经颅直流电刺激改善运动技能及缓解疲劳的研究进展

<正>经颅直流电刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation,tD CS)是一种新兴的无创脑调控技术,该技术使用的设备简易且易于实施,将电极片用凝胶或生理盐水附着在颅骨上,设置恒定的电流强度(1-2 mA),电流通过引起特定皮质区域膜电位的改变来进行脑调控。目前在睡眠和认知领域的初步研究中发现tD CS可能会改变睡眠、促进觉醒、提高认知功     

驽药针刺对大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能及BDNF表达的影响

目的研究驽药针刺在大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能变化以及BDNF表达的变化。方法采用脊髓半横断损伤模型。100只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、假手术组、脊髓损伤组、单纯针刺组、驽药针刺组,每组分为3天、7天、14天、21天共4个亚组,每组5只。BBB法评定大鼠后肢运动功能变化,免疫组化法检测大鼠脊髓中BDNF的表达变化。结果 BBB评分显示驽药针刺组的各时间点评分均高于脊髓损伤组(P0.05),驽药针刺组7、14、21d的BDNF表达均高于脊髓损伤组(P0.05),且与BBB评分呈正相关(r=0.717,P0.05)。结论驽药针刺可明显改善脊髓损伤大鼠的运动功能,并可明显促进大鼠脊髓损伤后BDNF的表达。     

针刺足三里穴对机体免疫功能和脑功能变化影响的研究

目的 分析针刺足三里穴后外周血免疫相关指标和功能磁共振(fMRI)信号的变化,探索针刺调节机体免疫功能的中枢机制.方法 选择健康成年志愿者13名,分为真穴组13名和假穴组8名(同时参与了真穴组的实验).真穴组针刺受试者右侧足三里穴,假穴组针刺受试者右侧足三里穴同一水平向外2～3 cm处.针刺前5 min及出针后30 min分别采集受试者外周血,检测免疫相关指标(CD3、CD4、CD8、NK细胞).针刺时进行fMRI扫描,用SPM2软件分析tMRI数据.结果出针后真穴组外周血中CD4、CD4/CD8、NK细胞数量较针刺前明显提高,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);假穴组外周血中CD4、CD4/CD8、NK细胞数量针刺前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).针刺足三里穴激活了左侧下丘脑、双侧尾状核头部、前后扣带回、旁中央小叶、颞中回、额中回、小脑半球;假穴组只激活了旁中央小叶及小脑半球.结论 针刺足三里穴对机体免疫功能的调节作用可能需要通过中枢特定脑区的介导作用于靶器官.     

早期针刺与运动疗法治疗脑梗死的对照分析

目的探讨早期针刺与功能训练治疗脑梗死的临床疗效。方法60例脑梗死患者随机分为针刺组、康复训练组。评价治疗前、治疗后1月神经功能缺损评分及3个月、6个月随访barthel指数评分。结果治疗后1月神经功能缺损评分康复组较针刺组改善显著。3个月、6个月随访barthel指数评分康复组较针刺组有显著性差异。结论早期康复治疗较针刺治疗起效快,效果好。     

