椭球形与球形下封头压力容器内熔融物滞留传热特性分析

严重事故下堆芯熔融物再分布于压力容器下封头,在衰变热作用下高温堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面施加较大的热负荷,可能导致压力容器失效。针对压力容器内熔融物滞留下的传热过程,基于Fortran90语言开发了椭球形下封头压力容器内熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）分析程序IVRASA-ELLIP,计算具有椭球形下封头的压力容器在严重事故下稳态熔池的传热过程及IVR特性。利用IVRASA-ELLIP程序计算了VVER-1000压力容器内熔池的传热,分析具有椭球形下封头的压力容器各处的壁面热流密度、氧化物硬壳厚度和压力容器壁厚,并与运用IVRASA程序计算的AP1000稳态熔池传热结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在相同初始参数下椭球形下封头内的壁面热流密度较球形下封头内的小,与热流密度的变化趋势相对应,椭球形下封头内压力容器壁的消融量较球形下封头内的小,椭球形下封头内形成的氧化物硬壳厚度较球形下封头内的厚。     

压力容器-保温层流道变形条件下临界热流密度试验研究

针对压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）应用中的压力容器-保温层流道（RPV-保温层流道）变形问题,利用提高临界热通量影响因素（FIMR）的试验装置,在相同流量范围开展了变形条件下壁面临界热流密度（CHF）的试验研究,分析了流道变形和流量变化对压力容器（RPV）下封头壁面CHF的影响规律,获得了流道变形情况下ERVC的安全裕度。结果表明:随着RPV下封头角度升高,循环流量增加,下封头壁面CHF增大;与原型流道相比,变形流道下封头壁面CHF的变化幅度小于7%,流道变化的影响并不显著;变形流道中,下封头壁面安全裕量最小的位置与原型流道相同,其安全裕量略有提高。      

池沸腾下朝向SA508钢表面临界热流密度特性试验研究

反应堆压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）是实现熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）的重要方案之一,而反应堆压力容器（RPV）外壁面的临界热流密度（CHF）决定了ERVC冷却能力的限值。为此建立小型CHF试验装置,并采用RPV用SA508钢制作试验块加热表面。以去离子水为试验工质,开展池沸腾下朝向CHF试验,研究真实RPV表面材料在不同倾角和过冷度条件下的CHF特性,及其老化效应对CHF的影响。结果表明：SA508钢表面极易氧化生锈,其CHF较不易生锈的铜和不锈钢表面要高;SA508钢表面CHF随倾角的增大而增加,但在30°附近存在转折,转折角以下范围内的CHF随倾角增加趋势不明显;CHF随过冷度的增加而增加,且基本呈线性变化。本试验有助于进一步认识RPV外壁面的CHF行为,为后续开展CHF增强方法研究奠定基础。     

氧化和工质中添加剂对SA508钢CHF影响的实验研究

在核电事故中当堆芯熔融物落入反应堆压力容器（RPV）下封头时,如果实际热流密度超过RPV的临界热流密度（CHF）,RPV将会被熔穿,造成事故的进一步扩大。为研究RPV在氧化条件下和有添加剂的工质中的CHF特性,采用池沸腾实验方法,以去离子水为工质,研究了RPV常用材料SA508钢经高温预氧化、7次池沸腾传热实验氧化后的CHF特性以及工质中添加剂对其CHF的影响。结果表明：在625 ℃下预氧化8 h后,SA508钢表面产生的较薄氧化层能增加传热面积、表面粗糙度和亲水性,从而提高CHF;随着池沸腾实验次数的增加,SA508钢表面的氧化腐蚀和颗粒沉积程度增加,CHF先增加后降低;0.4%硼酸（BA）、0.5%磷酸三钠（TSP）溶液和两者的混合溶液均有利于CHF的提升,但强化机理有所不同：BA会加速SA508钢表面的腐蚀并改善亲水性;TSP可降低表面张力使表面获得超亲水性;BA和TSP的混合溶液会形成一层沉积物使表面获得超亲水性。     

真实表面材料及其老化效应对反应堆压力容器ERVC-CHF影响的试验研究

通过反应堆压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）实现熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）技术是核电厂严重事故缓解的重要措施之一。在本文的研究中,建立了二维切片式、全尺寸的试验台架FIRM,开展严重事故条件下反应堆压力容器ERVC-临界热流密度（CHF）试验研究。试验采用去离子水作为试验工质,获得了反应堆压力容器下封头ERVC过程的CHF限值。研究了真实表面材料对CHF的影响及其影响机理,讨论了在去离子水下表面材料SA508 Gr3. Cl.1钢的老化效应。本试验研究对于认识反应堆压力容器IVR-ERVC条件下的CHF行为、提高反应堆压力容器安全性有重要意义。     

