, drains and irrigation canals were determined. The highest concentration of OCI was found in samples collected from site located at north of Aswan (2.2 mug/l). Generally, the levels of OCI in River Nile water are still within safety margins, compared to the permissible limits for drinking waters. Also, the results demonstrated that fish samples from the River Nile and main lakes are contaminated with low levels of OCI and PCBs and there is no public health risk from fish consumption.     

Mixture toxicity assessment of wood preservative pesticides in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.)

All over the world, insecticides and fungicides are used to protect wood against pathogens. To document the environmental toxicity of wood preservative mixtures, freshwater amphipods Gammarus pulex (L.) were submitted to organic pesticides given independently or in mixtures. When given independently at environmentally realistic concentrations, propiconazole and tebuconazole (triazoles fungicides) were not toxic for G. pulex, 3-iodo-2-propinyl butyl carbamate (IPBC, fungicide) was moderately toxic, and cypermethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) was extremely toxic. 96-h LC50 were, respectively, 4703, 1643, 604, and 0.09 microg L(-1). When amphipods were submitted to a mixture mimicking the composition of a commercial solution (18.2% of cypermethrin, 45.8% propiconazole, 17.2% tebuconazole, 18.8% IPBC), the overall toxicity was equal to that of the most toxic component, namely cypermethrin. But, when organisms were submitted to the real commercial mixture containing pesticides, solvents and additives, the toxic effects were markedly higher. Moreover, a third mixture with only 0.002% cypermethrin showed lethality 2.5-18-fold higher than those predicted by the commonly used models. The present results show that toxicity of wood preservative mixtures cannot be assessed starting only from the toxicities of each single component. Furthermore, the present data strongly suggest that the environmental impacts of wood preservative mixtures might be frequently underestimated.     

有机磷检测方法的研究进展

有机磷农药广泛应用于农业、工业、医药等领域，并引起环境、食品污染等问题。绝大多数有机磷农药具有很强的毒性，经过皮肤、呼吸以及肠胃吸收等途径进入机体会引起严重的疾病。要预防和处理有机磷农药引起的环境、食品污染等问题，最有效的策略就是及时、准确检测有机磷。目前，报道的检测有机磷的方法有光谱法、试纸法技术、色谱法、免疫学方法、生物传感器与生物芯片技术。本文对有机磷检测方法的研究进展作一综述。     

Adverse impact of insecticides on the health of Palestinian farm workers in the Gaza Strip: a hematologic biomarker study

To evaluate the health impact of insecticides on Palestinian farm workers in the Gaza Strip, the study assessed biomarkers in farm workers who used organophosphorus insecticides. Serum cholinesterase and complete blood count were determined before and after spraying of organophosphorus insecticides. Burning sensations in eyes/face (62.5%), itching/skin irritation (37.5%), and chest symptoms (29.2%) were reported. Serum butyrylcholinesterase (SBuChE) was significantly decreased at the end of the work day. Burning sensations in eyes/face and skin rash were significantly associated with inhibition of SBuChE activity (p < 0.05). Younger workers were more affected. Leukocyte and platelet counts were increased and hemoglobin decreased significantly, reflecting acute poisoning. Monitoring of SBuChE and hematologic parameters of farm workers could be useful to predict and prevent health hazards of pesticides.     

Toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms: a review

Microorganisms contribute significantly to primary production, nutrient cycling, and decomposition in estuarine eco-systems; therefore, detrimental effects of pesticides on microbial species may have subsequent impacts on higher trophic levels. Pesticides may affect estuarine microorganisms via spills, runoff, and drift. Both the structure and the function of microbial communities may be impaired by pesticide toxicity. Pesticides may also be metabolized or bioaccumulated by microorganisms. Mechanisms of toxicity vary, depending on the type of pesticide and the microbial species exposed. Herbicides are generally most toxic to phototrophic microorganisms, exhibiting toxicity by disrupting photosynthesis. Atrazine is the most widely used and most extensively studied herbicide. Toxic effects of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides on microbial species have also been demonstrated, although their mechanisms of toxicity in such nontarget species remain unclear. There is a great deal of variability in the toxicity of even a single pesticide among microbial species. When attempting to predict the toxicity of pesticides in estuarine ecosystems, effects of pesticide mixtures and interactions with nutrients should be considered. The toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms, especially bacteria and protozoa, is an area of research requiring further study.     

Determination of 15 Organophosphorus Pesticides in Italian Raw Milk

A study was conducted on raw cow’s milk to measure the residues of 15 organophosphorus pesticides used as dairy cattle ectoparasiticides or as insecticides in crops used for animal feed. For this purpose a previously devised method was improved and validated. The samples were collected directly from tank trucks during delivery of 3,974 tonnes of raw milk at nine Italian dairy plants. Approximately 4.4% of the 298 samples analyzed contained residues only in traces. The main pollutant was chlorpyriphos.     

Effects of Pesticide Formulations and Active Ingredients on the Coelenterate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hydra attenuata</Emphasis> (Pallas, 1766)

Lethal effects of active ingredients and formulations of widely used soybean pesticides were assessed with the Hydra attenuata toxicity test. Studied pesticides were insecticides chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, and herbicide glyphosate. Results indicate the following toxicity trend: chlorpyrifos > cypermethrin > glyphosate. Tested active ingredients of insecticides and respective formulations did not significantly differ between them. Glyphosate formulation exhibited higher toxicity at low concentrations (LC_1–10) respect to active ingredient, reversing this behavior at higher concentrations (LC_50–90). Comparing H. attenuata sensitivity with existent toxicity data for aquatic organisms indicates that this species is poorly sensitive to tested insecticides and highly sensitive to the herbicide.     

化学杀虫剂的眼刺激性试验研究

目的研究分析有机磷等杀虫剂的急性眼刺激性。方法分别取受试物0．1ml滴眼,于给药后1、24、48、72h和4、7、14、21d观察兔眼部刺激症状,依据GB15670—1995（农药登记毒理学试验方法》对眼损伤进行评分及分级。结果232个不同类型杀虫剂,除沙蚕毒素类为无刺激性外,70％以上杀虫剂样品对兔眼有不同程度刺激性;其中53％样品为中度以上刺激性,26％样品引起的眼刺激性症状观察至21d仍未恢复。结论多数化学杀虫剂对兔眼有不同程度刺激性,杀虫剂为乳油时刺激性最重,为水剂、可湿性粉剂、悬浮剂时刺激性轻。