疲劳运动对大鼠脑缺血后额叶皮质脑血流量的影响

目的通过研究正常大鼠以及双侧颈总动脉结扎后大鼠脑血流量的变化,探讨疲劳运动对脑卒中大鼠脑血流及学习记忆的影响。方法 120只雄性Wistar大鼠根据体重随机分为对照组(SO),过度运动组(OE),双侧颈总动脉结扎组(2-VO),双侧颈总动脉结扎并过度运动组(2-VO+OE)。采用大鼠跑台进行疲劳运动训练,采用双通道激光多普勒脑血流仪对大鼠的额叶皮质脑血流量进行测定,Morris水迷宫实验对大鼠的学习记忆情况进行测定。结果与SO组相比,OE组脑血流量显著升高(P 0. 05),但2-VO组及2-VO+OE组脑血流量均下降(P 0. 01),与2-VO组比较2-VO+OE组脑血流量显著下降(P 0. 01);与SO组相比,2-VO+OE组红细胞运动速度下降(P 0. 01),其余各组并无明显变化(P 0. 05);红细胞聚集度4组之间并无明显变化(P 0. 05);回光强度4组之间并无明显变化(P 0. 05);在水迷宫实验中,与SO组比较,2-VO组与2-VO+OE组逃避潜伏期显著增加(P 0. 01),穿台次数显著减少(P 0. 01),其中2-VO+OE组潜伏期增加的更为明显,但与2-VO组比较无显著性差异(P 0. 05),平均速度各组之间并无明显变化(P 0. 05)。结论脑缺血后大鼠脑血流量会显著下降,造成学习记忆障碍。缺血前的疲劳运动会增大缺血后大鼠脑血流量的下降幅度,且会导致学习记忆障碍的加重。     

长期耐力运动对大鼠腓肠肌的损伤及一氧化氮的调节作用******☆

背景：长期耐力运动常引起肌肉损伤，但其机制尚不清楚。 目的：观察长期游泳运动对骨骼肌的损伤作用以及内源性一氧化氮的调节作用。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于2006-12/2007-04在江苏大学基础医学与医学技术学院营养科学研究室完成。 材料：健康雌性SD大鼠60只，体质量190~250 g，用于制备大鼠游泳模型；L-NG-硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)用于抑制大鼠体内一氧化氮的生成。 方法：60只大鼠随机数字表法分为静息组、运动组、静息联合L-NAME组和运动联合L-NAME组，每组15只。在静息联合L-NAME组和运动联合L-NAME组大鼠的饮水中添加一氧化氮合酶拮抗剂L-NAME，1 g/L。运动组和运动联合L-NAME组大鼠游泳5 d/周，2 h/d。 主要观察指标：3个月后取各组大鼠腓肠肌测定氮氧化物(NOx)的含量；苏木精-伊红染色观察腓肠肌的形态变化。 结果：纳入大鼠60只，其中静息联合L-NAME组死亡5只、运动组死亡2只、运动联合L-NAME组死亡6只，死亡原因包括自然死亡、溺水或药物长期作用，进入结果分析47只。①运动组NOx含量高于静息组（P < 0.01）。运动联合L-NAME组NOx含量低于运动组（P < 0.05），但高于静息联合L-NAME组（P < 0.05）。②腓肠肌的肌纤维较细，数量较多，染色较浅，肌纤维结构完整；运动组腓肠肌纤维明显粗大，深染，偶见肌纤维有断裂，少量巨噬细胞浸润；静息联合L-NAME组肌纤维有分支，结缔组织增生；运动联合L-NAME组也可见运动组中的变化，且肌纤维断裂和巨噬细胞浸润现象更明显，还表现为肌纤维坏死溶解，肌纤维有分支。 结论：长期游泳运动造成了骨骼肌纤维的损伤；运动诱导产生的一氧化氮对运动性损伤可能有保护作用。     