氧化和工质中添加剂对SA508钢CHF影响的实验研究

在核电事故中当堆芯熔融物落入反应堆压力容器(RPV)下封头时,如果实际热流密度超过RPV的临界热流密度(CHF),RPV将会被熔穿,造成事故的进一步扩大。为研究RPV在氧化条件下和有添加剂的工质中的CHF特性,采用池沸腾实验方法,以去离子水为工质,研究了RPV常用材料SA508钢经高温预氧化、7次池沸腾传热实验氧化后的CHF特性以及工质中添加剂对其CHF的影响。结果表明：在625℃下预氧化8 h后,SA508钢表面产生的较薄氧化层能增加传热面积、表面粗糙度和亲水性,从而提高CHF;随着池沸腾实验次数的增加,SA508钢表面的氧化腐蚀和颗粒沉积程度增加,CHF先增加后降低;0.4%硼酸(BA)、0.5%磷酸三钠(TSP)溶液和两者的混合溶液均有利于CHF的提升,但强化机理有所不同：BA会加速SA508钢表面的腐蚀并改善亲水性;TSP可降低表面张力使表面获得超亲水性;BA和TSP的混合溶液会形成一层沉积物使表面获得超亲水性。     

模块式小型压水堆堆腔注水系统下封头设计两相数值模拟研究

堆腔注水系统(CIS)可用于导出严重事故下位于压力容器底部的堆芯熔融物余热,防止压力容器熔穿,有效缓解严重事故后果。将数值计算预测下封头临界热流密度(CHF)的方法用于模块式小型堆下封头不同形状下CHF预测,筛选出安全裕量更高的下封头结构设计。结果表明:椭球型下封头和半球型下封头CHF随角度分布曲线大不相同,虽然二者最高CHF值相当,但椭球型CHF值在中部角度区(30°~60°)要远高于半球型CHF值。因此,在新设计中可以考虑采用椭球型下封头以提高堆腔注水系统的安全裕量。     

ERVC数值模拟研究

压力容器外部冷却(ERVC)是AP1000的严重事故响应策略堆内熔融物滞留(IVR)中至关重要的环节,ERVC能否实现的关键是压力容器下封头是否会出现临界热流密度(CHF)。本文通过对低压过冷沸腾工况构建三维流体力学模型,对过冷沸腾实验进行模型验证,然后对AP1000ERVC进行数值模拟研究,结合CHF模型预测压力容器外壁是否发生CHF,并与实验数据进行对比。计算结果表明,CHF不会发生,与实验相符。可见用三维数值模拟方法分析研究ERVC是可行的。     

IVR-ERVC下压水堆压力容器下封头传热及应力/应变分析

以某1000?MW压水堆为例,利用二维极坐标热模型分析RPV壁面与双层堆芯熔池和外部冷却水堆腔之间的传热,计算下封头壁面瞬态二维温度场分布和烧蚀情况,同时通过有限元分析程序计算下封头壁面的各瞬态温度场和烧蚀引起的热应力/应变情况,分析压水堆RPV下封头在压力容器内熔融物滞留-压力容器外冷却（IVR-ERVC）下的结构完整性。计算结果表明:①芯熔融坍塌后200?s下封头壁面开始熔融,最薄厚度直线下降;3000?s后熔融区沿下封头内壁呈一片柳叶形状分布;②下封头内表面的吸热热流大于外表面的散热热流,在两层熔池界面处内外表面热流密度达到最大值;③RPV下封头热应力在0~400?s时集中于下封头内壁面;在400 s后,下封头内壁面热应力逐渐减小,形变量逐渐增大,下封头完整性可以得到保证;④2000?s以后,RPV下封头烧蚀损伤处内外壁面均产生应力集中,下封头烧蚀处内外壁应力值均大于许用应力,在2000?s后有可能发生断裂,在烧蚀损伤边缘处可能出现破口。      

基于CFD方法的棒束通道内临界热流密度预测

为研究棒束通道内临界热流密度现象,采用基于对气、液两相分别建立基本守恒方程的欧拉两流体六方程模型和改进的壁面热流密度分配模型,利用CFD商用软件FLUENT 14.5对捷克大型水介质实验回路上开展的临界热流密度（CHF）实验进行数值模拟。通过计算获得CHF发生前、后计算域内重要热工水力参数的分布及CHF发生值,将CFD计算获得的CHF与实验测得值进行对比,结果表明,大多数工况的偏差在±30%以内,证明了欧拉两流体模型结合改进的壁面热流密度分配模型对CHF预测的准确性。本研究可为复杂结构的CHF预测提供依据。     