抗阻训练对卒中慢性期患者呼吸功能、运动耐力及负性情绪的影响

目的 观察中低强度上下肢抗阻训练对卒中慢性期患者呼吸功能、运动耐力及负性情绪的影响。 方法 前瞻性连续入组上海市金山区众仁老年护理医院2019年6月-2020年12月收治的卒中慢性期患者,随机分为研究组和对照组。2组均给予常规康复训练,包括转移训练、功率车训练、平衡及步行能力训练,研究组在此基础上给予中低强度上下肢抗阻训练。以上训练均每次30 min,每日1次,每周5 d,共8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后采用CORTEX心肺功能测试系统评估患者的呼吸功能相关指标,包括用力肺活量（forced vital capacity,FVC）、第1秒用力呼气量（forced expiratory volume in first second,FEV1）、呼气峰值流速（peak expiratory flow,PEF）和FEV1与FVC的比值（FEV1/FVC）;采用6分钟步行测试（si x-minute walk test,6MWT）评估患者运动耐力;采用医院焦虑抑郁量表（hospital anxiety and depression scale,HADS）评估患者焦虑（HADS-A）和抑郁（HADS-D）情绪。比较2组治疗前后上述指标的差异。 结果 研究共入组40例患者,研究组和对照组各20例。治疗前2组基线数据及各项评估指标差异均无统计学意义。治疗后,研究组FVC、FEV1、PEF、6MWT、HADS-A和HADS-D较本组治疗前改善,对照组FVC、FEV1、6MWT较本组治疗前提高,差异有统计学意义。组间比较显示,研究组治疗后FVC[2.73（2.44～3.36）L vs. 2.46（2.22～2.70）L,P =0.035]、FEV1[2.17（1.92～2.68）L vs. 1.94（1.76～2.15）L,P =0.040]及PEF（265.19±34.62 L/min vs. 231.03±33.97 L/mi n,P =0.003）优于对照组,6MWT高于对照组（330.89±52.29 m vs. 299.02±41.85 m,P =0.039）,HADS-A（6.25±2.51分 vs. 8.45±4.05分,P =0.040）和HADS-D[6.00（3.00～10.00）分 vs. 9.00（4.00～13.00）分,P =0.036]评分均显著低于对照组。 结论 在常规康复治疗基础上给予中低强度上下肢抗阻训练,在改善卒中慢性期患者的呼吸功能、运动耐力及负性情绪方面有积极的意义。     

针刺对缺氧缺血性脑损伤大鼠保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨针刺对新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)的治疗作用及其机理。方法采用结扎左侧颈总动脉合并吸入低氧混合气体制作新生大鼠HIBD动物模型,用生化和免疫组化的方法分别测定针刺对HIBD大鼠脑组织ATP酶活性及神经生长因子含量的影响,并用迷宫实验观察针刺对HIBD大鼠智能的影响。结果针刺可明显提高HIBD大鼠模型海马组织的ATP酶活力和神经生长因子含量,并可明显改善HIBD大鼠的学习和记忆能力。结论针刺对HIBD有保护作用,其机制与其提高脑组织ATP酶活性、增强神经生长因子生物学活性有关。     

针刺结合运动训练干预脑梗死大鼠海马CA3区微管相关蛋白及突触素表达及学习记忆功能变化

实验观察针刺百会(GV20)、曲鬓(GB 7)和前顶穴(GV21)联合运动训练干预和件下大脑中动脉闭塞大鼠模型大鼠海马CA3区微管相关蛋白2和突触素蛋白的表达,并和单独运动训练干预的大鼠对比。Y型迷宫实验和免疫组织化学染色显示,建模后5周,针刺联合运动训练组穿越Y型迷宫错误次数均少于模型组和运动训练组,针刺联合运动训练组的微管相关蛋白2和突触素表达明显增高,各组海马CA3区的微管相关蛋白2,突触素的表达和穿越Y型迷宫错误次数均呈明显的负相关性。说明针刺联合运动训练可以改善脑梗死大鼠学习和记忆功能,其机制与海马CA3区的树突及突触可塑性有关。     

复发缓解型多发性硬化患者疲劳的发生率及相关因素

目的 探讨复发-缓解型多发性硬化(relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, RRMS)患者疲劳症状的发生率及相关危险因素。方法 收集2018年8月至2021年7月南京梅山医院神经内科收治的RRMS患者共80例,平均年龄(42.5±8.9)岁,其中男性38例,女性42例。根据患者是否发生疲劳将患者分为疲劳组(n=39)和非疲劳组(n=41)。采用自编问卷收集患者人口学资料与临床特征资料;采用疲劳影响量表修订版(MFIS)评估患者的疲劳症状,以MFIS分≥38定义为疲劳;采用贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版评估抑郁症状;采用临床扩展致残量表(EDSS)评估神经系统损伤程度;采用健康状况调查问卷(SF-36)评估健康状况。比较疲劳组和非疲劳组间临床资料的差异,并采用二元多因素Logistics回归分析RRMS患者疲劳的相关危险因素。结果 RRMS患者疲劳的发生率为48.8%(39/80),二元多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=0.91,95%CI:0.84～0.99)、躯体健康总评分(OR=0.99,95%CI:0.97～1.00)和精神健康总评分...     

Effects of preventive acupuncture or moxibustion at the Guanyuan acupoint on expression of interleukin-2 and its receptors in hypothalamus, serum, and uterus of menopausal rats **☆

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have indicated preventive acupuncture and moxibustion at the Guanyuan point have positive effects on the immune system of menopausal rats. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of preventive acupuncture or moxibustion at the Guanyuan point on interleukin-2 （IL-2） and its receptor （IL-2R mRNA） levels in hypothalamus, serum, and uterus of menopausal rats. DESIGN： Randomized control animal experiment. SETTING： School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. MATERIALS： This study was performed at the Laboratory of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from November 2004 to July 2005. The vaginal smear method was used to determine the estrus cycle of 9.5-month-old Sprague Dawley （SD） female rats. Three continuous estrus cycles were measured, and 160 rats with estrus cycle disorder, weighing （300 _＋ 20） g, were included in this study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups： preventive acupuncture group （n =48）, preventive moxibustion group （n =48）, model groups （n =48）, and 10-month-old group （n =16）. Sixteen 3.5-month-old healthy SD female rats, weighing （240 ± 20） g, were also assigned to the young group. All rats were clean grade and were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. The experiment was in accordance with animal ethics standards. METHODS： Acupuncture was applied to the preventive acupuncture group at 10 months of age. The needle was inserted upward and perpendicularly two fen to a point that was two fen below the Guanyuan point. The rats freely moved around during needle retention （20 minutes）. Acupuncture was administered twice a week and continued for eight weeks. A moxa cone （small） moxibustion was applied to the preventive moxibustion group at 10 months of age. The rats were caught gently and kept at the same position as the preventive acupuncture group. The moxa cone was ignited and held to the Guanyuan point directly. Only one moxa     

Analgesia and c-Fos expression in the periaqueductal gray induced by electroacupuncture at the Zusanli point in rats

The need to use anaesthetised or restrained animals in acupuncture research in laboratory animals may represent a confounding variable, since both anaesthesia and stress alter the pain threshold and the activity of pain-related brain areas. In the current study we assessed the participation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in electroacupuncture's (EA) analgesic effects applied to the Zusanli point (36S) under carefully controlled stress conditions. Repeated immobilisation protocols (6 days, 1 h/day and 13 days, 2 h/day) were used to diminish the influence of acute immobilisation stress on c-Fos expression and analgesia (tail-flick test) induced by electroacupuncture on the 36S point (EA36S). Animals submitted to immobilisation alone (IMMO) or to electroacupuncture (100 Hz, 2-4 V, faradic wave) on a non-point region (EANP) were compared with animals submitted to electroacupuncture on the 36S point. In animals not previously submitted to repeated immobilisation, electroacupuncture on the 36S point induced analgesia and c-Fos expression in the PAG was not different from that induced by electroacupuncture at a non-acupuncture point. In animals submitted to repeated immobilisation (repeated immobilisation for 6 days or repeated immobilisation for 13 days), however, electroacupuncture on point 36S led to higher levels of analgesia and c-Fos expression, specifically in the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG), as compared with animal groups subjected only to immobilisation or to electroacupuncture on a non-point. Our findings endorse previous results, and point to a specific part of the PAG involved in the effects of electroacupuncture at the Zusanli point.     