氧化铝纳米流体增强球形下封头IVR能力边际研究

为评价氧化铝纳米流体相对于纯水工质对球形下封头熔融物滞留（IVR）能力边际的拓展程度,采用基于气泡力平衡的氧化铝纳米流体临界热流密度（CHF）机理模型和壁面热通量拆分CHF模型计算球形下封头外表面纳米流体CHF。利用熔融物堆内滞留分析软件CISER开展衰变热分布抽样计算,得到下封头壁面CHF随倾角变化的随机分布,并将其与纳米流体CHF模型的理论值相比,以CHF比值小于1作为IVR成功准则,研判纳米流体对IVR能力边际拓展的影响程度。研究结果表明,若不对下封头内外传热构成采取任何优化措施,仅采用纳米流体替代纯水工质,压水堆核电厂的IVR能力边际能够拓展至1300 MW额定电功率水平。      

三维MORN试验能量分配比和安全裕量研究

MORN试验对三维氧化物层的熔池传热进行了试验研究,试验工质为水和硝酸盐。结果表明,不同下冷却边界会影响熔池温度和能量分配比。水冷条件下,熔池壁面热流密度分布差异很大,最大值为最小值的6.5～7.9倍。当熔池上下冷却边界相同时,向上/向下的能量分配比近似为100%。能量分配比不仅取决于上下冷却边界的种类,可能还取决于上下冷却边界是否进行了充分冷却,即能量分配比并不一定总为100%。将MORN-Nitrate的壁面热流密度分布经验关系式运用到AP1000压力容器下封头壁面热流密度计算中,结果表明,AP1000在出现堆芯融毁事故时,下封头不会失效,IVR有效。     

压力容器-保温层流道变形条件下临界热流密度试验研究

Aiming at the deformation issue of flow gap between reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and insulation in external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC), the effects of insulation deformation on the critical heat flux (CHF) of the bottom head were investigated with FIMR test facility within the same flow rate range. The influence laws of different factors including angle of bottom head wall, flow rate and insulation deformation on CHF of RPV wall were analyzed. The safety margin of ERVC under deformation condition was finally obtained. The results show that the CHF of the bottom head will increase as the angle of the bottom head wall increases or the flow rate increases. Compared to the CHF of the bottom head in the prototype channel, the varying amplitude of CHF under deformation condition is less than 7%. In a word, the effect of insulation deformation on CHF is not significant. What is more, the location, where the safety margin is smallest, at the bottom head wall in the deformed gap is the same with that in the normal gap, while the smallest safety margin in the deformed gap is slightly improved.     

Experimental Research on Critical Heat Flux for Downward-facing Pool Boiling with SA508 Steel Plate

The external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) is one of the important methods to achieve the in-vessel retention (IVR), while the critical heat flux (CHF) on the outside wall of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) decides the maximum heat removal capacity of ERVC. In present work, a small CHF test facility was established. The test surface was made of SA508 steel which was the same surface material of prototype RPV. The deionized water was used as coolant in downward-facing CHF test under pool boiling condition. The influence of the real RPV material surface at different inclination angles and sub-cooling conditions on the CHF characteristics was studied. The influence of aging on CHF was also studied. The results show that the SA508 steel surface is easily oxidized, so its CHF is higher than that of copper and stainless steel surfaces. The CHF of SA508 steel surface increases with inclination angle, but there is a turning point near 30° and the CHF below the turning angle has no obvious trend with the increase of inclination angle. The CHF increases with the sub-cooling, and it shows linear growth characteristics. The test results provide a further understanding of the CHF behavior on the RPV outside wall and lay the foundation for future research work on CHF enhancement methods.     

External cooling of a reactor vessel under severe accident conditions

The TMI-2 accident demonstrated that a significant quantity of molten core debris could drain into the lower plenum during a severe accident. For such conditions, the Individual Plant Examinations (IPEs) and severe accident management evaluations, consider the possibility that water could not be injected to the RCS. However, depending on the plant specific configuration and the accident sequence, water may be accumulated within the containment sufficient to submerge the lower head and part of the reactor vessel cylinder. This could provide external cooling of the RPV to prevent failure of the lower head and discharge of core debris into the containment.This paper evaluates the heat removal capabilities for external cooling of an insulated RPV in terms of (a) the water inflow through the insulation, (b) the two-phase heat removal in the gap between the insulation and the vessel and (c) the flow of steam through the insulation. These results show no significant limitation to heat removal from the bottom of the reactor vessel other than thermal conduction through the reactor vessel wall. Hence, external cooling is a possible means of preventing core debris from failing the reactor, which if successful, would eliminate the considerations of ex-vessel steam explosions, debris coolability, etc. and their uncertainties. Therefore, external cooling should be a major consideration in accident management evaluations and decision-making for current plants, as well as a possible design consideration for future plants.