Role of lateral parabrachial opioid receptors in exercise-induced modulation of the hypotensive hemorrhage response in conscious male rats

Some of the benefits of exercise appear to be mediated through modulation of neuronal excitability in central autonomic control circuits. Previously, we identified that six weeks of voluntary wheel running had a protective effect during hemorrhage (HEM), limiting both the hypotensive phase of HEM and enhancing recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of opioid release in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) on the response to severe HEM in chronically exercised (EX, voluntary) versus sedentary (SED) controls. Male Sprague Dawley rats were allowed either free access to running wheels (EX) or normal cage conditions (SED). After 6 weeks of “training” animals were instrumented with a bilateral cannula directed toward the dorsolateral pons and arterial catheters. After a recovery period, animals underwent central microinjection of either vehicle (VEH; n = 3/group) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NAL; n = 6/group) followed by withdrawal of 30% of their total estimated blood volume. Following VEH injection, the drop in MAP during and following HEM was significantly attenuated in the EX vs SED animals. Alternatively, NAL microinjection in the dorsolateral pons (20 μM, 200-500 nl) reversed the beneficial effect of EX on the HEM response. NAL microinjection in SED rats did not significantly alter the response to HEM. These data suggest chronic voluntary EX has a beneficial effect on the autonomic response to severe HEM which is mediated, in part, via EX-induced plasticity of the opioid system within the dorsolateral pons.     

A comparison of the effects of concentric versus eccentric exercise on force and position sense at the human elbow joint

It is generally accepted that our sense of limb position and movement is provided, in part, by signals from muscle spindles, while the sense of muscle force derives from signals in tendon organs. Experiments are described here, using human subjects, in which the effects of eccentric and concentric exercise of elbow flexor muscles are compared on the sense of forearm position and the sense of tension in elbow flexors. Subjects were required to compress a preloaded spring with one arm, carrying out a concentric contraction in elbow flexors, then flexors of the other arm released the spring from compression and thereby carried out an eccentric contraction. The force of the spring was adjusted to be 20% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and each subject carried out a minimum of 120 contractions. Position sense was measured in blindfolded subjects by placing one forearm at a set angle and asking subjects to match it by positioning the other arm. Over 4 days postexercise, subjects placed the eccentrically exercised arms in a more extended position than the concentrically exercised arm suggesting that they thought the muscle was shorter than it actually was. In a force-matching task, subjects systematically undershot the target 10% MVC with their eccentrically exercised arm. Since it is known that eccentric exercise is associated with damage to muscle fibres, it is postulated that this leads to a disturbance of muscle receptors, the muscle spindles and tendon organs.     

局灶性鼠脑缺血时一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶抑制剂的作用机制

目的研究一氧化氮在鼠脑局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉区缺血再灌注模型，分别用选择性和非选择性诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对鼠脑局灶性缺血再灌注过程中脑组织一氧化氮的变化规律及可能作用进行探讨。结果非选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ）可加重局灶性脑缺血性损害，而选择性诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂（ａｍｉｎｏｇｕａｎｉｄｉｎｅ，ＡＧ）具有明确的脑保护作用。结论不同类型的一氧化氮合酶所产生的一氧化氮在脑局灶性缺血性损害中具有不同的作用。     

Stimulation site determines the conditioned effects of kindling in rats: anterior neocortex versus amygdala

Rats received 53 stimulations to either the left basolateral amygdala (BA) or left anterior neocortex (AN) in one environment (CS+) and 53 sham stimulations (the stimulation lead was attached but no current was delivered) in another environment (CS-), quasirandomly over 54 days. Confirming a previous report [Barnes, S.J., Pinel, J.P., Francis, L.H. & Wig, G.S. (2001) Behav. Neurosci., 115, 1065-1072], as BA kindling progressed, the CS+ began to elicit more defensive behaviours (i.e. less activity, more freezing and avoidance of the CS+) than the CS-, and at the end of the experiment, convulsions elicited in the CS+ were more severe than those elicited in the CS-. Like BA kindling, AN kindling led to less activity in the CS+; but unlike BA kindling, AN kindling led to more wet-dog-shakes and less, rather than more, severe convulsions in the CS+. During AN kindling, the mean number of wet-dog-shakes in the CS+ was negatively correlated with the mean convulsion class, suggesting that wet-dog-shakes contribute to the inherent variability of AN kindling. These findings confirm that inherent conditioned effects influence kindled convulsions and interictal behaviour and establish for the first time that the pattern of these conditioned effects is a function of the kindling site.     

Effects of electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36) on neurons in the colonic myenteric plexus in rats with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation

We studied the effects of electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36) on neurons in the colonic myenteric plexus and on defecation in rats with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). We also used intragastric administration of pinaverium bromide as a positive control treatment to reveal the pathway mediating the onset of IBS-C. Both electroacupuncture and pinaverium bromide greatly improved defecation in rats with IBS-C. Immunohistochemical staining of the enteric nervous system neuronal marker prote...     

Electroacupuncture at the Wangu (GB 12) acupoint suppresses expression of inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and frontal lobe of rats with post-stroke depression

Electroacupuncture was performed at the Wangu (GB 12) acupoint, whose position is similar to the cerebellar fastigial nucleus in rats with post-stroke depression. Results showed that the expression of nuclear factor-κB and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β decreased. Simultaneously, the extent of edema in the hippocampus and frontal lobe decreased, and the morphology of the nerve cells recovered to near normal. In addition, fluoxetine treatment displayed a similar effect on post-strok...     

Long-term antipsychotic treatments and crossover studies in rats: differential effects of typical and atypical agents on the expression of antioxidant enzymes and membrane lipid peroxidation in rat brain

Short-term (<45 days) treatment studies in rats have reported increased oxidative stress and oxidative (i.e., oxygen free radical-mediated) neural cell injury with typical antipsychotics such as haloperidol, but not with the atypicals such as clozapine, olanzapine or risperidone. However, now these and several other atypical antipsychotics that differ in their neurotransmitter receptor affinity profiles are being used for a long-term treatment of schizophrenia. Therefore, understanding of their long-term treatment effects on the expression of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative neural cell injury in rats may be important to explain the possible differential mechanisms underlying their long-term clinical and side effects profiles. The effect of 90 and 180 day exposure to haloperidol (HAL, 2mg/kg/day), a representative typical antipsychotic was compared to exposure to chlorpromazine (CPZ, 10mg/kg/day), ziprasidone (ZIP, 12mg/kg/day), risperidone (RISP, 2.5mg/kg/day), clozapine (CLOZ, 20mg/kg/day) or olanzapine (OLZ, 10mg/kg/day) on the expression of antioxidant defense enzymes and levels of lipid peroxidation in the rat brain. The drug-induced effects on various antioxidant defense enzymes; manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and catalase (CAT) were assessed by determination of their enzymatic activity and protein content. Immunohistochemical analysis was also carried out to assess the cellular levels of MnSOD and CuZnSOD and cellular morphology. The oxidative membrane damage was assessed by determination of levels of the lipid peroxidation product, hydroxyalkanals (HAEs) in the rat brain. Both 90 and 180 days of HAL treatment very significantly decreased the levels of MnSOD (50%) and CuZnSOD (80%) and increased the levels of HAEs compared to vehicle treatment. Smaller reduction was found in CAT (25%) and no change in the glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx). The levels of enzymatic activity correlated generally well with the levels of enzyme protein indicating that the changes were in the expression of net protein. Though atypical antipsychotics like ZIP, RISP and OLZ did not show any change in the HAEs levels up to 90 days, further treatment up to 180 days resulted in significantly increased levels of HAEs in CPZ, ZIP and RISP, but not in OLZ treated rats. Post-treatment with several atypical antipsychotics (OLZ=CLOZ>RISP) for 90 days after 90 day of HAL treatment significantly restored the HAL-induced loss in MnSOD and CuZnSOD activities and increase in lipid peroxidation products as well as cellular morphology. These data may be very helpful in planning long-term use as well as switch over of these antipsychotics for the management of schizophrenia.